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<!DOCTYPE concept PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
<concept id="builtins">

  <title id="title_functions">Impala Built-In Functions</title>
  <titlealts audience="PDF"><navtitle>Built-In Functions</navtitle></titlealts>
  <prolog>
    <metadata>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="SQL"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Querying"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Data Analysts"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Developers"/>
    </metadata>
  </prolog>

  <conbody>

    <!-- To do:
      Opportunity to conref some material between here and the "Functions" topic under "Schema Objects".
    -->

    <p>
      Impala supports several categories of built-in functions. These functions let you perform mathematical
      calculations, string manipulation, date calculations, and other kinds of data transformations directly in
      <codeph>SELECT</codeph> statements. The built-in functions let a SQL query return results with all
      formatting, calculating, and type conversions applied, rather than performing time-consuming postprocessing
      in another application. By applying function calls where practical, you can make a SQL query that is as
      convenient as an expression in a procedural programming language or a formula in a spreadsheet.
    </p>

    <p>
      The categories of functions supported by Impala are:
    </p>

    <ul>
      <li>
        <xref href="impala_math_functions.xml#math_functions"/>
      </li>

      <li>
        <xref href="impala_conversion_functions.xml#conversion_functions"/>
      </li>

      <li>
        <xref href="impala_datetime_functions.xml#datetime_functions"/>
      </li>

      <li>
        <xref href="impala_conditional_functions.xml#conditional_functions"/>
      </li>

      <li>
        <xref href="impala_string_functions.xml#string_functions"/>
      </li>

      <li>
        Aggregation functions, explained in <xref href="impala_aggregate_functions.xml#aggregate_functions"/>.
      </li>
    </ul>

    <p>
      You call any of these functions through the <codeph>SELECT</codeph> statement. For most functions, you can
      omit the <codeph>FROM</codeph> clause and supply literal values for any required arguments:
    </p>

<codeblock>select abs(-1);
+---------+
| abs(-1) |
+---------+
| 1       |
+---------+

select concat('The rain ', 'in Spain');
+---------------------------------+
| concat('the rain ', 'in spain') |
+---------------------------------+
| The rain in Spain               |
+---------------------------------+

select power(2,5);
+-------------+
| power(2, 5) |
+-------------+
| 32          |
+-------------+
</codeblock>

    <p>
      When you use a <codeph>FROM</codeph> clause and specify a column name as a function argument, the function is
      applied for each item in the result set:
    </p>

<!-- TK: make real output for these; change the queries if necessary to use tables I already have. -->

<codeblock>select concat('Country = ',country_code) from all_countries where population &gt; 100000000;
select round(price) as dollar_value from product_catalog where price between 0.0 and 100.0;
</codeblock>

    <p>
      Typically, if any argument to a built-in function is <codeph>NULL</codeph>, the result value is also
      <codeph>NULL</codeph>:
    </p>

<codeblock>select cos(null);
+-----------+
| cos(null) |
+-----------+
| NULL      |
+-----------+

select power(2,null);
+----------------+
| power(2, null) |
+----------------+
| NULL           |
+----------------+

select concat('a',null,'b');
+------------------------+
| concat('a', null, 'b') |
+------------------------+
| NULL                   |
+------------------------+
</codeblock>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/aggr1"/>

<codeblock conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/aggr2"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/aggr3"/>

    <p>
      Aggregate functions are a special category with different rules. These functions calculate a return value
      across all the items in a result set, so they do require a <codeph>FROM</codeph> clause in the query:
    </p>

<!-- TK: make real output for these; change the queries if necessary to use tables I already have. -->

<codeblock>select count(product_id) from product_catalog;
select max(height), avg(height) from census_data where age &gt; 20;
</codeblock>

    <p>
      Aggregate functions also ignore <codeph>NULL</codeph> values rather than returning a <codeph>NULL</codeph>
      result. For example, if some rows have <codeph>NULL</codeph> for a particular column, those rows are ignored
      when computing the AVG() for that column. Likewise, specifying <codeph>COUNT(col_name)</codeph> in a query
      counts only those rows where <codeph>col_name</codeph> contains a non-<codeph>NULL</codeph> value.
    </p>

    <p rev="2.0.0">
      Analytic functions are a variation on aggregate functions. Instead of returning a single value, or an
      identical value for each group of rows, they can compute values that vary based on a <q>window</q> consisting
      of other rows around them in the result set.
    </p>

    <p outputclass="toc"/>

  </conbody>

</concept>