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<h1 class="content-header header-section1" id="ref_builtins_date" itemprop="headline">Built-ins for date/time/date-time values</h1>
</div></div><div class="page-menu">
<div class="page-menu-title">Page Contents</div>
<ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="#ref_builtin_date_datetype" data-menu-target="ref_builtin_date_datetype">date, time, datetime (when used with a date/time/date-time
value)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="#ref_builtin_date_if_unknown" data-menu-target="ref_builtin_date_if_unknown">date_if_unknown, time_if_unknown, datetime_if_unknown</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="#ref_builtin_date_iso" data-menu-target="ref_builtin_date_iso">iso_...</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="#ref_builtin_string_for_date" data-menu-target="ref_builtin_string_for_date">string (when used with a date/time/date-time value)</a></li></ul> </div>
<h2 class="content-header header-section2" id="ref_builtin_date_datetype">date, time, datetime (when used with a date/time/date-time
value)</h2>
<p>These built-ins can be used to specify which parts of the
date-like variable are in use:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code class="inline-code">date</code>: Date only, no time of the
day.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code class="inline-code">time</code>: Only the time of the day, no date
part</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code class="inline-code">datetime</code>: Both date and time</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Ideally, you do not need to use these built-ins.
Unfortunately, because of the technical limitations of the Java
platform, FreeMarker sometimes can&#39;t find out which parts of a
date-like value is a date, a time or a date-time; ask the
programmers which variables has this problem. If FreeMarker has to
execute an operation where this information is needed -- such as
displaying the value as text -- but it does not know which parts are
in use, it will stop with error. This is when you have to use these
built-ins. For example, assume <code class="inline-code">openingTime</code> is a
such problematic variable:</p>
<div class="code-block role-template">
<div class="code-block-label">Template</div><pre class="code-block-body">&lt;#assign x = openingTime&gt; &lt;#-- no problem can occur here --&gt;
${openingTime?time} &lt;#-- without ?time it would fail --&gt;
&lt;#-- For the sake of better understanding, consider this: --&gt;
&lt;#assign openingTime = openingTime?time&gt;
${openingTime} &lt;#-- this will work now --&gt;</pre> </div>
<p>These built-ins can also be used to convert date-time values
to date or time. For example:</p>
<div class="code-block role-template">
<div class="code-block-label">Template</div><pre class="code-block-body">Last updated: ${lastUpdated} &lt;#-- assume that lastUpdated is a date-time value --&gt;
Last updated date: ${lastUpdated?date}
Last updated time: ${lastUpdated?time}</pre> </div>
<p>will output something like:</p>
<div class="code-block role-output">
<div class="code-block-label">Output</div><pre class="code-block-body">Last updated: 04/25/2003 08:00:54 PM
Last updated date: 04/25/2003
Last updated time: 08:00:54 PM</pre> </div>
<p>If the left side of the <code class="inline-code">?</code> is string, then
these built-ins <a href="ref_builtins_string.html#ref_builtin_string_date">convert
strings to date/time/date-time</a>.</p>
<h2 class="content-header header-section2" id="ref_builtin_date_if_unknown">date_if_unknown, time_if_unknown, datetime_if_unknown</h2>
<div class="callout note">
<strong class="callout-label">Note:</strong>
<p>This built-in exists since FreeMarker 2.3.21.</p>
</div>
<p>The <code class="inline-code">date_if_unknown</code>,
<code class="inline-code">time_if_unknown</code>,
<code class="inline-code">datetime_if_unknown</code> built-ins mark a date-like
value with some of the sub-types: date without time, time, or
date-time, respectively. However, if the value already holds this
information, the built-in has no effect. That is, it will never
convert the sub-type of a value, it only adds the sub-type if it was
unknown.</p>
<h2 class="content-header header-section2" id="ref_builtin_date_iso">iso_...</h2>
<div class="callout note">
<strong class="callout-label">Note:</strong>
<p><em>These built-ins are deprecated</em> since
FreeMarker 2.3.21, where the <code class="inline-code">date_format</code>,
<code class="inline-code">time_format</code> and
<code class="inline-code">datetime_format</code> settings understand
<code class="inline-code">&quot;iso&quot;</code> (for ISO 8601:2004 format) and
<code class="inline-code">&quot;xs&quot;</code> (for XML Schema format) in additionally to
the Java <code class="inline-code">SimpleDateFormat</code> patterns. Thus the
default format can be set to ISO 8601, or for one time ISO
formatting you can use <code class="inline-code">myDate?string.iso</code>. <a href="ref_directive_setting.html#topic.dateTimeFormatSettings">See more
here...</a></p>
</div>
<p>These built-ins convert a date, time or date-time value to
string that follows ISO 8601:2004 &quot;extended&quot; format.</p>
<p>This built-in has several variations:
<code class="inline-code">iso_utc</code>, <code class="inline-code">iso_local</code>,
<code class="inline-code">iso_utc_nz</code>, <code class="inline-code">iso_local_nz</code>,
<code class="inline-code">iso_utc_m</code>, <code class="inline-code">iso_utc_m_nz</code>, etc.
The name is constructed from the following words in this order, each
separated with a <code class="inline-code">_</code> from the next:</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<p><code class="inline-code">iso</code> (required)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Either <code class="inline-code">utc</code> or <code class="inline-code">local</code>
(required (except when it&#39;s given with a parameter, but see that
later)): Specifies whether you want to print the
date/time/date-time according to UTC or according the current
time zone. The current time zone is decided by the
<code class="inline-code">time_zone</code> FreeMarker setting and is normally
configured by the programmers outside the templates (but it can
also be set in a template, like <code class="inline-code">&lt;#setting
time_zone=&quot;America/New_York&quot;&gt;</code> for example). Note
that if the <code class="inline-code">sql_date_and_time_time_zone</code>
FreeMarker setting is set and non-<code class="inline-code">null</code>, then
for <code class="inline-code">java.sql.Date</code> and
<code class="inline-code">java.sql.Time</code> values (i.e., for date-only and
time-only values that are coming from database via SQL)
<code class="inline-code">local</code> will mean that time zone instead of the
value of the <code class="inline-code">time_zone</code> setting.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Either <code class="inline-code">h</code> or <code class="inline-code">m</code> or
<code class="inline-code">ms</code> (optional): The accuracy of the time part.
When omitted, it defaults to seconds accuracy (like
<code class="inline-code">12:30:18</code>). <code class="inline-code">h</code> means hours
accuracy (like <code class="inline-code">12</code>), <code class="inline-code">m</code>
means minutes accuracy (<code class="inline-code">12:30</code>), and
<code class="inline-code">ms</code> means milliseconds accuracy
(<code class="inline-code">12:30:18.25</code>, where we have 250 ms). Note
that when using <code class="inline-code">ms</code>, the milliseconds are
displayed as fraction seconds (following the standard) and will
not have trailing <code class="inline-code">0</code>-s. Thus, if the the
millisecond part happens to be <code class="inline-code">0</code>, the whole
fraction second part will be omitted. Also note that the
fraction seconds are always separated with a dot , not with
comma (to follow the Web conventions and XML Schema
time/dateTime canonical format).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code class="inline-code">nz</code> (optional): <code class="inline-code">nz</code>
(like in <code class="inline-code">${foo?utc_local_nz}</code>) stands for
"no zone", which means that the time zone offset
(like <code class="inline-code">+02:00</code> or or <code class="inline-code">-04:30</code>
or <code class="inline-code">Z</code>) will not be displayed. If this part is
omitted (like in <code class="inline-code">${foo?utc_local}</code>) the zone
will be displayed, except in two cases:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>If the value is a date (no time part) value (again,
ISO 8901 doesn&#39;t allow it then)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the value is a <code class="inline-code">java.sql.Time</code> and
the <code class="inline-code">incompatible_improvements</code> (often set
via the Java <code class="inline-code">Configuration</code> constructor
parameter) FreeMarker configuration setting is at least
2.3.21 (or 2.3.24 when you are inside a string literal).
This is because most databases store time values that aren&#39;t
in any time zone, but just store hour, minute, second, and
decimal second field values, so showing the time zone
doesn&#39;t make sense.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Note that since FreeMarker 2.3.19, the offset always
contains the minutes for XML Schema date/time/dateTime format
compliance. (However, if you primarily generate for the XML
Schema format, use the xs format.)</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="code-block role-template">
<div class="code-block-label">Template</div><pre class="code-block-body">&lt;#assign aDateTime = .now&gt;
&lt;#assign aDate = aDateTime?date&gt;
&lt;#assign aTime = aDateTime?time&gt;
Basic formats:
${aDate?iso_utc}
${aTime?iso_utc}
${aDateTime?iso_utc}
Different accuracies:
${aTime?iso_utc_ms}
${aDateTime?iso_utc_m}
Local time zone:
${aDateTime?iso_local}</pre> </div>
<p>A possible output (depends on current time and time
zone):</p>
<div class="code-block role-output">
<div class="code-block-label">Output</div><pre class="code-block-body">Basic formats:
2011-05-16
21:32:13Z
2011-05-16T21:32:13Z
Different accuracies:
21:32:13.868Z
2011-05-16T21:32Z
Local time zone:
2011-05-16T23:32:13+02:00</pre> </div>
<p>There is yet another group of <code class="inline-code">iso_...</code>
built-in variants, where you omit the <code class="inline-code">local</code> or
<code class="inline-code">utc</code> word from the name and instead specify the
time zone as a parameter to the built-in. Example:</p>
<div class="code-block role-template">
<div class="code-block-label">Template</div><pre class="code-block-body">&lt;#assign aDateTime = .now&gt;
${aDateTime?iso(&quot;UTC&quot;)}
${aDateTime?iso(&quot;GMT-02:30&quot;)}
${aDateTime?iso(&quot;Europe/Rome&quot;)}
The usual variations are supported:
${aDateTime?iso_m(&quot;GMT+02&quot;)}
${aDateTime?iso_m_nz(&quot;GMT+02&quot;)}
${aDateTime?iso_nz(&quot;GMT+02&quot;)}</pre> </div>
<p>A possible output (depends on current time and time
zone):</p>
<div class="code-block role-output">
<div class="code-block-label">Output</div><pre class="code-block-body">2011-05-16T21:43:58Z
2011-05-16T19:13:58-02:30
2011-05-16T23:43:58+02:00
The usual variations are supported:
2011-05-16T23:43+02:00
2011-05-16T23:43
2011-05-16T23:43:58</pre> </div>
<p>If the time zone parameter can&#39;t be interpreted, the template
processing will be terminated with error.</p>
<p class="programmers-note">The parameter can be a
<code class="inline-code">java.util.TimeZone</code> object too (which is possibly
the return value of a Java method, or it&#39;s in the data-model), not
just a string.</p>
<h2 class="content-header header-section2" id="ref_builtin_string_for_date">string (when used with a date/time/date-time value)</h2>
<p>This built-in converts a date to a string, with the specified
formatting.</p>
<div class="callout note">
<strong class="callout-label">Note:</strong>
<p>You should need this built-in rarely, as the default format
of date/time/date-time values can be specified globally <a href="ref_directive_setting.html#topic.dateTimeFormatSettings">with the
<code>date_format</code>, <code>time_format</code> and
<code>datetime_format</code> settings</a> of FreeMarker.
Use this built-in only at the places where the desired format
differs from the one normally used. For the other places the
default format should be set properly by the programmers, outside
the templates.</p>
</div>
<p>The desired format can be specified like
<code class="inline-code">?string.<em class="code-color">format</em></code> or
<code class="inline-code">?string[&quot;<em class="code-color">format</em>&quot;]</code>(or
the historical equivalent,
<code class="inline-code">?string(&quot;<em class="code-color">format</em>&quot;)</code>).
These are equivalent, except that with the quoted formats you can
include any characters in the
<code class="inline-code"><em class="code-color">format</em></code>, like spaces.
The syntax of <code class="inline-code"><em class="code-color">format</em></code>
is exactly the same as of the <code class="inline-code">date_format</code>,
<code class="inline-code">time_format</code> and
<code class="inline-code">datetime_format</code> configuration settings; <a href="ref_directive_setting.html#topic.dateTimeFormatSettings">see the documentation of the
possible values there</a>.</p>
<p>Example: If the locale of the output is U.S. English, and the
time zone is the U.S. Pacific Time zone, and
<code class="inline-code">openingTime</code> is a
<code class="inline-code">java.sql.Time</code>, <code class="inline-code">nextDiscountDay</code>
is <code class="inline-code">java.sql.Date</code> and
<code class="inline-code">lastUpdated</code> is
<code class="inline-code">java.sql.Timestamp</code> or
<code class="inline-code">java.util.Date</code> then this:</p>
<div class="code-block role-template">
<div class="code-block-label">Template</div><pre class="code-block-body">&lt;#-- Predefined format names: --&gt;
${openingTime?string.short}
${openingTime?string.medium}
${openingTime?string.long}
${openingTime?string.full}
${openingTime?string.xs} &lt;#-- XSD xs:time --&gt;
${openingTime?string.iso} &lt;#-- ISO 8601 time --&gt;
${nextDiscountDay?string.short}
${nextDiscountDay?string.medium}
${nextDiscountDay?string.long}
${nextDiscountDay?string.full}
${nextDiscountDay?string.xs} &lt;#-- XSD xs:date --&gt;
${nextDiscountDay?string.iso} &lt;#-- ISO 8601 date --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string.short}
${lastUpdated?string.medium}
${lastUpdated?string.long}
${lastUpdated?string.full}
${lastUpdated?string.medium_short} &lt;#-- medium date, short time --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string.xs} &lt;#-- XSD xs:dateTime --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string.iso} &lt;#-- ISO 8601 combined date and time --&gt;
&lt;#-- <a href="pgui_config_custom_formats.html">Programmer-defined named format</a> (@ + name): --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string.@fileDate}
&lt;#-- Advanced ISO 8601 and XSD formatting: --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string.iso_m_u}
${lastUpdated?string.xs_ms_nz}
&lt;#-- SimpleDateFormat patterns: --&gt;
${lastUpdated?string[&quot;dd.MM.yyyy, HH:mm&quot;]}
${lastUpdated?string[&quot;EEEE, MMMM dd, yyyy, hh:mm a &#39;(&#39;zzz&#39;)&#39;&quot;]}
${lastUpdated?string[&quot;EEE, MMM d, &#39;&#39;yy&quot;]}
${lastUpdated?string.yyyy} &lt;#-- Same as ${lastUpdated?string[&quot;yyyy&quot;]} --&gt;</pre> </div>
<p>will print something like this:</p>
<div class="code-block role-output">
<div class="code-block-label">Output</div><pre class="code-block-body">01:45 PM
01:45:09 PM
01:45:09 PM PST
01:45:09 PM PST
13:45:09-08:00
13:45:09-08:00
2/20/07
Apr 20, 2007
April 20, 2007
Friday, April 20, 2007
2007-02-20-08:00
2007-02-20
2/20/07 01:45 PM
Feb 20, 2007 01:45:09 PM
February 20, 2007 01:45:09 PM PST
Friday, February 20, 2007 01:45:09 PM PST
Feb 8, 2003 9:24 PM
2007-02-20T13:45:09-08:00
2007-02-20T13:45:09-08:00
Apr/20/2007 13:45
2007-02-20T21:45Z
2007-02-20T13:45:09.000
08.04.2003 21:24
Tuesday, April 08, 2003, 09:24 PM (PDT)
Tue, Apr 8, &#39;03
2003</pre> </div>
<p>Note that with custom formats like in
<code class="inline-code">lastUpdated?string.@fileDate</code> above, templates can
just refer to the application-domain meaning, and the exact format
can be specified outside the templates, on a central place.
(Programmers can read about <a href="pgui_config_custom_formats.html">defining such named formats
here...</a>)</p>
<div class="callout warning">
<strong class="callout-label">Warning!</strong>
<p>Unfortunately, because of the limitations of the Java
platform, it can happen that you have date-like variables in the
data-model, where FreeMarker can&#39;t decide if the variable is a
date (year, month, day), or a time (hour, minute, second,
millisecond) or a date-time. In this case, FreeMarker doesn&#39;t know
how to display the value when you write something like
<code class="inline-code">${lastUpdated?string.short}</code> or
<code class="inline-code">${lastUpdated?string.xs}</code>, i.e., a format that
doesn&#39;t specify the exact fields to display, or if you simply use
<code class="inline-code">${lastUpdated}</code>. Then it will have to stop with
error. To prevent this, you can help FreeMarker with the <a href="#ref_builtin_date_datetype"><code>?date</code>,
<code>?time</code> and <code>?datetime</code>
built-ins</a>. For example:
<code class="inline-code">${lastUpdated?datetime?string.short}</code>. Ask the
programmers if certain variables of the data-model have this
problem, or always use <code class="inline-code">?date</code>,
<code class="inline-code">?time</code> and <code class="inline-code">?datetime</code>
built-ins to be on the safe side.</p>
</div>
<div class="callout note">
<strong class="callout-label">Note:</strong>
<p>You never need to use <code class="inline-code">?date</code>,
<code class="inline-code">?time</code> or <code class="inline-code">?datetime</code> with
format patterns like <code class="inline-code">&quot;yyyy.MM.dd HH:mm&quot;</code>, since
with the pattern you tell FreeMarker what parts of the date to
show. However, FreeMarker will trust you blindly, so you can show
&quot;noise&quot; if you display parts that are actually not stored in the
variable. For example, <code class="inline-code">${openingTime?string[&quot;yyyy-MM-dd
hh:mm:ss a&quot;]}</code>, where <code class="inline-code">openingTime</code>
stores only time, will display <code class="inline-code">1970-01-01 09:24:44
PM</code>.</p>
</div>
<p>To prevent misunderstandings, the format need not be a string
literal, it can be a variable or any other expression as far as it
evaluates to a string. For example, it can be like
<code class="inline-code">&quot;<em class="code-color">...</em>&quot;?string[myFormat]</code>.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="dgui_template_valueinsertion.html#dgui_template_valueinserion_universal_date">the
interpolation of dates</a></p>
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<time itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2024-02-12T20:34:04Z" title="Monday, February 12, 2024 at 8:34:04 PM Greenwich Mean Time">2024-02-12 20:34:04 GMT</time>, for Freemarker 2.3.32 </p>
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