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# CONTINUOUS QUERY(CQ)


## 1. Introduction

Continuous queries(CQ) are queries that run automatically and periodically on realtime data and store query results in other specified time series.

Users can implement sliding window streaming computing through continuous query, such as calculating the hourly average temperature of a sequence and writing it into a new sequence. Users can customize the `RESAMPLE` clause to create different sliding windows, which can achieve a certain degree of tolerance for out-of-order data.

## 2. Syntax

```sql
CREATE (CONTINUOUS QUERY | CQ) <cq_id> 
[RESAMPLE 
  [EVERY <every_interval>] 
  [BOUNDARY <execution_boundary_time>]
  [RANGE <start_time_offset>[, end_time_offset]] 
]
[TIMEOUT POLICY BLOCKED|DISCARD]
BEGIN
  SELECT CLAUSE
    INTO CLAUSE
    FROM CLAUSE
    [WHERE CLAUSE]
    [GROUP BY(<group_by_interval>[, <sliding_step>]) [, level = <level>]]
    [HAVING CLAUSE]
    [FILL {PREVIOUS | LINEAR | constant}]
    [LIMIT rowLimit OFFSET rowOffset]
    [ALIGN BY DEVICE]
END
```

> Note:
>
> 1. If there exists any time filters in WHERE CLAUSE, IoTDB will throw an error, because IoTDB will automatically generate a time range for the query each time it's executed.
> 2. GROUP BY TIME CLAUSE is different, it doesn't contain its original first display window parameter which is [start_time, end_time). It's still because IoTDB will automatically generate a time range for the query each time it's executed.
> 3. If there is no group by time clause in query, EVERY clause is required, otherwise IoTDB will throw an error.

### 2.1 Descriptions of parameters in CQ syntax

- `<cq_id>` specifies the globally unique id of CQ.
- `<every_interval>` specifies the query execution time interval. We currently support the units of ns, us, ms, s, m, h, d, w, and its value should not be lower than the minimum threshold configured by the user, which is `continuous_query_min_every_interval`. It's an optional parameter, default value is set to `group_by_interval` in group by clause.
- `<start_time_offset>` specifies the start time of each query execution as `now()-<start_time_offset>`. We currently support the units of ns, us, ms, s, m, h, d, w.It's an optional parameter, default value is set to `every_interval` in resample clause.
- `<end_time_offset>` specifies the end time of each query execution as `now()-<end_time_offset>`. We currently support the units of ns, us, ms, s, m, h, d, w.It's an optional parameter, default value is set to `0`.
- `<execution_boundary_time>` is a date that represents the execution time of a certain cq task.
    - `<execution_boundary_time>` can be earlier than, equals to, later than **current time**.
    - This parameter is optional. If not specified, it is equal to `BOUNDARY 0`。
    - **The start time of the first time window** is `<execution_boundary_time> - <start_time_offset>`.
    - **The end time of the first time window** is `<execution_boundary_time> - <end_time_offset>`.
    - The **time range** of the `i (1 <= i)th` window is `[<execution_boundary_time> - <start_time_offset> + (i - 1) * <every_interval>, <execution_boundary_time> - <end_time_offset> + (i - 1) * <every_interval>)`.
    - If the **current time** is earlier than or equal to `execution_boundary_time`, then the first execution moment of the continuous query is `execution_boundary_time`.
    - If the **current time** is later than `execution_boundary_time`, then the first execution moment of the continuous query is the first `execution_boundary_time + i * <every_interval>` that is later than or equal to the current time .

> - `<every_interval>`，`<start_time_offset>` and `<group_by_interval>` should all be greater than `0`.
> - The value of `<group_by_interval>` should be less than or equal to the value of `<start_time_offset>`, otherwise the system will throw an error.
> - Users should specify the appropriate `<start_time_offset>` and `<every_interval>` according to actual needs.
>     - If `<start_time_offset>` is greater than `<every_interval>`,  there will be partial data overlap in each query window.
>     - If `<start_time_offset>` is less than `<every_interval>`, there may be uncovered data between each query window.
> - `start_time_offset` should be larger than `end_time_offset`, otherwise the system will throw an error.

#### `<start_time_offset>` == `<every_interval>`

![1](/img/UserGuide/Process-Data/Continuous-Query/pic1.png?raw=true)

#### `<start_time_offset>` > `<every_interval>`

![2](/img/UserGuide/Process-Data/Continuous-Query/pic2.png?raw=true)

#### `<start_time_offset>` < `<every_interval>`

![3](/img/UserGuide/Process-Data/Continuous-Query/pic3.png?raw=true)

#### `<every_interval>`  is not zero

![](/img/UserGuide/Process-Data/Continuous-Query/pic4.png?raw=true)


- `TIMEOUT POLICY` specify how we deal with the cq task whose previous time interval execution is not finished while the next execution time has reached. The default value is `BLOCKED`.
    - `BLOCKED` means that we will block and wait to do the current cq execution task until the previous time interval cq task finishes. If using `BLOCKED` policy, all the time intervals will be executed, but it may be behind the latest time interval.
    - `DISCARD` means that we just discard the current cq execution task and wait for the next execution time and do the next time interval cq task. If using `DISCARD` policy, some time intervals won't be executed when the execution time of one cq task is longer than the `<every_interval>`. However, once a cq task is executed, it will use the latest time interval, so it can catch up at the sacrifice of some time intervals being discarded.


## 3. Examples of CQ

The examples below use the following sample data. It's a real time data stream and we can assume that the data arrives on time.

````
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:14.598+08:00|                        121.0|                         72.0|                        183.0|                        115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:19.941+08:00|                          0.0|                         68.0|                         68.0|                        103.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|                        122.0|                         45.0|                         11.0|                         14.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|                         47.0|                         14.0|                         59.0|                        181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|                        182.0|                        113.0|                         29.0|                        180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|                         42.0|                         11.0|                         52.0|                         19.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|                         78.0|                         38.0|                        123.0|                         52.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|                        137.0|                        172.0|                        135.0|                        193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|                         16.0|                        124.0|                        183.0|                         18.0|
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
````

### 3.1 Configuring execution intervals

Use an `EVERY` interval in the `RESAMPLE` clause to specify the CQ’s execution interval, if not specific, default value is equal to `group_by_interval`.

```sql
CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq1
RESAMPLE EVERY 20s
BEGIN
SELECT max_value(temperature)
  INTO root.ln.wf02.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf02.wt01(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt01(temperature_max)
  FROM root.ln.*.*
  GROUP BY(10s)
END
```

`cq1` calculates the 10-second average of `temperature` sensor under the `root.ln` prefix path and stores the results in the `temperature_max` sensor using the same prefix path as the corresponding sensor.

`cq1` executes at 20-second intervals, the same interval as the `EVERY` interval. Every 20 seconds, `cq1` runs a single query that covers the time range for the current time bucket, that is, the 20-second time bucket that intersects with `now()`.

Supposing that the current time is `2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00`, we can see annotated log output about `cq1` running at DataNode if you set log level to DEBUG:

````
At **2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00**, `cq1` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:20, 2021-05-11T22:18:40)`.
`cq1` generate 2 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:19:00.000+08:00**, `cq1` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:40, 2021-05-11T22:19:00)`.
`cq1` generate 2 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
````

`cq1` won't deal with data that is before the current time window which is `2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00`, so here are the results:

````
> SELECT temperature_max from root.ln.*.*;
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
````

### 3.2 Configuring time range for resampling

Use `start_time_offset` in the `RANGE` clause to specify the start time of the CQ’s time range, if not specific, default value is equal to `EVERY` interval.

```sql
CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq2
RESAMPLE RANGE 40s
BEGIN
  SELECT max_value(temperature)
  INTO root.ln.wf02.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf02.wt01(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt01(temperature_max)
  FROM root.ln.*.*
  GROUP BY(10s)
END
```

`cq2` calculates the 10-second average of `temperature` sensor under the `root.ln` prefix path and stores the results in the `temperature_max` sensor using the same prefix path as the corresponding sensor.

`cq2` executes at 10-second intervals, the same interval as the `group_by_interval`. Every 10 seconds, `cq2` runs a single query that covers the time range between `now()` minus the `start_time_offset` and `now()` , that is, the time range between 40 seconds prior to `now()` and `now()`.

Supposing that the current time is `2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00`, we can see annotated log output about `cq2` running at DataNode if you set log level to DEBUG:

````
At **2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00**, `cq2` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:00, 2021-05-11T22:18:40)`.
`cq2` generate 4 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:00.000+08:00|                             NULL|                             NULL|                             NULL|                             NULL|
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00**, `cq2` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:10, 2021-05-11T22:18:50)`.
`cq2` generate 4 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:19:00.000+08:00**, `cq2` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:20, 2021-05-11T22:19:00)`.
`cq2` generate 4 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
````

`cq2` won't write lines that are all null. Notice `cq2` will also calculate the results for some time interval many times. Here are the results:

````
> SELECT temperature_max from root.ln.*.*;
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
````

### 3.3 Configuring execution intervals and CQ time ranges

Use an `EVERY` interval and `RANGE` interval in the `RESAMPLE` clause to specify the CQ’s execution interval and the length of the CQ’s time range. And use `fill()` to change the value reported for time intervals with no data.

```sql
CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq3
RESAMPLE EVERY 20s RANGE 40s
BEGIN
  SELECT max_value(temperature)
  INTO root.ln.wf02.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf02.wt01(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt01(temperature_max)
  FROM root.ln.*.*
  GROUP BY(10s)
  FILL(100.0)
END
```

`cq3` calculates the 10-second average of `temperature` sensor under the `root.ln` prefix path and stores the results in the `temperature_max` sensor using the same prefix path as the corresponding sensor. Where possible, it writes the value `100.0` for time intervals with no results.

`cq3` executes at 20-second intervals, the same interval as the `EVERY` interval. Every 20 seconds, `cq3` runs a single query that covers the time range between `now()` minus the `start_time_offset` and `now()`, that is, the time range between 40 seconds prior to `now()` and `now()`.

Supposing that the current time is `2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00`, we can see annotated log output about `cq3` running at DataNode if you set log level to DEBUG:

````
At **2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00**, `cq3` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:00, 2021-05-11T22:18:40)`.
`cq3` generate 4 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:00.000+08:00|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:19:00.000+08:00**, `cq3` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:20, 2021-05-11T22:19:00)`.
`cq3` generate 4 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
````

Notice that `cq3` will calculate the results for some time interval many times, so here are the results:

````
> SELECT temperature_max from root.ln.*.*;
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:00.000+08:00|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00|                            137.0|                            172.0|                            135.0|                            193.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:50.000+08:00|                             16.0|                            124.0|                            183.0|                             18.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
````

### 3.4 Configuring end_time_offset for CQ time range

Use an `EVERY` interval and `RANGE` interval in the RESAMPLE clause to specify the CQ’s execution interval and the length of the CQ’s time range. And use `fill()` to change the value reported for time intervals with no data.

```sql
CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq4
RESAMPLE EVERY 20s RANGE 40s, 20s
BEGIN
  SELECT max_value(temperature)
  INTO root.ln.wf02.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf02.wt01(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt02(temperature_max), root.ln.wf01.wt01(temperature_max)
  FROM root.ln.*.*
  GROUP BY(10s)
  FILL(100.0)
END
```

`cq4` calculates the 10-second average of `temperature` sensor under the `root.ln` prefix path and stores the results in the `temperature_max` sensor using the same prefix path as the corresponding sensor. Where possible, it writes the value `100.0` for time intervals with no results.

`cq4` executes at 20-second intervals, the same interval as the `EVERY` interval. Every 20 seconds, `cq4` runs a single query that covers the time range between `now()` minus the `start_time_offset` and `now()` minus the `end_time_offset`, that is, the time range between  40 seconds prior to `now()` and 20 seconds prior to `now()`.

Supposing that the current time is `2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00`, we can see annotated log output about `cq4` running at DataNode if you set log level to DEBUG:

````
At **2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00**, `cq4` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:00, 2021-05-11T22:18:20)`.
`cq4` generate 2 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:00.000+08:00|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:19:00.000+08:00**, `cq4` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:20, 2021-05-11T22:18:40)`.
`cq4` generate 2 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
>
````

Notice that `cq4` will calculate the results for all time intervals only once after a delay of 20 seconds, so here are the results:

````
> SELECT temperature_max from root.ln.*.*;
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                         Time|root.ln.wf02.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf02.wt01.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt02.temperature_max|root.ln.wf01.wt01.temperature_max|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:00.000+08:00|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|                            100.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:10.000+08:00|                            121.0|                             72.0|                            183.0|                            115.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00|                            122.0|                             45.0|                             59.0|                            181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:30.000+08:00|                            182.0|                            113.0|                             52.0|                            180.0|
+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
````

### 3.5 CQ without group by clause

Use an `EVERY` interval in the `RESAMPLE` clause to specify the CQ’s execution interval and the length of the CQ’s time range.

```sql
CREATE CONTINUOUS QUERY cq5
RESAMPLE EVERY 20s
BEGIN
  SELECT temperature + 1
  INTO root.precalculated_sg.::(temperature)
  FROM root.ln.*.*
  align by device
END
```

`cq5` calculates the `temperature + 1` under the `root.ln` prefix path and stores the results in the `root.precalculated_sg` database. Sensors use the same prefix path as the corresponding sensor.

`cq5` executes at 20-second intervals, the same interval as the `EVERY` interval. Every 20 seconds, `cq5` runs a single query that covers the time range for the current time bucket, that is, the 20-second time bucket that intersects with `now()`.

Supposing that the current time is `2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00`, we can see annotated log output about `cq5` running at DataNode if you set log level to DEBUG:

````
At **2021-05-11T22:18:40.000+08:00**, `cq5` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:20, 2021-05-11T22:18:40)`.
`cq5` generate 16 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|                         Time|                         Device|temperature|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      123.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       48.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      183.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       45.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       46.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       15.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      114.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       12.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       12.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       60.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       30.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       53.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       15.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      182.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       20.0|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
>
At **2021-05-11T22:19:00.000+08:00**, `cq5` executes a query within the time range `[2021-05-11T22:18:40, 2021-05-11T22:19:00)`.
`cq5` generate 12 lines:
>
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|                         Time|                         Device|temperature|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       79.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      138.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       17.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       39.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      173.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      125.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      124.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      136.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      184.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       53.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      194.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       19.0|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
>
````

`cq5` won't deal with data that is before the current time window which is `2021-05-11T22:18:20.000+08:00`, so here are the results:

````
> SELECT temperature from root.precalculated_sg.*.* align by device;
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|                         Time|                         Device|temperature|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      123.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       48.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      183.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       45.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       79.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|      138.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt02|       17.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       46.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       15.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      114.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       12.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|       39.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      173.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf02.wt01|      125.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       12.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       60.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       30.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|       53.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      124.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      136.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt02|      184.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:24.949+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       15.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:29.967+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      182.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:34.979+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      181.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:39.990+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       20.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:44.995+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       53.0| 
|2021-05-11T22:18:49.999+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|      194.0|
|2021-05-11T22:18:55.003+08:00|root.precalculated_sg.wf01.wt01|       19.0|
+-----------------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
````

## 4. CQ Management

### 4.1 Listing continuous queries

List every CQ on the IoTDB Cluster with:

```sql
SHOW (CONTINUOUS QUERIES | CQS) 
```

`SHOW (CONTINUOUS QUERIES | CQS)` order results by `cq_id`.

#### Examples

```sql
SHOW CONTINUOUS QUERIES;
```

we will get:

| cq_id       | query                                                        | state  |
| :---------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------ |
| s1_count_cq | CREATE CQ s1_count_cq<br/>BEGIN<br/>SELECT count(s1)<br/>INTO root.sg_count.d.count_s1<br/>FROM root.sg.d<br/>GROUP BY(30m)<br/>END | active |


### 4.2 Dropping continuous queries

Drop a CQ with a specific `cq_id`:

```sql
DROP (CONTINUOUS QUERY | CQ) <cq_id>
```

DROP CQ returns an empty result.

#### Examples

Drop the CQ named `s1_count_cq`:

```sql
DROP CONTINUOUS QUERY s1_count_cq;
```

### 4.3 Altering continuous queries

CQs can't be altered once they're created. To change a CQ, you must `DROP` and re`CREATE` it with the updated settings.


## 5. CQ Use Cases

### 5.1 Downsampling and Data Retention

Use CQs with `TTL` set on database in IoTDB to mitigate storage concerns. Combine CQs and `TTL` to automatically downsample high precision data to a lower precision and remove the dispensable, high precision data from the database.

### 5.2 Recalculating expensive queries

Shorten query runtimes by pre-calculating expensive queries with CQs. Use a CQ to automatically downsample commonly-queried, high precision data to a lower precision. Queries on lower precision data require fewer resources and return faster.

> Pre-calculate queries for your preferred graphing tool to accelerate the population of graphs and dashboards.

### 5.3 Substituting for sub-query

IoTDB does not support sub queries. We can get the same functionality by creating a CQ as a sub query and store its result into other time series and then querying from those time series again will be like doing nested sub query.

#### Example

IoTDB does not accept the following query with a nested sub query. The query calculates the average number of non-null values of `s1` at 30 minute intervals:

```sql
SELECT avg(count_s1) from (select count(s1) as count_s1 from root.sg.d group by([0, now()), 30m));
```

To get the same results:

**Create a CQ**

This step performs the nested sub query in from clause of the query above. The following CQ automatically calculates the number of non-null values of `s1` at 30 minute intervals and writes those counts into the new `root.sg_count.d.count_s1` time series.

```sql
CREATE CQ s1_count_cq 
BEGIN 
    SELECT count(s1) 
    INTO root.sg_count.d(count_s1) 
    FROM root.sg.d 
    GROUP BY(30m) 
END
```

**Query the CQ results**

Next step performs the avg([...]) part of the outer query above.

Query the data in the time series `root.sg_count.d.count_s1` to calculate the average of it:

```sql
SELECT avg(count_s1) from root.sg_count.d;
```


## 6. System Parameter Configuration

| Name                                        | Description                                                  | Data Type | Default Value |
| :------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | --------- | ------------- |
| `continuous_query_submit_thread_count`            | The number of threads in the scheduled thread pool that submit continuous query tasks periodically | int32     | 2             |
| `continuous_query_min_every_interval_in_ms` | The minimum value of the continuous query execution time interval | duration  | 1000          |