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    <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></nav>  <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>IoTDB User Guide (In progress)</span> <!----></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Get Started</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Overview</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Concept</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Server</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Client</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Operation Manual</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/UserGuide/Master/Operation Manual/DDL Data Definition Language.html" class="sidebar-link">DDL (Data Definition Language)</a></li><li><a href="/UserGuide/Master/Operation Manual/DML Data Manipulation Language.html" class="sidebar-link">DML (Data Manipulation Language)</a></li><li><a href="/UserGuide/Master/Operation Manual/Administration.html" class="sidebar-link">Administration</a></li><li><a href="/UserGuide/Master/Operation Manual/SQL Reference.html" class="active sidebar-link">SQL Reference</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>System Tools</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Ecosystem Integration</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Architecture</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="content content__default"><h1 id="sql-reference"><a href="#sql-reference" class="header-anchor">#</a> SQL Reference</h1> <p>In this part, we will introduce you IoTDB's Query Language. IoTDB offers you a SQL-like query language for interacting with IoTDB, the query language can be devided into 4 major parts:</p> <ul><li>Schema Statement: statements about schema management are all listed in this section.</li> <li>Data Management Statement: statements about data management (such as: data insertion, data query, etc.) are all listed in this section.</li> <li>Database Management Statement: statements about database management and authentication are all listed in this section.</li> <li>Functions: functions that IoTDB offers are all listed in this section.</li></ul> <p>All of these statements are write in IoTDB's own syntax, for details about the syntax composition, please check the <code>Reference</code> section.</p> <h2 id="keywords"><a href="#keywords" class="header-anchor">#</a> Keywords</h2> <p>Please not use these keywords as identifiers.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT, SHOW, GRANT, INTO, SET, WHERE, FROM, TO, BY, DEVICE,
CONFIGURATION, DESCRIBE, SLIMIT, LIMIT, UNLINK, OFFSET, SOFFSET, FILL, LINEAR, PREVIOUS, PREVIOUSUNTILLAST,
METADATA, TIMESERIES, TIMESTAMP, PROPERTY, WITH, ROOT, DATATYPE, COMPRESSOR, STORAGE, GROUP, LABEL,INT32,
INT64, FLOAT, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN, TEXT, ENCODING, PLAIN, PLAIN_DICTIONARY, RLE, DIFF, TS_2DIFF, GORILLA, REGULAR,
BITMAP, ADD, UPSERT, VALUES, NOW, LINK, INDEX, USING, ON, DROP, MERGE, LIST, USER, PRIVILEGES, ROLE, ALL, OF,
ALTER, PASSWORD, REVOKE, LOAD, WATERMARK_EMBEDDING, UNSET, TTL, FLUSH, TASK, INFO, DYNAMIC, PARAMETER, VERSION,
REMOVE, MOVE, CHILD, PATHS, DEVICES, COUNT, NODES, LEVEL, MIN_TIME, MAX_TIME, MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, AVG, FIRST_VALUE,
SUM, LAST_VALUE, LAST, DISABLE, ALIGN, COMPRESSION, TIME, ATTRIBUTES, TAGS,RENAME, FULL, CLEAR, CACHE
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h2 id="show-version"><a href="#show-version" class="header-anchor">#</a> Show Version</h2> <div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token keyword">show</span> version
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>+---------------+
|        version|
+---------------+
|0.10.0-SNAPSHOT|
+---------------+
Total line number = 1
It costs 0.417s
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><h2 id="schema-statement"><a href="#schema-statement" class="header-anchor">#</a> Schema Statement</h2> <ul><li>Set Storage Group</li></ul> <div class="language-SQL line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token keyword">SET</span> STORAGE <span class="token keyword">GROUP</span> <span class="token keyword">TO</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>FullPath<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
Eg: IoTDB <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token keyword">SET</span> STORAGE <span class="token keyword">GROUP</span> <span class="token keyword">TO</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf01<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt01
Note: FullPath can <span class="token operator">not</span> include <span class="token punctuation">`</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">`</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Delete Storage Group</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>DELETE STORAGE GROUP &lt;FullPath&gt; [COMMA &lt;FullPath&gt;]*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DELETE STORAGE GROUP root.ln.wf01.wt01
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DELETE STORAGE GROUP root.ln.wf01.wt01, root.ln.wf01.wt02
Note: FullPath can not include `*`
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Create Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>CREATE TIMESERIES &lt;FullPath&gt; WITH &lt;AttributeClauses&gt;
alias
    : LR_BRACKET ID RR_BRACKET
    ;
attributeClauses
    : DATATYPE OPERATOR_EQ dataType COMMA ENCODING OPERATOR_EQ encoding
    (COMMA (COMPRESSOR | COMPRESSION) OPERATOR_EQ compressor=propertyValue)?
    (COMMA property)*
    tagClause
    attributeClause
    ;
attributeClause
    : (ATTRIBUTES LR_BRACKET property (COMMA property)* RR_BRACKET)?
    ;
tagClause
    : (TAGS LR_BRACKET property (COMMA property)* RR_BRACKET)?
    ;
DataTypeValue: BOOLEAN | DOUBLE | FLOAT | INT32 | INT64 | TEXT
EncodingValue: GORILLA | PLAIN | RLE | TS_2DIFF | REGULAR
CompressorValue: UNCOMPRESSED | SNAPPY
Eg: CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status WITH DATATYPE=BOOLEAN, ENCODING=PLAIN
Eg: CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WITH DATATYPE=FLOAT, ENCODING=RLE
Eg: CREATE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WITH DATATYPE=FLOAT, ENCODING=RLE, COMPRESSOR=SNAPPY, MAX_POINT_NUMBER=3
Eg: create timeseries root.turbine.d0.s0(temperature) with datatype=FLOAT, encoding=RLE, compression=SNAPPY tags(unit=f, description='turbine this is a test1') attributes(H_Alarm=100, M_Alarm=50)
Note: Datatype and encoding type must be corresponding. Please check Chapter 3 Encoding Section for details.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Delete Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>DELETE TIMESERIES &lt;PrefixPath&gt; [COMMA &lt;PrefixPath&gt;]*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DELETE TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.*
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Alter Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>ALTER TIMESERIES fullPath alterClause
alterClause
    : RENAME beforeName=ID TO currentName=ID
    | SET property (COMMA property)*
    | DROP ID (COMMA ID)*
    | ADD TAGS property (COMMA property)*
    | ADD ATTRIBUTES property (COMMA property)*
    | UPSERT tagClause attributeClause
    ;
attributeClause
    : (ATTRIBUTES LR_BRACKET property (COMMA property)* RR_BRACKET)?
    ;
tagClause
    : (TAGS LR_BRACKET property (COMMA property)* RR_BRACKET)?
    ;
Eg: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 RENAME tag1 TO newTag1
Eg: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 SET tag1=newV1, attr1=newV1
Eg: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 DROP tag1, tag2
Eg: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 ADD TAGS tag3=v3, tag4=v4
Eg: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 ADD ATTRIBUTES attr3=v3, attr4=v4
EG: ALTER timeseries root.turbine.d1.s1 UPSERT TAGS(tag2=newV2, tag3=v3) ATTRIBUTES(attr3=v3, attr4=v4)
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show All Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW TIMESERIES
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW TIMESERIES
Note: This statement can only be used in IoTDB Client. If you need to show all timeseries in JDBC, please use `DataBaseMetadata` interface.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Specific Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW TIMESERIES &lt;Path&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW TIMESERIES root
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln.*.*.status
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
Note: The path can be prefix path, star path or timeseries path
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Specific Timeseries Statement with where clause</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW TIMESERIES prefixPath? showWhereClause?
showWhereClause
    : WHERE (property | containsExpression)
    ;
containsExpression
    : name=ID OPERATOR_CONTAINS value=propertyValue
    ;

Eg: show timeseries root.ln where unit='c'
Eg: show timeseries root.ln where description contains 'test1'
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Specific Timeseries Statement with where clause start from offset and limit the total number of result</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW TIMESERIES prefixPath? showWhereClause? limitClause?

showWhereClause
    : WHERE (property | containsExpression)
    ;
containsExpression
    : name=ID OPERATOR_CONTAINS value=propertyValue
    ;
limitClause
    : LIMIT INT offsetClause?
    | offsetClause? LIMIT INT
    ;
    
Eg: show timeseries root.ln where unit='c'
Eg: show timeseries root.ln where description contains 'test1'
Eg: show timeseries root.ln where unit='c' limit 10 offset 10
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Storage Group Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW STORAGE GROUP
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW STORAGE GROUP
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Merge Status Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW MERGE
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW MERGE
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Count Timeseries Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>COUNT TIMESERIES &lt;Path&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root.ln
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root.ln.*.*.status
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
Note: The path can be prefix path, star path or timeseries path.
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>COUNT TIMESERIES &lt;Path&gt; GROUP BY LEVEL=&lt;INTEGER&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root GROUP BY LEVEL=1
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root.ln GROUP BY LEVEL=2
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT TIMESERIES root.ln.wf01 GROUP BY LEVEL=3
Note: The path can be prefix path or timeseries path.
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Count Nodes Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>COUNT NODES &lt;Path&gt; LEVEL=&lt;INTEGER&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT NODES root LEVEL=2
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT NODES root.ln LEVEL=2
Eg: IoTDB &gt; COUNT NODES root.ln.wf01 LEVEL=3
Note: The path can be prefix path or timeseries path.
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show All Devices Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW Devices
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW Devices
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Specific Devices Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW DEVICES &lt;PrefixPath&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW DEVICES root
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW DEVICES root.ln
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW DEVICES root.*.wf01
Note: The path can be prefix path or star path.
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Child Paths of Root Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW CHILD PATHS
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW CHILD PATHS
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show Child Paths Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW CHILD PATHS &lt;Path&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW CHILD PATHS root
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW CHILD PATHS root.ln
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW CHILD PATHS root.*.wf01
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SHOW CHILD PATHS root.ln.wf*
Note: The path can be prefix path or star path, the nodes can be in a &quot;prefix + star&quot; format. 
Note: This statement can be used in IoTDB Client and JDBC.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><h2 id="data-management-statement"><a href="#data-management-statement" class="header-anchor">#</a> Data Management Statement</h2> <ul><li>Insert Record Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>INSERT INTO &lt;PrefixPath&gt; LPAREN TIMESTAMP COMMA &lt;Sensor&gt; [COMMA &lt;Sensor&gt;]* RPAREN VALUES LPAREN &lt;TimeValue&gt;, &lt;PointValue&gt; [COMMA &lt;PointValue&gt;]* RPAREN
Sensor : Identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) values(1509465600000,true)
Eg: IoTDB &gt; INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) VALUES(NOW(), false)
Eg: IoTDB &gt; INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,temperature) VALUES(2017-11-01T00:17:00.000+08:00,24.22028)
Eg: IoTDB &gt; INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp, status, temperature) VALUES (1509466680000, false, 20.060787);
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: The order of Sensor and PointValue need one-to-one correspondence
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Update Record Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>UPDATE &lt;UpdateClause&gt; SET &lt;SetClause&gt; WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;
UpdateClause: &lt;prefixPath&gt;
SetClause: &lt;SetExpression&gt; 
SetExpression: &lt;Path&gt; EQUAL &lt;PointValue&gt;
WhereClause : &lt;Condition&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Condition&gt;]*
Condition  : &lt;Expression&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Expression&gt;]*
Expression : [NOT | !]? TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator &lt;TimeValue&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; UPDATE root.ln.wf01.wt01 SET temperature = 23 WHERE time &lt; NOW() and time &gt; 2017-11-1T00:15:00+08:00
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Delete Record Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>DELETE FROM &lt;PrefixPath&gt; [COMMA &lt;PrefixPath&gt;]* WHERE TIME LESSTHAN &lt;TimeValue&gt;
Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time &lt; 2017-11-1T00:05:00+08:00
Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time &lt; NOW()
Eg: DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.* WHERE time &lt; 1509466140000
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Select Record Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
SelectClause : &lt;SelectPath&gt; (COMMA &lt;SelectPath&gt;)*
SelectPath : &lt;FUNCTION&gt; LPAREN &lt;Path&gt; RPAREN | &lt;Path&gt;
FUNCTION : ‘COUNT’ , ‘MIN_TIME’, ‘MAX_TIME’, ‘MIN_VALUE’, ‘MAX_VALUE’
FromClause : &lt;PrefixPath&gt; (COMMA &lt;PrefixPath&gt;)?
WhereClause : &lt;Condition&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Condition&gt;]*
Condition  : &lt;Expression&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Expression&gt;]*
Expression : [NOT | !]? &lt;TimeExpr&gt; | [NOT | !]? &lt;SensorExpr&gt;
TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator (&lt;TimeValue&gt; | &lt;RelativeTime&gt;)
RelativeTimeDurationUnit = Integer ('Y'|'MO'|'W'|'D'|'H'|'M'|'S'|'MS'|'US'|'NS')
RelativeTime : (now() | &lt;TimeValue&gt;) [(+|-) RelativeTimeDurationUnit]+
SensorExpr : (&lt;Timeseries&gt; | &lt;Path&gt;) PrecedenceEqualOperator &lt;PointValue&gt;
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SELECT status, temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature &lt; 24 and time &gt; 2017-11-1 0:13:00
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT * FROM root
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT * FROM root where time &gt; now() - 5m
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT * FROM root.ln.*.wf*
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 25
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT MIN_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 25
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT MAX_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &gt; 24
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &gt; 23
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 25
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 25 GROUP BY LEVEL=1
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;Path&gt;(SelectClause) + &lt;PrefixPath&gt;(FromClause) = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: If the &lt;SensorExpr&gt;(WhereClause) is started with &lt;Path&gt; and not with ROOT, the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt;(FromClause) + &lt;Path&gt;(SensorExpr) = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: In Version 0.7.0, if &lt;WhereClause&gt; includes `OR`, time filter can not be used.
Note: There must be a space on both sides of the plus and minus operator appearing in the time expression 
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Group By Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; WHERE  &lt;WhereClause&gt; GROUP BY &lt;GroupByTimeClause&gt;
SelectClause : &lt;Function&gt; [COMMA &lt; Function &gt;]*
Function : &lt;AggregationFunction&gt; LPAREN &lt;Path&gt; RPAREN
FromClause : &lt;PrefixPath&gt;
WhereClause : &lt;Condition&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Condition&gt;]*
Condition  : &lt;Expression&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Expression&gt;]*
Expression : [NOT | !]? &lt;TimeExpr&gt; | [NOT | !]? &lt;SensorExpr&gt;
TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator (&lt;TimeValue&gt; | &lt;RelativeTime&gt;)
RelativeTimeDurationUnit = Integer ('Y'|'MO'|'W'|'D'|'H'|'M'|'S'|'MS'|'US'|'NS')
RelativeTime : (now() | &lt;TimeValue&gt;) [(+|-) RelativeTimeDurationUnit]+
SensorExpr : (&lt;Timeseries&gt; | &lt;Path&gt;) PrecedenceEqualOperator &lt;PointValue&gt;
GroupByTimeClause : LPAREN &lt;TimeInterval&gt; COMMA &lt;TimeUnit&gt; (COMMA &lt;TimeUnit&gt;)? RPAREN
TimeInterval: LSBRACKET &lt;TimeValue&gt; COMMA &lt;TimeValue&gt; RRBRACKET | LRBRACKET &lt;TimeValue&gt; COMMA &lt;TimeValue&gt; RSBRACKET
TimeUnit : Integer &lt;DurationUnit&gt;
DurationUnit : &quot;ms&quot; | &quot;s&quot; | &quot;m&quot; | &quot;h&quot; | &quot;d&quot; | &quot;w&quot;
Eg: SELECT COUNT(status), COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 where temperature &lt; 24 GROUP BY([1509465720000, 1509466380000), 5m)
Eg: SELECT COUNT(status), COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 where temperature &lt; 24 GROUP BY((1509465720000, 1509466380000], 5m)
Eg. SELECT COUNT (status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time &lt; 1509466500000 GROUP BY([1509465720000, 1509466380000), 5m, 10m)
Eg. SELECT MIN_TIME(status), MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature &lt; 25 GROUP BY ([1509466140000, 1509466380000), 3m, 5ms)
Eg. SELECT MIN_TIME(status), MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature &lt; 25 GROUP BY ((1509466140000, 1509466380000], 3m, 5ms)
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;Path&gt;(SelectClause) + &lt;PrefixPath&gt;(FromClause) = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: If the &lt;SensorExpr&gt;(WhereClause) is started with &lt;Path&gt; and not with ROOT, the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt;(FromClause) + &lt;Path&gt;(SensorExpr) = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: &lt;TimeValue&gt;(TimeInterval) needs to be greater than 0
Note: First &lt;TimeValue&gt;(TimeInterval) in needs to be smaller than second &lt;TimeValue&gt;(TimeInterval)
Note: &lt;TimeUnit&gt; needs to be greater than 0
Note: Third &lt;TimeUnit&gt; if set shouldn't be smaller than second &lt;TimeUnit&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Fill Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt; FILL &lt;FillClause&gt;
SelectClause : &lt;Path&gt; [COMMA &lt;Path&gt;]*
FromClause : &lt; PrefixPath &gt; [COMMA &lt; PrefixPath &gt;]*
WhereClause : &lt;WhereExpression&gt;
WhereExpression : TIME EQUAL &lt;TimeValue&gt;
FillClause : LPAREN &lt;TypeClause&gt; [COMMA &lt;TypeClause&gt;]* RPAREN
TypeClause : &lt;Int32Clause&gt; | &lt;Int64Clause&gt; | &lt;FloatClause&gt; | &lt;DoubleClause&gt; | &lt;BoolClause&gt; | &lt;TextClause&gt;
Int32Clause: INT32 LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
Int64Clause: INT64 LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
FloatClause: FLOAT LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
DoubleClause: DOUBLE LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
BoolClause: BOOLEAN LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
TextClause: TEXT LBRACKET (&lt;LinearClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
PreviousClause : PREVIOUS [COMMA &lt;ValidPreviousTime&gt;]?
LinearClause : LINEAR [COMMA &lt;ValidPreviousTime&gt; COMMA &lt;ValidBehindTime&gt;]?
ValidPreviousTime, ValidBehindTime: &lt;TimeUnit&gt;
TimeUnit : Integer &lt;DurationUnit&gt;
DurationUnit : &quot;ms&quot; | &quot;s&quot; | &quot;m&quot; | &quot;h&quot; | &quot;d&quot; | &quot;w&quot;
Eg: SELECT temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL(float[previous, 1m])
Eg: SELECT temperature,status FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear, 1m, 1m], boolean[previous, 1m])
Eg: SELECT temperature,status,hardware FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear, 1m, 1m], boolean[previous, 1m], text[previous])
Eg: SELECT temperature,status,hardware FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time = 2017-11-01T16:37:50.000 FILL (float[linear], boolean[previous, 1m], text[previous])
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt;(FromClause) + &lt;Path&gt;(SelectClause) = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
Note: Integer in &lt;TimeUnit&gt; needs to be greater than 0
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Group By Fill Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; WHERE  &lt;WhereClause&gt; GROUP BY &lt;GroupByClause&gt; (FILL &lt;GROUPBYFillClause&gt;)?
GroupByClause : LPAREN &lt;TimeInterval&gt; COMMA &lt;TimeUnit&gt; RPAREN
GROUPBYFillClause : LPAREN &lt;TypeClause&gt; RPAREN
TypeClause : &lt;AllClause&gt; | &lt;Int32Clause&gt; | &lt;Int64Clause&gt; | &lt;FloatClause&gt; | &lt;DoubleClause&gt; | &lt;BoolClause&gt; | &lt;TextClause&gt; 
AllClause: ALL LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
Int32Clause: INT32 LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
Int64Clause: INT64 LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
FloatClause: FLOAT LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
DoubleClause: DOUBLE LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
BoolClause: BOOLEAN LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
TextClause: TEXT LBRACKET (&lt;PreviousUntilLastClause&gt; | &lt;PreviousClause&gt;)  RBRACKET
PreviousClause : PREVIOUS
PreviousUntilLastClause : PREVIOUSUNTILLAST
Eg: SELECT last_value(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY([20, 100), 5m) FILL (float[PREVIOUS])
Eg: SELECT last_value(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY((15, 100], 5m) FILL (float[PREVIOUS])
Eg: SELECT last_value(power) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY([20, 100), 5m) FILL (int32[PREVIOUSUNTILLAST])
Eg: SELECT last_value(power) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY([20, 100), 5m) FILL (int32[PREVIOUSUNTILLAST, 5m])
Eg: SELECT last_value(temperature), last_value(power) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY([20, 100), 5m) FILL (ALL[PREVIOUS])
Eg: SELECT last_value(temperature), last_value(power) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 GROUP BY([20, 100), 5m) FILL (ALL[PREVIOUS, 5m])
Note: In group by fill, sliding step is not supported in group by clause
Note: Now, only last_value aggregation function is supported in group by fill.
Note: Linear fill is not supported in group by fill.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Limit Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;] [&lt;LIMITClause&gt;] [&lt;SLIMITClause&gt;]
SelectClause : [&lt;Path&gt; | Function]+
Function : &lt;AggregationFunction&gt; LPAREN &lt;Path&gt; RPAREN
FromClause : &lt;Path&gt;
WhereClause : &lt;Condition&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Condition&gt;]*
Condition : &lt;Expression&gt; [(AND | OR) &lt;Expression&gt;]*
Expression: [NOT|!]?&lt;TimeExpr&gt; | [NOT|!]?&lt;SensorExpr&gt;
TimeExpr : TIME PrecedenceEqualOperator (&lt;TimeValue&gt; | &lt;RelativeTime&gt;)
RelativeTimeDurationUnit = Integer ('Y'|'MO'|'W'|'D'|'H'|'M'|'S'|'MS'|'US'|'NS')
RelativeTime : (now() | &lt;TimeValue&gt;) [(+|-) RelativeTimeDurationUnit]+
SensorExpr : (&lt;Timeseries&gt;|&lt;Path&gt;) PrecedenceEqualOperator &lt;PointValue&gt;
LIMITClause : LIMIT &lt;N&gt; [OFFSETClause]?
N : Integer
OFFSETClause : OFFSET &lt;OFFSETValue&gt;
OFFSETValue : Integer
SLIMITClause : SLIMIT &lt;SN&gt; [SOFFSETClause]?
SN : Integer
SOFFSETClause : SOFFSET &lt;SOFFSETValue&gt;
SOFFSETValue : Integer
Eg: IoTDB &gt; SELECT status, temperature FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE temperature &lt; 24 and time &gt; 2017-11-1 0:13:00 LIMIT 3 OFFSET 2
Eg. IoTDB &gt; SELECT COUNT (status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time &lt; 1509466500000 GROUP BY([1509465720000, 1509466380000], 5m) LIMIT 3
Note: N, OFFSETValue, SN and SOFFSETValue must be greater than 0.
Note: The order of &lt;LIMITClause&gt; and &lt;SLIMITClause&gt; does not affect the grammatical correctness.
Note: &lt;FillClause&gt; can not use &lt;LIMITClause&gt; but not &lt;SLIMITClause&gt;.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Align By Device Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>AlignbyDeviceClause : ALIGN BY DEVICE

Rules:  
1. Both uppercase and lowercase are ok.  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 align by device  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 ALIGN BY DEVICE  

2. AlignbyDeviceClause can only be used at the end of a query statement.  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 where time &gt; 10 align by device  
Wrong example: select * from root.sg1 align by device where time &gt; 10  

3. The paths of the SELECT clause can only be single level. In other words, the paths of the SELECT clause can only be measurements or STAR, without DOT.
Correct example: select s0,s1 from root.sg1.* align by device  
Correct example: select s0,s1 from root.sg1.d0, root.sg1.d1 align by device  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1.* align by device  
Correct example: select * from root align by device  
Correct example: select s0,s1,* from root.*.* align by device  
Wrong example: select d0.s1, d0.s2, d1.s0 from root.sg1 align by device  
Wrong example: select *.s0, *.s1 from root.* align by device  
Wrong example: select *.*.* from root align by device

4. The data types of the same measurement column should be the same across devices. 
Note that when it comes to aggregated paths, the data type of the measurement column will reflect 
the aggregation function rather than the original timeseries.

Correct example: select s0 from root.sg1.d0,root.sg1.d1 align by device   
root.sg1.d0.s0 and root.sg1.d1.s0 are both INT32.  

Correct example: select count(s0) from root.sg1.d0,root.sg1.d1 align by device   
count(root.sg1.d0.s0) and count(root.sg1.d1.s0) are both INT64.  

Wrong example: select s0 from root.sg1.d0, root.sg2.d3 align by device  
root.sg1.d0.s0 is INT32 while root.sg2.d3.s0 is FLOAT. 

5. The display principle of the result table is that all the columns (no matther whther a column has has existing data) will be shown, with nonexistent cells being null. Besides, the select clause support const column (e.g., 'a', '123' etc..).  
For example, &quot;select s0,s1,s2,'abc',s1,s2 from root.sg.d0, root.sg.d1, root.sg.d2 align by device&quot;. Suppose that the actual existing timeseries are as follows:  
- root.sg.d0.s0
- root.sg.d0.s1
- root.sg.d1.s0

Then you could expect a table like:  

| Time | Device   | s0 | s1 |  s2  | 'abc' | s1 |  s2  |
| ---  | ---      | ---| ---| null | 'abc' | ---| null |
|  1   |root.sg.d0| 20 | 2.5| null | 'abc' | 2.5| null |
|  2   |root.sg.d0| 23 | 3.1| null | 'abc' | 3.1| null |
| ...  | ...      | ...| ...| null | 'abc' | ...| null |
|  1   |root.sg.d1| 12 |null| null | 'abc' |null| null |
|  2   |root.sg.d1| 19 |null| null | 'abc' |null| null |
| ...  | ...      | ...| ...| null | 'abc' | ...| null |

Note that the cells of measurement 's0' and device 'root.sg.d1' are all null.    

6. The duplicated devices in the prefix paths are neglected.  
For example, &quot;select s0,s1 from root.sg.d0,root.sg.d0,root.sg.d1 align by device&quot; is equal to &quot;select s0,s1 from root.sg.d0,root.sg.d1 align by device&quot;.  
For example. &quot;select s0,s1 from root.sg.*,root.sg.d0 align by device&quot; is equal to &quot;select s0,s1 from root.sg.* align by device&quot;.  

7. The duplicated measurements in the suffix paths are not neglected.  
For example, &quot;select s0,s0,s1 from root.sg.* align by device&quot; is not equal to &quot;select s0,s1 from root.sg.* align by device&quot;.

8. Both time predicates and value predicates are allowed in Where Clause. The paths of the value predicates can be the leaf node or full path started with ROOT. And wildcard is not allowed here. For example:
- select * from root.sg.* where time = 1 align by device
- select * from root.sg.* where s0 &lt; 100 align by device
- select * from root.sg.* where time &lt; 20 AND s0 &gt; 50 align by device
- select * from root.sg.d0 where root.sg.d0.s0 = 15 align by device

9. More correct examples:
   - select * from root.vehicle align by device
   - select s0,s0,s1 from root.vehicle.* align by device
   - select s0,s1 from root.vehicle.* limit 10 offset 1 align by device
   - select * from root.vehicle slimit 10 soffset 2 align by device
   - select * from root.vehicle where time &gt; 10 align by device
   - select * from root.vehicle.* where time &lt; 10 AND s0 &gt; 25 align by device
   - select * from root.vehicle where root.vehicle.d0.s0&gt;0 align by device
   - select count(*) from root.vehicle align by device
   - select sum(*) from root.vehicle GROUP BY (20ms,0,[2,50]) align by device
   - select * from root.vehicle where time = 3 Fill(int32[previous, 5ms]) align by device
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br><span class="line-number">65</span><br><span class="line-number">66</span><br><span class="line-number">67</span><br><span class="line-number">68</span><br><span class="line-number">69</span><br><span class="line-number">70</span><br><span class="line-number">71</span><br><span class="line-number">72</span><br><span class="line-number">73</span><br><span class="line-number">74</span><br><span class="line-number">75</span><br><span class="line-number">76</span><br><span class="line-number">77</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Disable Align Statement</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Disable Align Clause: DISABLE ALIGN

Rules:  
1. Both uppercase and lowercase are ok.  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 disable align  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 DISABLE ALIGN  

2. Disable Align Clause can only be used at the end of a query statement.  
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 where time &gt; 10 disable align 
Wrong example: select * from root.sg1 disable align where time &gt; 10 

3. Disable Align Clause cannot be used with Aggregation, Fill Statements, Group By or Group By Device Statements, but can with Limit Statements.
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 limit 3 offset 2 disable align
Correct example: select * from root.sg1 slimit 3 soffset 2 disable align
Wrong example: select count(s0),count(s1) from root.sg1.d1 disable align
Wrong example: select * from root.vehicle where root.vehicle.d0.s0&gt;0 disable align
Wrong example: select * from root.vehicle align by device disable align

4. The display principle of the result table is that only when the column (or row) has existing data will the column (or row) be shown, with nonexistent cells being empty.

You could expect a table like:
| Time | root.sg.d0.s1 | Time | root.sg.d0.s2 | Time | root.sg.d1.s1 |
| ---  | ---           | ---  | ---           | ---  | ---           |
|  1   | 100           | 20   | 300           | 400  | 600           |
|  2   | 300           | 40   | 800           | 700  | 900           |
|  4   | 500           |      |               | 800  | 1000          |
|      |               |      |               | 900  | 8000          |

5. More correct examples: 
   - select * from root.vehicle disable align
   - select s0,s0,s1 from root.vehicle.* disable align
   - select s0,s1 from root.vehicle.* limit 10 offset 1 disable align
   - select * from root.vehicle slimit 10 soffset 2 disable align
   - select * from root.vehicle where time &gt; 10 disable align

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Select Last Record Statement</li></ul> <p>The LAST function returns the last time-value pair of the given timeseries. Currently filters are not supported in LAST queries.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT LAST &lt;SelectClause&gt; FROM &lt;FromClause&gt;
Select Clause : &lt;Path&gt; [COMMA &lt;Path&gt;]*
FromClause : &lt; PrefixPath &gt; [COMMA &lt; PrefixPath &gt;]*

Eg. SELECT LAST s1 FROM root.sg.d1
Eg. SELECT LAST s1, s2 FROM root.sg.d1
Eg. SELECT LAST s1 FROM root.sg.d1, root.sg.d2

Rules:
1. the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;

2. The result set of last query will always be displayed in a fixed three column table format.
For example, &quot;select last s1, s2 from root.sg.d1, root.sg.d2&quot;, the query result would be:

| Time | Path         | Value |
| ---  | ------------ | ----- |
|  5   | root.sg.d1.s1| 100   |
|  2   | root.sg.d1.s2| 400   |
|  4   | root.sg.d2.s1| 250   |
|  9   | root.sg.d2.s2| 600   |

3. It is not supported to use &quot;diable align&quot; in LAST query. 

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br></div></div><h2 id="database-management-statement"><a href="#database-management-statement" class="header-anchor">#</a> Database Management Statement</h2> <ul><li>Create User</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>CREATE USER &lt;userName&gt; &lt;password&gt;;  
userName:=identifier  
password:=string
Eg: IoTDB &gt; CREATE USER thulab 'pwd';
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Delete User</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>DROP USER &lt;userName&gt;;  
userName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DROP USER xiaoming;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Create Role</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>CREATE ROLE &lt;roleName&gt;;  
roleName:=identifie
Eg: IoTDB &gt; CREATE ROLE admin;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Delete Role</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>DROP ROLE &lt;roleName&gt;;  
roleName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; DROP ROLE admin;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Grant User Privileges</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>GRANT USER &lt;userName&gt; PRIVILEGES &lt;privileges&gt; ON &lt;nodeName&gt;;  
userName:=identifier  
nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*  
privileges:= string (COMMA string)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; GRANT USER tempuser PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' on root.ln;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Grant Role Privileges</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>GRANT ROLE &lt;roleName&gt; PRIVILEGES &lt;privileges&gt; ON &lt;nodeName&gt;;  
privileges:= string (COMMA string)*  
roleName:=identifier  
nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; GRANT ROLE temprole PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' ON root.ln;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Grant User Role</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>GRANT &lt;roleName&gt; TO &lt;userName&gt;;  
roleName:=identifier  
userName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; GRANT temprole TO tempuser;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Revoke User Privileges</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>REVOKE USER &lt;userName&gt; PRIVILEGES &lt;privileges&gt; ON &lt;nodeName&gt;;   
privileges:= string (COMMA string)*  
userName:=identifier  
nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; REVOKE USER tempuser PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' on root.ln;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Revoke Role Privileges</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>REVOKE ROLE &lt;roleName&gt; PRIVILEGES &lt;privileges&gt; ON &lt;nodeName&gt;;  
privileges:= string (COMMA string)*  
roleName:= identifier  
nodeName:=identifier (DOT identifier)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; REVOKE ROLE temprole PRIVILEGES 'DELETE_TIMESERIES' ON root.ln;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Revoke Role From User</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>REVOKE &lt;roleName&gt; FROM &lt;userName&gt;;
roleName:=identifier
userName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; REVOKE temproleFROM tempuser;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Users</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST USER
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST USER
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Roles</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST ROLE
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST ROLE
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Privileges</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST PRIVILEGES USER  &lt;username&gt; ON &lt;path&gt;;    
username:=identifier    
path=‘root’ (DOT identifier)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST PRIVIEGES USER sgcc_wirte_user ON root.sgcc;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Privileges of Roles(On Specific Path)</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST PRIVILEGES ROLE &lt;roleName&gt; ON &lt;path&gt;;    
roleName:=identifier  
path=‘root’ (DOT identifier)*
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST PRIVIEGES ROLE wirte_role ON root.sgcc;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Privileges of Users</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST USER PRIVILEGES &lt;username&gt; ;   
username:=identifier  
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST USER PRIVIEGES tempuser;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Privileges of Roles</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST ROLE PRIVILEGES &lt;roleName&gt;
roleName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST ROLE PRIVIEGES actor;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Roles of Users</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST ALL ROLE OF USER &lt;username&gt; ;  
username:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST ALL ROLE OF USER tempuser;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>List Users of Role</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>LIST ALL USER OF ROLE &lt;roleName&gt;;
roleName:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; LIST ALL USER OF ROLE roleuser;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Alter Password</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>ALTER USER &lt;username&gt; SET PASSWORD &lt;password&gt;;
roleName:=identifier
password:=identifier
Eg: IoTDB &gt; ALTER USER tempuser SET PASSWORD 'newpwd';
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h2 id="functions"><a href="#functions" class="header-anchor">#</a> Functions</h2> <ul><li>COUNT</li></ul> <p>The COUNT function returns the value number of timeseries(one or more) non-null values selected by the SELECT statement. The result is a signed 64-bit integer. If there are no matching rows, COUNT () returns 0.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT COUNT(Path) (COMMA COUNT(Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT COUNT(status), COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>FIRST_VALUE(Rename from <code>FIRST</code> at <code>V0.10.0</code>)</li></ul> <p>The FIRST_VALUE function returns the first point value of the choosen timeseries(one or more).</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT FIRST_VALUE (Path) (COMMA FIRST_VALUE (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT FIRST_VALUE (status), FIRST_VALUE (temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>LAST_VALUE</li></ul> <p>The LAST_VALUE function returns the last point value of the choosen timeseries(one or more).</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT LAST_VALUE (Path) (COMMA LAST_VALUE (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT LAST_VALUE (status), LAST_VALUE (temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>MAX_TIME</li></ul> <p>The MAX_TIME function returns the maximum timestamp of the choosen timeseries(one or more). The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT MAX_TIME (Path) (COMMA MAX_TIME (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT MAX_TIME(status), MAX_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>MAX_VALUE</li></ul> <p>The MAX_VALUE function returns the maximum value(lexicographically ordered) of the choosen timeseries (one or more).</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT MAX_VALUE (Path) (COMMA MAX_VALUE (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT MAX_VALUE(status), MAX_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>AVG(Rename from <code>MEAN</code> at <code>V0.9.0</code>)</li></ul> <p>The AVG function returns the arithmetic mean value of the choosen timeseries over a specified period of time. The timeseries must be int32, int64, float, double type, and the other types are not to be calculated. The result is a double type number.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT AVG (Path) (COMMA AVG (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT AVG (temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>MIN_TIME</li></ul> <p>The MIN_TIME function returns the minimum timestamp of the choosen timeseries(one or more). The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT MIN_TIME (Path) (COMMA MIN_TIME (Path))*FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT MIN_TIME(status), MIN_TIME(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>MIN_VALUE</li></ul> <p>The MIN_VALUE function returns the minimum value(lexicographically ordered) of the choosen timeseries (one or more).</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT MIN_VALUE (Path) (COMMA MIN_VALUE (Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT MIN_VALUE(status),MIN_VALUE(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>NOW</li></ul> <p>The NOW function returns the current timestamp. This function can be used in the data operation statement to represent time. The result is a signed 64-bit integer, greater than 0.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>NOW()
Eg. INSERT INTO root.ln.wf01.wt01(timestamp,status) VALUES(NOW(), false) 
Eg. UPDATE root.ln.wf01.wt01 SET temperature = 23 WHERE time &lt; NOW()
Eg. DELETE FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01.status, root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature WHERE time &lt; NOW()
Eg. SELECT * FROM root WHERE time &lt; NOW()
Eg. SELECT COUNT(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE time &lt; NOW()
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ul><li>SUM</li></ul> <p>The SUM function returns the sum of the choosen timeseries (one or more) over a specified period of time. The timeseries must be int32, int64, float, double type, and the other types are not to be calculated. The result is a double type number.</p> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SELECT SUM(Path) (COMMA SUM(Path))* FROM &lt;FromClause&gt; [WHERE &lt;WhereClause&gt;]?
Eg. SELECT SUM(temperature) FROM root.ln.wf01.wt01 WHERE root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature &lt; 24
Note: the statement needs to satisfy this constraint: &lt;PrefixPath&gt; + &lt;Path&gt; = &lt;Timeseries&gt;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><h2 id="ttl"><a href="#ttl" class="header-anchor">#</a> TTL</h2> <p>IoTDB supports storage-level TTL settings, which means it is able to delete old data
automatically and periodically. The benefit of using TTL is that hopefully you can control the
total disk space usage and prevent the machine from running out of disks. Moreover, the query
performance may downgrade as the total number of files goes up and the memory usage also increase
as there are more files. Timely removing such files helps to keep at a high query performance
level and reduce memory usage. The TTL operations in IoTDB are supported by the following three
statements:</p> <ul><li>Set TTL</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SET TTL TO StorageGroupName TTLTime
Eg. SET TTL TO root.group1 3600000
This example means that for data in root.group1, only that of the latest 1 hour will remain, the
older one is removed or made invisible. 
Note: TTLTime should be millisecond timestamp. When TTL is set, insertions that fall
out of TTL will be rejected.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Unset TTL</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>UNSET TTL TO StorageGroupName
Eg. UNSET TTL TO root.group1
This example means that data of all time will be accepted in this group. 
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>Show TTL</li></ul> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>SHOW ALL TTL
SHOW TTL ON StorageGroupNames
Eg.1 SHOW ALL TTL
This example will show TTLs of all storage groups.
Eg.2 SHOW TTL ON root.group1,root.group2,root.group3
This example will show TTLs of the specified 3 groups.
Notice: storage groups without TTL will show a &quot;null&quot;
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><p>Notice: When you set TTL to some storage groups, data out of the TTL will be made invisible
immediately, but because the data files may contain both out-dated and living data or the data files may
be being used by queries, the physical removal of data is stale. If you increase or unset TTL
just after setting it previously, some previously invisible data may be seen again, but the
physically removed one is lost forever. In other words, different from delete statement, the
atomicity of data deletion is not guaranteed for efficiency concerns. So we recommend that you do
not change the TTL once it is set or at least do not reset it frequently, unless you are determined
to suffer the unpredictability.</p> <h1 id="reference"><a href="#reference" class="header-anchor">#</a> Reference</h1> <h2 id="keywords-2"><a href="#keywords-2" class="header-anchor">#</a> Keywords</h2> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Keywords for IoTDB (case insensitive):
ADD, BY, COMPRESSOR, CREATE, DATATYPE, DELETE, DESCRIBE, DROP, ENCODING, EXIT, FROM, GRANT, GROUP, LABLE, LINK, INDEX, INSERT, INTO, LOAD, MAX_POINT_NUMBER, MERGE, METADATA, ON, ORDER, PASSWORD, PRIVILEGES, PROPERTY, QUIT, REVOKE, ROLE, ROOT, SELECT, SET, SHOW, STORAGE, TIME, TIMESERIES, TIMESTAMP, TO, UNLINK, UPDATE, USER, USING, VALUE, VALUES, WHERE, WITH

Keywords with special meanings (case insensitive):
* Data Types: BOOLEAN, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT32, INT64, TEXT 
* Encoding Methods: BITMAP, DFT, GORILLA, PLAIN, RLE, TS_2DIFF 
* Compression Methods: UNCOMPRESSED, SNAPPY, GZIP, LZ0, ZDT, PAA, PLA
* Logical symbol: AND, &amp;, &amp;&amp;, OR, | , ||, NOT, !, TRUE, FALSE
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><h2 id="identifiers"><a href="#identifiers" class="header-anchor">#</a> Identifiers</h2> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>QUOTE := '\'';
DOT := '.';
COLON : ':' ;
COMMA := ',' ;
SEMICOLON := ';' ;
LPAREN := '(' ;
RPAREN := ')' ;
LBRACKET := '[';
RBRACKET := ']';
EQUAL := '=' | '==';
NOTEQUAL := '&lt;&gt;' | '!=';
LESSTHANOREQUALTO := '&lt;=';
LESSTHAN := '&lt;';
GREATERTHANOREQUALTO := '&gt;=';
GREATERTHAN := '&gt;';
DIVIDE := '/';
PLUS := '+';
MINUS := '-';
STAR := '*';
Letter := 'a'..'z' | 'A'..'Z';
HexDigit := 'a'..'f' | 'A'..'F';
Digit := '0'..'9';
Boolean := TRUE | FALSE | 0 | 1 (case insensitive)

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>StringLiteral := ( '\'' ( ~('\'') )* '\'' | '\&quot;' ( ~('\&quot;') )* '\&quot;');
eg. 'abc'
eg. 'abc'
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Integer := ('-' | '+')? Digit+;
eg. 123
eg. -222
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Float := ('-' | '+')? Digit+ DOT Digit+ (('e' | 'E') ('-' | '+')? Digit+)?;
eg. 3.1415
eg. 1.2E10
eg. -1.33
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Identifier := (Letter | '_') (Letter | Digit | '_' | MINUS)*;
eg. a123
eg. _abc123

</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h2 id="literals"><a href="#literals" class="header-anchor">#</a> Literals</h2> <div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>PointValue : Integer | Float | StringLiteral | Boolean
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>TimeValue : Integer | DateTime | ISO8601 | NOW()
Note: Integer means timestamp type.

DateTime : 
eg. 2016-11-16T16:22:33+08:00
eg. 2016-11-16 16:22:33+08:00
eg. 2016-11-16T16:22:33.000+08:00
eg. 2016-11-16 16:22:33.000+08:00
Note: DateTime Type can support several types, see Chapter 3 Datetime section for details.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>PrecedenceEqualOperator : EQUAL | NOTEQUAL | LESSTHANOREQUALTO | LESSTHAN | GREATERTHANOREQUALTO | GREATERTHAN
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Timeseries : ROOT [DOT &lt;LayerName&gt;]* DOT &lt;SensorName&gt;
LayerName : Identifier
SensorName : Identifier
eg. root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
eg. root.sgcc.wf03.wt01.temperature
Note: Timeseries must be start with `root`(case insensitive) and end with sensor name.
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>PrefixPath : ROOT (DOT &lt;LayerName&gt;)*
LayerName : Identifier | STAR
eg. root.sgcc
eg. root.*
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><div class="language- line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>Path: (ROOT | &lt;LayerName&gt;) (DOT &lt;LayerName&gt;)* 
LayerName: Identifier | STAR
eg. root.ln.wf01.wt01.status
eg. root.*.wf01.wt01.status
eg. root.ln.wf01.wt01.*
eg. *.wt01.*
eg. *
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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      </span></p></div> <p style="text-align: center;">Copyright © 2020 The Apache Software Foundation.<br>
     Apache and the Apache feather logo are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation</p> <p style="text-align:justify!important;paddingLeft:10px;paddingRight:10px;">
      Disclaimer: Apache IoTDB (incubating) is an effort undergoing incubation at The Apache Software Foundation (ASF), sponsored by the Apache Incubator. Incubation is required of all newly accepted projects until a further review indicates that the infrastructure, communications, and decision making process have stabilized in a manner consistent with other successful ASF projects. While incubation status is not necessarily a reflection of the completeness or stability of the code, it does indicate that the project has yet to be fully endorsed by the ASF.
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