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<!DOCTYPE concept PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DITA Concept//EN" "concept.dtd">
<concept id="sum">

  <title>SUM Function</title>
  <titlealts audience="PDF"><navtitle>SUM</navtitle></titlealts>
  <prolog>
    <metadata>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala"/>
      <data name="Category" value="SQL"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Impala Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Analytic Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Aggregate Functions"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Querying"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Developers"/>
      <data name="Category" value="Data Analysts"/>
    </metadata>
  </prolog>

  <conbody>

    <p>
      <indexterm audience="hidden">sum() function</indexterm>
      An aggregate function that returns the sum of a set of numbers. Its single argument can be numeric column, or
      the numeric result of a function or expression applied to the column value. Rows with a <codeph>NULL</codeph>
      value for the specified column are ignored. If the table is empty, or all the values supplied to
      <codeph>MIN</codeph> are <codeph>NULL</codeph>, <codeph>SUM</codeph> returns <codeph>NULL</codeph>.
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/syntax_blurb"/>

<codeblock>SUM([DISTINCT | ALL] <varname>expression</varname>) [OVER (<varname>analytic_clause</varname>)]</codeblock>

    <p>
      When the query contains a <codeph>GROUP BY</codeph> clause, returns one value for each combination of
      grouping values.
    </p>

    <p>
      <b>Return type:</b> <codeph>BIGINT</codeph> for integer arguments, <codeph>DOUBLE</codeph> for floating-point
      arguments
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_blurb"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_aggregation_explanation"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/complex_types_aggregation_example"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/example_blurb"/>

    <p>
      The following example shows how to use <codeph>SUM()</codeph> to compute the total for all the values in the
      table, a subset of values, or the sum for each combination of values in the <codeph>GROUP BY</codeph> clause:
    </p>

<codeblock>-- Total all the values for this column in the table.
select sum(c1) from t1;
-- Find the total for this column from a subset of the table.
select sum(c1) from t1 where month = 'January' and year = '2013';
-- Find the total from a set of numeric function results.
select sum(length(s)) from t1;
-- Often used with functions that return predefined values to compute a score.
select sum(case when grade = 'A' then 1.0 when grade = 'B' then 0.75 else 0) as class_honors from test_scores;
-- Can also be used in combination with DISTINCT and/or GROUP BY.
-- Return more than one result.
select month, year, sum(purchase_price) from store_stats group by month, year;
-- Filter the input to eliminate duplicates before performing the calculation.
select sum(distinct x) from t1;
</codeblock>

    <p rev="2.0.0">
      The following examples show how to use <codeph>SUM()</codeph> in an analytic context. They use a table
      containing integers from 1 to 10. Notice how the <codeph>SUM()</codeph> is reported for each input value, as
      opposed to the <codeph>GROUP BY</codeph> clause which condenses the result set.
<codeblock>select x, property, sum(x) <b>over (partition by property)</b> as sum from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+-----+
| x  | property | sum |
+----+----------+-----+
| 2  | even     | 30  |
| 4  | even     | 30  |
| 6  | even     | 30  |
| 8  | even     | 30  |
| 10 | even     | 30  |
| 1  | odd      | 25  |
| 3  | odd      | 25  |
| 5  | odd      | 25  |
| 7  | odd      | 25  |
| 9  | odd      | 25  |
+----+----------+-----+
</codeblock>

Adding an <codeph>ORDER BY</codeph> clause lets you experiment with results that are cumulative or apply to a moving
set of rows (the <q>window</q>). The following examples use <codeph>SUM()</codeph> in an analytic context
(that is, with an <codeph>OVER()</codeph> clause) to produce a running total of all the even values,
then a running total of all the odd values. The basic <codeph>ORDER BY x</codeph> clause implicitly
activates a window clause of <codeph>RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW</codeph>,
which is effectively the same as <codeph>ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW</codeph>,
therefore all of these examples produce the same results:
<codeblock>select x, property,
  sum(x) over (partition by property <b>order by x</b>) as 'cumulative total'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative total |
+----+----------+------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                |
| 4  | even     | 6                |
| 6  | even     | 12               |
| 8  | even     | 20               |
| 10 | even     | 30               |
| 1  | odd      | 1                |
| 3  | odd      | 4                |
| 5  | odd      | 9                |
| 7  | odd      | 16               |
| 9  | odd      | 25               |
+----+----------+------------------+

select x, property,
  sum(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>range between unbounded preceding and current row</b>
  ) as 'cumulative total'
from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative total |
+----+----------+------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                |
| 4  | even     | 6                |
| 6  | even     | 12               |
| 8  | even     | 20               |
| 10 | even     | 30               |
| 1  | odd      | 1                |
| 3  | odd      | 4                |
| 5  | odd      | 9                |
| 7  | odd      | 16               |
| 9  | odd      | 25               |
+----+----------+------------------+

select x, property,
  sum(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>rows between unbounded preceding and current row</b>
  ) as 'cumulative total'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative total |
+----+----------+------------------+
| 2  | even     | 2                |
| 4  | even     | 6                |
| 6  | even     | 12               |
| 8  | even     | 20               |
| 10 | even     | 30               |
| 1  | odd      | 1                |
| 3  | odd      | 4                |
| 5  | odd      | 9                |
| 7  | odd      | 16               |
| 9  | odd      | 25               |
+----+----------+------------------+
</codeblock>

Changing the direction of the <codeph>ORDER BY</codeph> clause causes the intermediate
results of the cumulative total to be calculated in a different order:

<codeblock>select sum(x) over (partition by property <b>order by x desc</b>) as 'cumulative total'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+------------------+
| x  | property | cumulative total |
+----+----------+------------------+
| 10 | even     | 10               |
| 8  | even     | 18               |
| 6  | even     | 24               |
| 4  | even     | 28               |
| 2  | even     | 30               |
| 9  | odd      | 9                |
| 7  | odd      | 16               |
| 5  | odd      | 21               |
| 3  | odd      | 24               |
| 1  | odd      | 25               |
+----+----------+------------------+
</codeblock>

The following examples show how to construct a moving window, with a running total taking into account 1 row before
and 1 row after the current row, within the same partition (all the even values or all the odd values).
Because of a restriction in the Impala <codeph>RANGE</codeph> syntax, this type of
moving window is possible with the <codeph>ROWS BETWEEN</codeph> clause but not the <codeph>RANGE BETWEEN</codeph>
clause:
<codeblock>select x, property,
  sum(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>rows between 1 preceding and 1 following</b>
  ) as 'moving total'
  from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
+----+----------+--------------+
| x  | property | moving total |
+----+----------+--------------+
| 2  | even     | 6            |
| 4  | even     | 12           |
| 6  | even     | 18           |
| 8  | even     | 24           |
| 10 | even     | 18           |
| 1  | odd      | 4            |
| 3  | odd      | 9            |
| 5  | odd      | 15           |
| 7  | odd      | 21           |
| 9  | odd      | 16           |
+----+----------+--------------+

-- Doesn't work because of syntax restriction on RANGE clause.
select x, property,
  sum(x) over
  (
    partition by property
    <b>order by x</b>
    <b>range between 1 preceding and 1 following</b>
  ) as 'moving total'
from int_t where property in ('odd','even');
ERROR: AnalysisException: RANGE is only supported with both the lower and upper bounds UNBOUNDED or one UNBOUNDED and the other CURRENT ROW.
</codeblock>
    </p>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/restrictions_blurb"/>

<!-- This conref appears under SUM(), AVG(), FLOAT, and DOUBLE topics. -->

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/sum_double"/>

    <p conref="../shared/impala_common.xml#common/related_info"/>

    <p>
      <xref href="impala_analytic_functions.xml#analytic_functions"/>
    </p>

  </conbody>
</concept>