<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
distributed with this work for additional information
regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
"License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
software distributed under the License is distributed on an
"AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations
under the License.
-->
<!DOCTYPE concept PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
<concept id="avg">

  <title>AVG Function</title>
  <titlealts audience="PDF"><navtitle>AVG</navtitle></titlealts>
  <prolog>
    <metadata>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala"/>
      <data name="Category" value="SQL"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Analytic Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Aggregate Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Querying"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Developers"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Data Analysts"/>
    </metadata>
  </prolog>

  <conbody>

    <p>
      <indexterm audience="hidden">avg() function</indexterm>
      An aggregate function that returns the average value from a set of numbers or <codeph>TIMESTAMP</codeph> values.
      Its single argument can be numeric column, or the numeric result of a function or expression applied to the
      column value. Rows with a <codeph>NULL</codeph> value for the specified column are ignored. If the table is empty,
      or all the values supplied to <codeph>AVG</codeph> are <codeph>NULL</codeph>, <codeph>AVG</codeph> returns
      <codeph>NULL</codeph>.
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/syntax_blurb"/>

<codeblock>AVG([DISTINCT | ALL] <varname>expression</varname>) [OVER (<varname>analytic_clause</varname>)]
</codeblock>

    <p>
      When the query contains a <codeph>GROUP BY</codeph> clause, returns one value for each combination of
      grouping values.
    </p>

    <p>
      <b>Return type:</b> <codeph>DOUBLE</codeph> for numeric values; <codeph>TIMESTAMP</codeph> for
      <codeph>TIMESTAMP</codeph> values
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_blurb"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_aggregation_explanation"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_aggregation_example"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/example_blurb"/>

<codeblock>-- Average all the non-NULL values in a column.
insert overwrite avg_t values (2),(4),(6),(null),(null);
-- The average of the above values is 4: (2+4+6) / 3. The 2 NULL values are ignored.
select avg(x) from avg_t;
-- Average only certain values from the column.
select avg(x) from t1 where month = 'January' and year = '2013';
-- Apply a calculation to the value of the column before averaging.
select avg(x/3) from t1;
-- Apply a function to the value of the column before averaging.
-- Here we are substituting a value of 0 for all NULLs in the column,
-- so that those rows do factor into the return value.
select avg(isnull(x,0)) from t1;
-- Apply some number-returning function to a string column and average the results.
-- If column s contains any NULLs, length(s) also returns NULL and those rows are ignored.
select avg(length(s)) from t1;
-- Can also be used in combination with DISTINCT and/or GROUP BY.
-- Return more than one result.
select month, year, avg(page_visits) from web_stats group by month, year;
-- Filter the input to eliminate duplicates before performing the calculation.
select avg(distinct x) from t1;
-- Filter the output after performing the calculation.
select avg(x) from t1 group by y having avg(x) between 1 and 20;
</codeblock>

    <p rev="2.0.0">
      The following examples show how to use <codeph>AVG()</codeph> in an analytic context. They use a table
      containing integers from 1 to 10. Notice how the <codeph>AVG()</codeph> is reported for each input value, as
      opposed to the <codeph>GROUP BY</codeph> clause which condenses the result set.
<codeblock>select x, property, avg(x) over (partition by property) as avg from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+-----+
| x  | property | avg |
+----+----------+-----+
| 2  | even     | 6   |
| 4  | even     | 6   |
| 6  | even     | 6   |
| 8  | even     | 6   |
| 10 | even     | 6   |
| 1  | odd      | 5   |
| 3  | odd      | 5   |
| 5  | odd      | 5   |
| 7  | odd      | 5   |
| 9  | odd      | 5   |
+----+----------+-----+
</codeblock>

Adding an <codeph>ORDER BY</codeph> clause lets you experiment with results that are cumulative or apply to a moving
set of rows (the <q>window</q>). The following examples use <codeph>AVG()</codeph> in an analytic context
(that is, with an <codeph>OVER()</codeph> clause) to produce a running average of all the even values,
then a running average of all the odd values. The basic <codeph>ORDER BY x</codeph> clause implicitly
activates a window clause of <codeph>RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW</codeph>,
which is effectively the same as <codeph>ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW</codeph>,
therefore all of these examples produce the same results:
<codeblock>select x, property,
  avg(x) over (partition by property <b>order by x</b>) as 'cumulative average'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+--------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative average |
+----+----------+--------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                  |
| 4  | even     | 3                  |
| 6  | even     | 4                  |
| 8  | even     | 5                  |
| 10 | even     | 6                  |
| 1  | odd      | 1                  |
| 3  | odd      | 2                  |
| 5  | odd      | 3                  |
| 7  | odd      | 4                  |
| 9  | odd      | 5                  |
+----+----------+--------------------+

select x, property,
  avg(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>range between unbounded preceding and current row</b>
  ) as 'cumulative average'
from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+--------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative average |
+----+----------+--------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                  |
| 4  | even     | 3                  |
| 6  | even     | 4                  |
| 8  | even     | 5                  |
| 10 | even     | 6                  |
| 1  | odd      | 1                  |
| 3  | odd      | 2                  |
| 5  | odd      | 3                  |
| 7  | odd      | 4                  |
| 9  | odd      | 5                  |
+----+----------+--------------------+

select x, property,
  avg(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>rows between unbounded preceding and current row</b>
  ) as 'cumulative average'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+--------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative average |
+----+----------+--------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                  |
| 4  | even     | 3                  |
| 6  | even     | 4                  |
| 8  | even     | 5                  |
| 10 | even     | 6                  |
| 1  | odd      | 1                  |
| 3  | odd      | 2                  |
| 5  | odd      | 3                  |
| 7  | odd      | 4                  |
| 9  | odd      | 5                  |
+----+----------+--------------------+
</codeblock>

The following examples show how to construct a moving window, with a running average taking into account 1 row before
and 1 row after the current row, within the same partition (all the even values or all the odd values).
Because of a restriction in the Impala <codeph>RANGE</codeph> syntax, this type of
moving window is possible with the <codeph>ROWS BETWEEN</codeph> clause but not the <codeph>RANGE BETWEEN</codeph>
clause:
<codeblock>select x, property,
  avg(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>rows between 1 preceding and 1 following</b>
  ) as 'moving average'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+----------------+
| x  | property | moving average |
+----+----------+----------------+
| 2  | even     | 3              |
| 4  | even     | 4              |
| 6  | even     | 6              |
| 8  | even     | 8              |
| 10 | even     | 9              |
| 1  | odd      | 2              |
| 3  | odd      | 3              |
| 5  | odd      | 5              |
| 7  | odd      | 7              |
| 9  | odd      | 8              |
+----+----------+----------------+

-- Doesn't work because of syntax restriction on RANGE clause.
select x, property,
  avg(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>range between 1 preceding and 1 following</b>
  ) as 'moving average'
from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
ERROR: AnalysisException: RANGE is only supported with both the lower and upper bounds UNBOUNDED or one UNBOUNDED and the other CURRENT ROW.
</codeblock>
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/restrictions_blurb"/>

<!-- This conref appears under SUM(), AVG(), FLOAT, and DOUBLE topics. -->

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/sum_double"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/related_info"/>

    <p>
      <xref href="impala_analytic_functions.xml#analytic_functions"/>, <xref href="impala_max.xml#max"/>,
      <xref href="impala_min.xml#min"/>
    </p>
  </conbody>
</concept>