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| <h1 class="content-header header-book" id="autoid_1" itemprop="headline">Apache FreeMarker Manual <span class="subtitle productname">For Freemarker 2.3.32</span> |
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| <ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui.html" data-menu-target="dgui">Template Author's Guide</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_quickstart.html" data-menu-target="dgui_quickstart">Getting Started</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_quickstart_basics.html" data-menu-target="dgui_quickstart_basics">Template + data-model = output</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_quickstart_datamodel.html" data-menu-target="dgui_quickstart_datamodel">The data-model at a glance</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_quickstart_template.html" data-menu-target="dgui_quickstart_template">The template at a glance</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_datamodel.html" data-menu-target="dgui_datamodel">Values, Types</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_datamodel_basics.html" data-menu-target="dgui_datamodel_basics">Basics</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_datamodel_types.html" data-menu-target="dgui_datamodel_types">The types</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_template.html" data-menu-target="dgui_template">The Template</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_template_overallstructure.html" data-menu-target="dgui_template_overallstructure">Overall structure</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_template_directives.html" data-menu-target="dgui_template_directives">Directives</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_template_exp.html" data-menu-target="dgui_template_exp">Expressions</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_template_valueinsertion.html" data-menu-target="dgui_template_valueinsertion">Interpolations</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc">Miscellaneous</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_userdefdir.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_userdefdir">Defining your own directives</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_var.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_var">Defining variables in the template</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_namespace.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_namespace">Namespaces</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_autoescaping.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_autoescaping">Auto-escaping and output formats</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_computer_vs_human_format.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_computer_vs_human_format">Formatting for humans, or for computers</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_whitespace.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_whitespace">White-space handling</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="dgui_misc_alternativesyntax.html" data-menu-target="dgui_misc_alternativesyntax">Alternative (square bracket) syntax</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui.html" data-menu-target="pgui">Programmer's Guide</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart">Getting Started</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart_createconfiguration.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart_createconfiguration">Create a configuration instance</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart_createdatamodel.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart_createdatamodel">Create a data-model</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart_gettemplate.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart_gettemplate">Get the template</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart_merge.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart_merge">Merging the template with the data-model</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_quickstart_all.html" data-menu-target="pgui_quickstart_all">Putting all together</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel">The Data Model</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_basics.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_basics">Basics</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_scalar.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_scalar">Scalars</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_parent.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_parent">Containers</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_method.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_method">Methods</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_directive.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_directive">Directives</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_node.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_node">Node variables</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_datamodel_objectWrapper.html" data-menu-target="pgui_datamodel_objectWrapper">Object wrappers</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config">The Configuration</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_basics.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_basics">Basics</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_sharedvariables.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_sharedvariables">Shared variables</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_settings.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_settings">Settings</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_templateloading.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_templateloading">Template loading</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_errorhandling.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_errorhandling">Error handling</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_templateconfigurations.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_templateconfigurations">Template configurations</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_outputformatsautoesc.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_outputformatsautoesc">Associating output formats with templates</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_custom_formats.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_custom_formats">Custom number and date/time formats</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_config_incompatible_improvements.html" data-menu-target="pgui_config_incompatible_improvements">The "incompatible improvements" setting</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc">Miscellaneous</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_var.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_var">Variables, scopes</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_charset.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_charset">Charset issues</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_multithreading.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_multithreading">Multithreading</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_beanwrapper.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_beanwrapper">Bean wrapper</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_logging.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_logging">Logging</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_servlet.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_servlet">Using FreeMarker with servlets</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_secureenv.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_secureenv">Configuring security policy for FreeMarker</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_xml_legacy.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_xml_legacy">Legacy XML wrapper implementation</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_ant.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_ant">Using FreeMarker with Ant</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="pgui_misc_jythonwrapper.html" data-menu-target="pgui_misc_jythonwrapper">Jython wrapper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref.html" data-menu-target="ref">Template Language Reference</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins">Built-in Reference</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_alphaidx.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_alphaidx">Alphabetical index</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_string.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_string">Built-ins for strings</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_number.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_number">Built-ins for numbers</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_date.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_date">Built-ins for date/time/date-time values</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_boolean.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_boolean">Built-ins for booleans</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_sequence.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_sequence">Built-ins for sequences</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_hash.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_hash">Built-ins for hashes</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_node.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_node">Built-ins for nodes (for XML)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_loop_var.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_loop_var">Loop variable built-ins</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_type_independent.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_type_independent">Type independent built-ins</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_builtins_expert.html" data-menu-target="ref_builtins_expert">Seldom used and expert built-ins</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directives.html" data-menu-target="ref_directives">Directive Reference</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_alphaidx.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_alphaidx">Alphabetical index</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_assign.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_assign">assign</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_attempt.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_attempt">attempt, recover</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_autoesc.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_autoesc">autoesc</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_compress.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_compress">compress</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_escape.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_escape">escape, noescape (deprecated)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_flush.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_flush">flush</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_ftl.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_ftl">ftl</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_function.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_function">function, return</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_global.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_global">global</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_if.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_if">if, else, elseif</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_import.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_import">import</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_include.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_include">include</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_list.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_list">list, else, items, sep, break, continue</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_local.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_local">local</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_macro.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_macro">macro, nested, return</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_noautoesc.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_noautoesc">noautoesc</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_noparse.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_noparse">noparse</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_nt.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_nt">nt</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_outputformat.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_outputformat">outputformat</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_setting.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_setting">setting</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_stop.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_stop">stop</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_switch.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_switch">switch, case, default, break</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_t.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_t">t, lt, rt</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_userDefined.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_userDefined">User-defined directive (<@...>)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_directive_visit.html" data-menu-target="ref_directive_visit">visit, recurse, fallback</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_specvar.html" data-menu-target="ref_specvar">Special Variable Reference</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_reservednames.html" data-menu-target="ref_reservednames">Reserved names in FTL</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_deprecated.html" data-menu-target="ref_deprecated">Deprecated FTL constructs</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_directive.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_directive">List of deprecated directives</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_builtin.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_builtin">List of deprecated built-ins</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_oldmacro.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_oldmacro">Old-style macro and call directives</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_transform.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_transform">Transform directive</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_oldsyntax.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_oldsyntax">Old FTL syntax</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="ref_depr_numerical_interpolation.html" data-menu-target="ref_depr_numerical_interpolation">#{...}: Numerical interpolation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui.html" data-menu-target="xgui">XML Processing Guide</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_preface.html" data-menu-target="xgui_preface">Preface</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_expose.html" data-menu-target="xgui_expose">Exposing XML documents</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_expose_dom.html" data-menu-target="xgui_expose_dom">The DOM tree</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_expose_put.html" data-menu-target="xgui_expose_put">Putting the XML into the data-model</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_imperative.html" data-menu-target="xgui_imperative">Imperative XML processing</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_imperative_learn.html" data-menu-target="xgui_imperative_learn">Basics</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_imperative_formal.html" data-menu-target="xgui_imperative_formal">Details</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_declarative.html" data-menu-target="xgui_declarative">Declarative XML processing</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_declarative_basics.html" data-menu-target="xgui_declarative_basics">Basics</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="xgui_declarative_details.html" data-menu-target="xgui_declarative_details">Details</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="app.html" data-menu-target="app">Appendixes</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="app_faq.html" data-menu-target="app_faq">FAQ</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="app_versions.html" data-menu-target="app_versions">Version history</a><ul><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_32.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_32">2.3.32</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_31.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_31">2.3.31</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_30.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_30">2.3.30</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_29.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_29">2.3.29</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_28.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_28">2.3.28</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_27.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_27">2.3.27 (incubating at Apache)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_26.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_26">2.3.26 (incubating at Apache)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_25.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_25">2.3.25 (incubating at Apache)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_24.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_24">2.3.24 (incubating at Apache)</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_23.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_23">2.3.23</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_22.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_22">2.3.22</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_21.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_21">2.3.21</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_20.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_20">2.3.20</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_19.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_19">2.3.19</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_18.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_18">2.3.18</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_17.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_17">2.3.17</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_16.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_16">2.3.16</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_15.html" data-menu-target="versions_2_3_15">2.3.15</a></li><li><a class="page-menu-link" href="versions_2_3_14.html" 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