| import{_ as o,r as l,o as p,c,b as s,d as n,a as e,w as t,e as i}from"./app-Bp5kEZWW.js";const r={},d=i(`<h1 id="syntax-rule" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#syntax-rule"><span>Syntax Rule</span></a></h1><h2 id="literal-values" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#literal-values"><span>Literal Values</span></a></h2><p>This section describes how to write literal values in IoTDB. These include strings, numbers, timestamp values, boolean values, and NULL.</p><h3 id="string-literals" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#string-literals"><span>String Literals</span></a></h3><p>in IoTDB, <strong>A string is a sequence of bytes or characters, enclosed within either single quote (<code>'</code>) or double quote (<code>"</code>) characters.</strong> Examples：</p><div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode" data-ext="js" data-title="js"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token string">'a string'</span> |
| <span class="token string">"another string"</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="usage-scenarios" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-scenarios"><span>Usage Scenarios</span></a></h4><p>Usages of string literals:</p><ul><li><p>Values of <code>TEXT</code> type data in <code>INSERT</code> or <code>SELECT</code> statements</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># insert</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">insert</span> <span class="token keyword">into</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf02<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt02<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">timestamp</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>hardware<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">values</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'v1'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">insert</span> <span class="token keyword">into</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf02<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt02<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">timestamp</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>hardware<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">values</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'\\\\'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+--------------------------+</span> |
| <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token keyword">Time</span><span class="token operator">|</span>root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf02<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt02<span class="token punctuation">.</span>hardware<span class="token operator">|</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+--------------------------+</span> |
| <span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token number">1970</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">01</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">01</span>T08:<span class="token number">00</span>:<span class="token number">00.001</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">08</span>:<span class="token number">00</span><span class="token operator">|</span> v1<span class="token operator">|</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+--------------------------+</span> |
| <span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token number">1970</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">01</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">01</span>T08:<span class="token number">00</span>:<span class="token number">00.002</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">08</span>:<span class="token number">00</span><span class="token operator">|</span> \\\\<span class="token operator">|</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+--------------------------+</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># select</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">select</span> code <span class="token keyword">from</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sg1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>d1 <span class="token keyword">where</span> code <span class="token operator">in</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'string1'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'string2'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Used in<code>LOAD</code> / <code>REMOVE</code> / <code>SETTLE</code> instructions to represent file path.</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># load</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">LOAD</span> <span class="token string">'examplePath'</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># remove</span> |
| REMOVE <span class="token string">'examplePath'</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># SETTLE</span> |
| SETTLE <span class="token string">'examplePath'</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Password fields in user management statements</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># write_pwd is the password</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">USER</span> ln_write_user <span class="token string">'write_pwd'</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Full Java class names in UDF and trigger management statements</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># Trigger example. Full java class names after 'AS' should be string literals.</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">TRIGGER</span> <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>alert-listener-sg1d1s1<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token keyword">AFTER</span> <span class="token keyword">INSERT</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">ON</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sg1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>d1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>s1 |
| <span class="token keyword">AS</span> <span class="token string">'org.apache.iotdb.db.engine.trigger.example.AlertListener'</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">WITH</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> |
| <span class="token string">'lo'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'0'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> |
| <span class="token string">'hi'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'100.0'</span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># UDF example. Full java class names after 'AS' should be string literals.</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">FUNCTION</span> example <span class="token keyword">AS</span> <span class="token string">'org.apache.iotdb.udf.UDTFExample'</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p><code>AS</code> function provided by IoTDB can assign an alias to time series selected in query. Alias can be constant(including string) or identifier.</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token keyword">select</span> s1 <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token string">'temperature'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> s2 <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token string">'speed'</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf01<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt01<span class="token punctuation">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># Header of dataset</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+-----------|-----+</span> |
| <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token keyword">Time</span><span class="token operator">|</span>temperature<span class="token operator">|</span>speed<span class="token operator">|</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+-----------|-----+</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>The key/value of an attribute can be String Literal and identifier, more details can be found at <strong>key-value pair</strong> part.</p></li></ul><h4 id="how-to-use-quotation-marks-in-string-literals" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-use-quotation-marks-in-string-literals"><span>How to use quotation marks in String Literals</span></a></h4><p>There are several ways to include quote characters within a string:</p><ul><li><code>'</code> inside a string quoted with <code>"</code> needs no special treatment and need not be doubled or escaped. In the same way, <code>"</code> inside a string quoted with <code>'</code> needs no special treatment.</li><li>A <code>'</code> inside a string quoted with <code>'</code> may be written as <code>''</code>.</li><li>A <code>"</code> inside a string quoted with <code>"</code> may be written as <code>""</code>.</li></ul><p>The following examples demonstrate how quoting and escaping work:</p><div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode" data-ext="js" data-title="js"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token string">'string'</span> <span class="token comment">// string</span> |
| <span class="token string">'"string"'</span> <span class="token comment">// "string"</span> |
| <span class="token string">'""string""'</span> <span class="token comment">// ""string""</span> |
| <span class="token string">''</span><span class="token string">'string'</span> <span class="token comment">// 'string</span> |
| |
| <span class="token string">"string"</span> <span class="token comment">// string</span> |
| <span class="token string">"'string'"</span> <span class="token comment">// 'string'</span> |
| <span class="token string">"''string''"</span> <span class="token comment">// ''string''</span> |
| <span class="token string">""</span><span class="token string">"string"</span> <span class="token comment">// "string</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="numeric-literals" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#numeric-literals"><span>Numeric Literals</span></a></h3><p>Number literals include integer (exact-value) literals and floating-point (approximate-value) literals.</p><p>Integers are represented as a sequence of digits. Numbers may be preceded by <code>-</code> or <code>+</code> to indicate a negative or positive value, respectively. Examples: <code>1</code>, <code>-1</code>.</p><p>Numbers with fractional part or represented in scientific notation with a mantissa and exponent are approximate-value numbers. Examples: <code>.1</code>, <code>3.14</code>, <code>-2.23</code>, <code>+1.70</code>, <code>1.2E3</code>, <code>1.2E-3</code>, <code>-1.2E3</code>, <code>-1.2E-3</code>.</p><p>The <code>INT32</code> and <code>INT64</code> data types are integer types and calculations are exact.</p><p>The <code>FLOAT</code> and <code>DOUBLE</code> data types are floating-point types and calculations are approximate.</p><p>An integer may be used in floating-point context; it is interpreted as the equivalent floating-point number.</p><h3 id="timestamp-literals" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#timestamp-literals"><span>Timestamp Literals</span></a></h3>`,22),u=i(`<p>Specially, <code>NOW()</code> represents a constant timestamp that indicates the system time at which the statement began to execute.</p><h3 id="boolean-literals" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#boolean-literals"><span>Boolean Literals</span></a></h3><p>The constants <code>TRUE</code> and <code>FALSE</code> evaluate to 1 and 0, respectively. The constant names can be written in any lettercase.</p><h3 id="null-values" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#null-values"><span>NULL Values</span></a></h3><p>The <code>NULL</code> value means “no data.” <code>NULL</code> can be written in any lettercase.</p><h2 id="identifier" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#identifier"><span>Identifier</span></a></h2><h3 id="usage-scenarios-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-scenarios-1"><span>Usage scenarios</span></a></h3><p>Certain objects within IoTDB, including <code>TRIGGER</code>, <code>FUNCTION</code>(UDF), <code>CONTINUOUS QUERY</code>, <code>SCHEMA TEMPLATE</code>, <code>USER</code>, <code>ROLE</code>,<code>Pipe</code>,<code>PipeSink</code>,<code>alias</code> and other object names are known as identifiers.</p><h3 id="constraints" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#constraints"><span>Constraints</span></a></h3><p>Below are basic constraints of identifiers, specific identifiers may have other constraints, for example, <code>user</code> should consists of more than 4 characters.</p><ul><li>Permitted characters in unquoted identifiers: <ul><li>[0-9 a-z A-Z _ ] (letters, digits and underscore)</li><li>['\\u2E80'..'\\u9FFF'] (UNICODE Chinese characters)</li></ul></li><li>Identifiers may begin with a digit, unquoted identifiers can not be a real number.</li><li>Identifiers are case sensitive.</li><li>Key words can be used as an identifier.</li></ul><p><strong>You need to quote the identifier with back quote(\`) in the following cases:</strong></p><ul><li>Identifier contains special characters.</li><li>Identifier that is a real number.</li></ul><h3 id="how-to-use-quotations-marks-in-quoted-identifiers" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-use-quotations-marks-in-quoted-identifiers"><span>How to use quotations marks in quoted identifiers</span></a></h3><p><code>'</code> and <code>"</code> can be used directly in quoted identifiers.</p><p>\` may be written as \`\` in quoted identifiers. See the example below:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create template t1't"t</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">create</span> <span class="token keyword">schema</span> template <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>t1't"t<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">(</span>temperature <span class="token keyword">FLOAT</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>RLE<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">status</span> <span class="token keyword">BOOLEAN</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>PLAIN compression<span class="token operator">=</span>SNAPPY<span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># create template t1\`t</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">create</span> <span class="token keyword">schema</span> template <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>t1\`\`t<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">(</span>temperature <span class="token keyword">FLOAT</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>RLE<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">status</span> <span class="token keyword">BOOLEAN</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>PLAIN compression<span class="token operator">=</span>SNAPPY<span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#examples"><span>Examples</span></a></h3><p>Examples of case in which quoted identifier is used ：</p><ul><li><p>Trigger name should be quoted in cases described above ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create trigger named alert.\`listener-sg1d1s1</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">TRIGGER</span> <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>alert.\`\`listener-sg1d1s1<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token keyword">AFTER</span> <span class="token keyword">INSERT</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">ON</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>sg1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>d1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>s1 |
| <span class="token keyword">AS</span> <span class="token string">'org.apache.iotdb.db.storageengine.trigger.example.AlertListener'</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">WITH</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span> |
| <span class="token string">'lo'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'0'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> |
| <span class="token string">'hi'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'100.0'</span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>UDF name should be quoted in cases described above ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create a funciton named 111, 111 is a real number.</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">FUNCTION</span> <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>111<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> <span class="token keyword">AS</span> <span class="token string">'org.apache.iotdb.udf.UDTFExample'</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Template name should be quoted in cases described above ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create a template named 111, 111 is a real number.</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">create</span> <span class="token keyword">schema</span> template <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>111<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">(</span>temperature <span class="token keyword">FLOAT</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>RLE<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">status</span> <span class="token keyword">BOOLEAN</span> encoding<span class="token operator">=</span>PLAIN compression<span class="token operator">=</span>SNAPPY<span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>User and Role name should be quoted in cases described above, blank space is not allow in User and Role name whether quoted or not ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create user special\`user.</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="token keyword">USER</span> <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>special\`\`user.<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> <span class="token string">'write_pwd'</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># create role 111</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> ROLE <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>111<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Continuous query name should be quoted in cases described above ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create continuous query test.cq</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> CONTINUOUS QUERY <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>test.cq<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> |
| <span class="token keyword">BEGIN</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">SELECT</span> max_value<span class="token punctuation">(</span>temperature<span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">INTO</span> temperature_max |
| <span class="token keyword">FROM</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token operator">*</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">GROUP</span> <span class="token keyword">BY</span> <span class="token keyword">time</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">END</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>Pipe、PipeSink should be quoted in cases described above ：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token comment"># create PipeSink test.*1</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> PIPESINK <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>test.*1<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> <span class="token keyword">AS</span> IoTDB <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'ip'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'输入你的IP'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># create Pipe test.*2</span> |
| <span class="token keyword">CREATE</span> PIPE <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>test.*2<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> <span class="token keyword">TO</span> <span class="token identifier"><span class="token punctuation">\`</span>test.*1<span class="token punctuation">\`</span></span> <span class="token keyword">FROM</span> |
| <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">select</span> <span class="token operator">*</span><span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token keyword">from</span> root <span class="token keyword">WHERE</span> <span class="token keyword">time</span><span class="token operator">>=</span>yyyy<span class="token operator">-</span>mm<span class="token operator">-</span>dd HH:MM:SS<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">WITH</span> <span class="token string">'SyncDelOp'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">'true'</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p><code>AS</code> function provided by IoTDB can assign an alias to time series selected in query. Alias can be constant(including string) or identifier.</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-ext="sql" data-title="sql"><pre class="language-sql"><code><span class="token keyword">select</span> s1 <span class="token keyword">as</span> temperature<span class="token punctuation">,</span> s2 <span class="token keyword">as</span> speed <span class="token keyword">from</span> root<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ln<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wf01<span class="token punctuation">.</span>wt01<span class="token punctuation">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="token comment"># Header of result dataset</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+-----------|-----+</span> |
| <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token keyword">Time</span><span class="token operator">|</span>temperature<span class="token operator">|</span>speed<span class="token operator">|</span> |
| <span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token comment">-----------------------------+-----------|-----+</span> |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></li><li><p>The key/value of an attribute can be String Literal and identifier, more details can be found at <strong>key-value pair</strong> part.</p></li></ul><h2 id="keywords-words" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#keywords-words"><span>KeyWords Words</span></a></h2><p>Keywords are words that have significance in SQL. Keywords can be used as an identifier. Certain keywords, such as TIME/TIMESTAMP and ROOT, are reserved and cannot use as identifiers.</p>`,22),k=s("h2",{id:"detailed-definitions-of-lexical-and-grammar",tabindex:"-1"},[s("a",{class:"header-anchor",href:"#detailed-definitions-of-lexical-and-grammar"},[s("span",null,"Detailed Definitions of Lexical and Grammar")])],-1),m=s("p",null,"Please read the lexical and grammar description files in our code repository:",-1),v=s("p",null,[n("Lexical file: "),s("code",null,"antlr/src/main/antlr4/org/apache/iotdb/db/qp/sql/IoTDBSqlLexer.g4")],-1),g=s("p",null,[n("Grammer file: "),s("code",null,"antlr/src/main/antlr4/org/apache/iotdb/db/qp/sql/IoTDBSqlParser.g4")],-1);function b(h,w){const a=l("RouteLink");return p(),c("div",null,[d,s("p",null,[n("The timestamp is the time point at which data is produced. It includes absolute timestamps and relative timestamps in IoTDB. 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