docs/benchmarks/index.md

---
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> **Note**: Different serializers and configurations excel in different workloads. Benchmark results are for reference only.
> For your specific use case, conduct benchmarks with appropriate configurations and workloads.

## Java Benchmark

The Java benchmark section compares Fory against popular Java serialization frameworks using the current benchmark suite from `docs/benchmarks/object-serialization/native/java`.

**Serialization Throughput**:

![Java Serialization Throughput](object-serialization/native/java/java_repo_serialization_throughput.png)

**Deserialization Throughput**:

![Java Deserialization Throughput](object-serialization/native/java/java_repo_deserialization_throughput.png)

**JSON Throughput**:

<div style={{display: 'flex', gap: '1rem'}}>
  <img src={require('./json/java/string_throughput.png').default} alt="Java JSON String Throughput" style={{width: 'calc(50% - 0.5rem)'}} />
  <img src={require('./json/java/utf8_bytes_throughput.png').default} alt="Java JSON UTF-8 Throughput" style={{width: 'calc(50% - 0.5rem)'}} />
</div>

**Cross-Language Throughput**:

![Java Cross-Language Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/java/throughput.png)

**Important**: Fory's runtime code generation requires proper warm-up for performance measurement:

For additional benchmark notes, raw data, and the complete Java benchmark README, see [Java Benchmarks](object-serialization/native/java/README.md).

## Kotlin JSON Benchmark

The Kotlin JSON harness compares Fory JSON Kotlin, kotlinx.serialization, Moshi, and Jackson Kotlin
with one immutable model and 16 isolated String/UTF-8 operations. The
[Kotlin JSON report](json/kotlin/README.md) is intentionally marked pending until a complete
measured run is published; no placeholder performance result is inferred from another language or
project.

## Python Benchmark

Fory Python demonstrates strong performance compared to `pickle` and Protobuf across object and list workloads.

![Python Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/python/throughput.png)

For benchmark setup, raw results, and reproduction steps, see [Python Benchmarks](object-serialization/xlang/python/README.md).

## Rust Benchmark

Fory Rust demonstrates competitive performance compared to other Rust serialization frameworks.

![Rust Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/rust/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware, dataset, and implementation versions. See the
[Rust benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/rust/README.md) for the recorded environment,
workloads, and reproduction command.

## C++ Benchmark

Fory C++ demonstrates competitive performance compared to Protobuf C++ serialization framework.

![C++ Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/cpp/throughput.png)

See the [C++ benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/cpp/README.md) for the recorded
environment, workloads, and reproduction command.

## Go Benchmark

Fory Go demonstrates strong performance compared to Protobuf and Msgpack across
single-object and list workloads.

![Go Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/go/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware, dataset, and implementation versions. See the
[Go benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/go/README.md) for details.

## C# Benchmark

Fory C# demonstrates strong performance compared to Protobuf and Msgpack across
typed object serialization and deserialization workloads.

![C# Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/csharp/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware and runtime versions. See the
[C# benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/csharp/README.md) for details.

## Swift Benchmark

Fory Swift demonstrates strong performance compared to Protobuf and Msgpack
across both scalar-object and list workloads.

![Swift Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/swift/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware and runtime versions. See the
[Swift benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/swift/README.md) for details.

## JavaScript Benchmark

Fory JavaScript demonstrates strong performance compared to Protocol Buffers and
JSON across representative Node.js workloads.

![JavaScript Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/javascript/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware, dataset, and runtime versions. See the
[JavaScript benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/javascript/README.md) for details.

## Dart Benchmark

Fory Dart demonstrates strong performance compared to Protocol Buffers across
representative object and list workloads.

![Dart Throughput](object-serialization/xlang/dart/throughput.png)

Note: Results depend on hardware, dataset, and runtime versions. See the
[Dart benchmark report](object-serialization/xlang/dart/README.md) for details.

## Read Results Responsibly

Start with [Methodology](methodology.md), then open the report whose capability, language, schema,
mode, and operation match your workload. The checked-in results are historical evidence from their
recorded environment, not a guarantee for a different application or current main branch.