/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.hadoop.examples.terasort;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.net.URI;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configured;
import org.apache.hadoop.filecache.DistributedCache;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.NullWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.SequenceFile;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileOutputFormat;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobClient;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Partitioner;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.Tool;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner;

/**
 * Generates the sampled split points, launches the job, and waits for it to
 * finish. 
 * <p>
 * To run the program: 
 * <b>bin/hadoop jar hadoop-examples-*.jar terasort in-dir out-dir</b>
 */
public class TeraSort extends Configured implements Tool {
  private static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(TeraSort.class);
  private static final String OUTPUT_REPLICATION = "mapreduce.terasort.output.replication";

  /**
   * A partitioner that splits text keys into roughly equal partitions
   * in a global sorted order.
   */
  static class TotalOrderPartitioner implements Partitioner<Text,Text>{
    private TrieNode trie;
    private Text[] splitPoints;

    /**
     * A generic trie node
     */
    static abstract class TrieNode {
      private int level;
      TrieNode(int level) {
        this.level = level;
      }
      abstract int findPartition(Text key);
      abstract void print(PrintStream strm) throws IOException;
      int getLevel() {
        return level;
      }
    }

    /**
     * An inner trie node that contains 256 children based on the next
     * character.
     */
    static class InnerTrieNode extends TrieNode {
      private TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[256];
      
      InnerTrieNode(int level) {
        super(level);
      }
      int findPartition(Text key) {
        int level = getLevel();
        if (key.getLength() <= level) {
          return child[0].findPartition(key);
        }
        return child[key.getBytes()[level]].findPartition(key);
      }
      void setChild(int idx, TrieNode child) {
        this.child[idx] = child;
      }
      void print(PrintStream strm) throws IOException {
        for(int ch=0; ch < 255; ++ch) {
          for(int i = 0; i < 2*getLevel(); ++i) {
            strm.print(' ');
          }
          strm.print(ch);
          strm.println(" ->");
          if (child[ch] != null) {
            child[ch].print(strm);
          }
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * A leaf trie node that does string compares to figure out where the given
     * key belongs between lower..upper.
     */
    static class LeafTrieNode extends TrieNode {
      int lower;
      int upper;
      Text[] splitPoints;
      LeafTrieNode(int level, Text[] splitPoints, int lower, int upper) {
        super(level);
        this.splitPoints = splitPoints;
        this.lower = lower;
        this.upper = upper;
      }
      int findPartition(Text key) {
        for(int i=lower; i<upper; ++i) {
          if (splitPoints[i].compareTo(key) >= 0) {
            return i;
          }
        }
        return upper;
      }
      void print(PrintStream strm) throws IOException {
        for(int i = 0; i < 2*getLevel(); ++i) {
          strm.print(' ');
        }
        strm.print(lower);
        strm.print(", ");
        strm.println(upper);
      }
    }


    /**
     * Read the cut points from the given sequence file.
     * @param fs the file system
     * @param p the path to read
     * @param job the job config
     * @return the strings to split the partitions on
     * @throws IOException
     */
    private static Text[] readPartitions(FileSystem fs, Path p, 
                                         JobConf job) throws IOException {
      SequenceFile.Reader reader = new SequenceFile.Reader(fs, p, job);
      List<Text> parts = new ArrayList<Text>();
      Text key = new Text();
      NullWritable value = NullWritable.get();
      while (reader.next(key, value)) {
        parts.add(key);
        key = new Text();
      }
      reader.close();
      return parts.toArray(new Text[parts.size()]);  
    }

    /**
     * Given a sorted set of cut points, build a trie that will find the correct
     * partition quickly.
     * @param splits the list of cut points
     * @param lower the lower bound of partitions 0..numPartitions-1
     * @param upper the upper bound of partitions 0..numPartitions-1
     * @param prefix the prefix that we have already checked against
     * @param maxDepth the maximum depth we will build a trie for
     * @return the trie node that will divide the splits correctly
     */
    private static TrieNode buildTrie(Text[] splits, int lower, int upper, 
                                      Text prefix, int maxDepth) {
      int depth = prefix.getLength();
      if (depth >= maxDepth || lower == upper) {
        return new LeafTrieNode(depth, splits, lower, upper);
      }
      InnerTrieNode result = new InnerTrieNode(depth);
      Text trial = new Text(prefix);
      // append an extra byte on to the prefix
      trial.append(new byte[1], 0, 1);
      int currentBound = lower;
      for(int ch = 0; ch < 255; ++ch) {
        trial.getBytes()[depth] = (byte) (ch + 1);
        lower = currentBound;
        while (currentBound < upper) {
          if (splits[currentBound].compareTo(trial) >= 0) {
            break;
          }
          currentBound += 1;
        }
        trial.getBytes()[depth] = (byte) ch;
        result.child[ch] = buildTrie(splits, lower, currentBound, trial, 
                                     maxDepth);
      }
      // pick up the rest
      trial.getBytes()[depth] = 127;
      result.child[255] = buildTrie(splits, currentBound, upper, trial,
                                    maxDepth);
      return result;
    }

    public void configure(JobConf job) {
      try {
        FileSystem fs = FileSystem.getLocal(job);
        Path partFile = new Path(TeraInputFormat.PARTITION_FILENAME);
        splitPoints = readPartitions(fs, partFile, job);
        trie = buildTrie(splitPoints, 0, splitPoints.length, new Text(), 2);
      } catch (IOException ie) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("can't read paritions file", ie);
      }
    }

    public TotalOrderPartitioner() {
    }

    public int getPartition(Text key, Text value, int numPartitions) {
      return trie.findPartition(key);
    }
    
  }

  public static int getOutputReplication(JobConf job) {
    return job.getInt(OUTPUT_REPLICATION, 1);
  }
  
  public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {
    LOG.info("starting");
    JobConf job = (JobConf) getConf();
    Path inputDir = new Path(args[0]);
    inputDir = inputDir.makeQualified(inputDir.getFileSystem(job));
    Path partitionFile = new Path(inputDir, TeraInputFormat.PARTITION_FILENAME);
    URI partitionUri = new URI(partitionFile.toString() +
                               "#" + TeraInputFormat.PARTITION_FILENAME);
    TeraInputFormat.setInputPaths(job, new Path(args[0]));
    FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, new Path(args[1]));
    job.setJobName("TeraSort");
    job.setJarByClass(TeraSort.class);
    job.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
    job.setOutputValueClass(Text.class);
    job.setInputFormat(TeraInputFormat.class);
    job.setOutputFormat(TeraOutputFormat.class);
    job.setPartitionerClass(TotalOrderPartitioner.class);
    TeraInputFormat.writePartitionFile(job, partitionFile);
    DistributedCache.addCacheFile(partitionUri, job);
    DistributedCache.createSymlink(job);
    job.setInt("dfs.replication", getOutputReplication(job));
    TeraOutputFormat.setFinalSync(job, true);
    JobClient.runJob(job);
    LOG.info("done");
    return 0;
  }

  /**
   * @param args
   */
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    int res = ToolRunner.run(new JobConf(), new TeraSort(), args);
    System.exit(res);
  }

}