Prune dependency upper bounds (#3586)

This PR removes as many upperbounds restrictions as possible from our
dependencies.

Why remove unnecessary upper bounds:
- Makes PyIceberg easier to install alongside applications that already
use newer compatible dependency versions.
- Reduces resolver conflicts and forced downgrades for downstream users,
while keeping caps where there is a real compatibility boundary or known
bad version.

We already removed upperbound for pyarrow in #2258
And theres a request to remove upperbound for cachetools in #3214

Closes #3214

Changes:
- Removes upper bounds that passed local validation, while keeping the
remaining compatibility caps.
- Refreshes `uv.lock` with upgraded packages.
- Updates tests for newer Moto and PyArrow behavior exposed by the
lockfile refresh.

Validation:
- `make test PYTHON=3.12` (`3736 passed, 1534 deselected`)