docs/guide/python/field-configuration.md

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This page explains how to configure field-level metadata for serialization in Python.

Overview

Apache Fory™ provides field-level configuration through:

pyfory.field(): Configure field metadata (id, nullable, ref, ignore, dynamic)
Type annotations: Control integer encoding (varint, fixed, tagged)
Optional[T]: Mark fields as nullable

This enables:

Tag IDs: Assign compact numeric IDs to reduce struct field meta size overhead
Nullability: Control whether fields can be null
Reference Tracking: Enable reference tracking for shared objects
Field Skipping: Exclude fields from serialization
Encoding Control: Specify how integers are encoded (varint, fixed, tagged)
Polymorphism: Control whether type info is written for struct fields

Basic Syntax

Use @dataclass decorator with type annotations and pyfory.field():

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Optional
import pyfory

@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=0)
    age: pyfory.int32 = pyfory.field(id=1, default=0)
    nickname: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=2, nullable=True, default=None)

The `pyfory.field()` Function

Use pyfory.field() to configure field-level metadata:

@dataclass
class User:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")
    email: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=2, nullable=True, default=None)
    friends: List["User"] = pyfory.field(id=3, ref=True, default_factory=list)
    _cache: dict = pyfory.field(ignore=True, default_factory=dict)

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`id`	`int`	`-1`	Field tag ID (-1 = use field name)
`nullable`	`bool`	`False`	Whether the field can be null
`ref`	`bool`	`False`	Enable reference tracking
`ignore`	`bool`	`False`	Exclude field from serialization
`dynamic`	`bool`	`None`	Control whether type info is written
`default`	Any	`MISSING`	Default value for the field
`default_factory`	Callable	`MISSING`	Factory function for default value

Field ID (`id`)

Assigns a numeric ID to a field to minimize struct field meta size overhead:

@dataclass
class User:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")
    age: pyfory.int32 = pyfory.field(id=2, default=0)

Benefits:

Smaller serialized size (numeric IDs vs field names in metadata)
Reduced struct field meta overhead
Allows renaming fields without breaking binary compatibility

Recommendation: It is recommended to configure field IDs for compatible mode since it reduces serialization cost.

Notes:

IDs must be unique within a class
IDs must be >= 0 (use -1 to use field name encoding, which is the default)
If not specified, field name is used in metadata (larger overhead)

Without field IDs (field names used in metadata):

@dataclass
class User:
    id: pyfory.int64 = 0
    name: str = ""

Nullable Fields (`nullable`)

Use nullable=True for fields that can be None:

from typing import Optional

@dataclass
class Record:
    # Nullable string field
    optional_name: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=0, nullable=True, default=None)

    # Nullable integer field
    optional_count: Optional[pyfory.int32] = pyfory.field(id=1, nullable=True, default=None)

Notes:

Optional[T] fields must have nullable=True
Non-optional fields default to nullable=False

Reference Tracking (`ref`)

Enable reference tracking for fields that may be shared or circular:

@dataclass
class RefOuter:
    # Both fields may point to the same inner object
    inner1: Optional[RefInner] = pyfory.field(id=0, ref=True, nullable=True, default=None)
    inner2: Optional[RefInner] = pyfory.field(id=1, ref=True, nullable=True, default=None)


@dataclass
class CircularRef:
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=0, default="")
    # Self-referencing field for circular references
    self_ref: Optional["CircularRef"] = pyfory.field(id=1, ref=True, nullable=True, default=None)

Use Cases:

Enable for fields that may be circular or shared
When the same object is referenced from multiple fields

Notes:

Reference tracking only takes effect when Fory(ref=True) is set globally
Field-level ref=True AND global ref=True must both be enabled

Skipping Fields (`ignore`)

Exclude fields from serialization:

@dataclass
class User:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")
    # Not serialized
    _cache: dict = pyfory.field(ignore=True, default_factory=dict)
    _internal_state: str = pyfory.field(ignore=True, default="")

Dynamic Fields (`dynamic`)

Control whether type information is written for struct fields. This is essential for polymorphism support:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def area(self) -> float:
        pass

@dataclass
class Circle(Shape):
    radius: float = 0.0

    def area(self) -> float:
        return 3.14159 * self.radius * self.radius

@dataclass
class Container:
    # Abstract class: dynamic is always True (type info written)
    shape: Shape = pyfory.field(id=0)

    # Force type info for concrete type (support runtime subtypes)
    circle: Circle = pyfory.field(id=1, dynamic=True)

    # Skip type info for concrete type (use declared type directly)
    fixed_circle: Circle = pyfory.field(id=2, dynamic=False)

Default Behavior:

Mode	Abstract Class	Concrete Object Types	Numeric/str/time Types
Native mode	`True`	`True`	`False`
Xlang mode	`True`	`False`	`False`

Notes:

Abstract classes: dynamic is always True (type info must be written)
Native mode: dynamic defaults to True for object types, False for numeric/str/time types
Xlang mode: dynamic defaults to False for concrete types
Use dynamic=True when a concrete field may hold subclass instances
Use dynamic=False for performance optimization when type is known

Integer Type Annotations

Fory provides type annotations to control integer encoding:

Signed Integers

@dataclass
class SignedIntegers:
    byte_val: pyfory.int8 = 0      # 8-bit signed
    short_val: pyfory.int16 = 0    # 16-bit signed
    int_val: pyfory.int32 = 0      # 32-bit signed (varint encoding)
    long_val: pyfory.int64 = 0     # 64-bit signed (varint encoding)

Unsigned Integers

@dataclass
class UnsignedIntegers:
    # Fixed-size encoding
    u8_val: pyfory.uint8 = 0       # 8-bit unsigned (fixed)
    u16_val: pyfory.uint16 = 0     # 16-bit unsigned (fixed)

    # Variable-length encoding (default for u32/u64)
    u32_var: pyfory.uint32 = 0     # 32-bit unsigned (varint)
    u64_var: pyfory.uint64 = 0     # 64-bit unsigned (varint)

    # Explicit fixed-size encoding
    u32_fixed: pyfory.fixed_uint32 = 0   # 32-bit unsigned (fixed 4 bytes)
    u64_fixed: pyfory.fixed_uint64 = 0   # 64-bit unsigned (fixed 8 bytes)

    # Tagged encoding (includes type tag)
    u64_tagged: pyfory.tagged_uint64 = 0  # 64-bit unsigned (tagged)

Floating Point

@dataclass
class FloatingPoint:
    float_val: pyfory.float32 = 0.0   # 32-bit float
    double_val: pyfory.float64 = 0.0  # 64-bit double

Encoding Summary

Type	Encoding	Size
`pyfory.int8`	fixed	1 byte
`pyfory.int16`	fixed	2 bytes
`pyfory.int32`	varint	1-5 bytes
`pyfory.int64`	varint	1-10 bytes
`pyfory.uint8`	fixed	1 byte
`pyfory.uint16`	fixed	2 bytes
`pyfory.uint32`	varint	1-5 bytes
`pyfory.uint64`	varint	1-10 bytes
`pyfory.fixed_uint32`	fixed	4 bytes
`pyfory.fixed_uint64`	fixed	8 bytes
`pyfory.tagged_uint64`	tagged	1-9 bytes
`pyfory.float32`	fixed	4 bytes
`pyfory.float64`	fixed	8 bytes

When to Use:

varint: Best for values that are often small (default for int32/int64/uint32/uint64)
fixed: Best for values that use full range (e.g., timestamps, hashes)
tagged: When type information needs to be preserved (uint64 only)

Complete Example

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Set
import pyfory


@dataclass
class Document:
    # Fields with tag IDs (recommended for compatible mode)
    title: str = pyfory.field(id=0, default="")
    version: pyfory.int32 = pyfory.field(id=1, default=0)

    # Nullable field
    description: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=2, nullable=True, default=None)

    # Collection fields
    tags: List[str] = pyfory.field(id=3, default_factory=list)
    metadata: Dict[str, str] = pyfory.field(id=4, default_factory=dict)
    categories: Set[str] = pyfory.field(id=5, default_factory=set)

    # Unsigned integers with different encodings
    view_count: pyfory.uint64 = pyfory.field(id=6, default=0)           # varint encoding
    file_size: pyfory.fixed_uint64 = pyfory.field(id=7, default=0)      # fixed encoding
    checksum: pyfory.tagged_uint64 = pyfory.field(id=8, default=0)      # tagged encoding

    # Reference-tracked field for shared/circular references
    parent: Optional["Document"] = pyfory.field(id=9, ref=True, nullable=True, default=None)

    # Ignored field (not serialized)
    _cache: dict = pyfory.field(ignore=True, default_factory=dict)


def main():
    fory = pyfory.Fory(xlang=True, compatible=True, ref=True)
    fory.register_type(Document, type_id=100)

    doc = Document(
        title="My Document",
        version=1,
        description="A sample document",
        tags=["tag1", "tag2"],
        metadata={"key": "value"},
        categories={"cat1"},
        view_count=42,
        file_size=1024,
        checksum=123456789,
        parent=None,
    )

    # Serialize
    data = fory.serialize(doc)

    # Deserialize
    decoded = fory.deserialize(data)
    assert decoded.title == doc.title
    assert decoded.version == doc.version


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Cross-Language Compatibility

When serializing data to be read by other languages (Java, Rust, C++, Go), use field IDs and matching type annotations:

@dataclass
class CrossLangData:
    # Use field IDs for cross-language compatibility
    int_var: pyfory.int32 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    long_fixed: pyfory.fixed_uint64 = pyfory.field(id=1, default=0)
    long_tagged: pyfory.tagged_uint64 = pyfory.field(id=2, default=0)
    optional_value: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=3, nullable=True, default=None)

Schema Evolution

Compatible mode supports schema evolution. It is recommended to configure field IDs to reduce serialization cost:

# Version 1
@dataclass
class DataV1:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")


# Version 2: Added new field
@dataclass
class DataV2:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")
    email: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=2, nullable=True, default=None)  # New field

Data serialized with V1 can be deserialized with V2 (new field will be None).

Alternatively, field IDs can be omitted (field names will be used in metadata with larger overhead):

@dataclass
class Data:
    id: pyfory.int64 = 0
    name: str = ""

Native Mode vs Xlang Mode

Field configuration behaves differently depending on the serialization mode:

Native Mode (Python-only)

Native mode has relaxed default values for maximum compatibility:

Nullable: str and numeric types are non-nullable by default unless Optional is used
Ref tracking: Enabled by default for object references (except str and numeric types)

In native mode, you typically don't need to configure field annotations unless you want to:

Reduce serialized size by using field IDs
Optimize performance by disabling unnecessary ref tracking

# Native mode: works without field configuration
@dataclass
class User:
    id: int = 0
    name: str = ""
    tags: List[str] = None

Xlang Mode (Cross-language)

Xlang mode has stricter default values due to type system differences between languages:

Nullable: Fields are non-nullable by default (nullable=False)
Ref tracking: Disabled by default (ref=False)

In xlang mode, you need to configure fields when:

A field can be None (use Optional[T] with nullable=True)
A field needs reference tracking for shared/circular objects (use ref=True)
Integer types need specific encoding for cross-language compatibility
You want to reduce metadata size (use field IDs)

# Xlang mode: explicit configuration required for nullable/ref fields
@dataclass
class User:
    id: pyfory.int64 = pyfory.field(id=0, default=0)
    name: str = pyfory.field(id=1, default="")
    email: Optional[str] = pyfory.field(id=2, nullable=True, default=None)  # Must declare nullable
    friend: Optional["User"] = pyfory.field(id=3, ref=True, nullable=True, default=None)  # Must declare ref

Default Values Summary

Option	Native Mode Default	Xlang Mode Default
`nullable`	`False` for `str`/numeric; others nullable by default	`False`
`ref`	`True` (except `str` and numeric types)	`False`
`dynamic`	`True` (except numeric/str/time types)	`False` (concrete)

Best Practices

Configure field IDs: Recommended for compatible mode to reduce serialization cost
Use Optional[T] with nullable=True: Required for nullable fields in xlang mode
Enable ref tracking for shared objects: Use ref=True when objects are shared or circular
Use ignore=True for sensitive data: Passwords, tokens, internal state
Choose appropriate encoding: varint for small values, fixed for full-range values
Keep IDs stable: Once assigned, don't change field IDs

Options Reference

Configuration	Description
`pyfory.field(id=N)`	Field tag ID to reduce metadata size
`pyfory.field(nullable=True)`	Mark field as nullable
`pyfory.field(ref=True)`	Enable reference tracking
`pyfory.field(ignore=True)`	Exclude field from serialization
`pyfory.field(dynamic=True)`	Force type info to be written
`pyfory.field(dynamic=False)`	Skip type info (use declared type)
`Optional[T]`	Type hint for nullable fields
`pyfory.int32`, `pyfory.int64`	Signed integers (varint encoding)
`pyfory.uint32`, `pyfory.uint64`	Unsigned integers (varint encoding)
`pyfory.fixed_uint32`, `pyfory.fixed_uint64`	Fixed-size unsigned
`pyfory.tagged_uint64`	Tagged encoding for uint64

Overview

Basic Syntax

The pyfory.field() Function

Parameters

Field ID (id)

Nullable Fields (nullable)

Reference Tracking (ref)

Skipping Fields (ignore)

Dynamic Fields (dynamic)

Integer Type Annotations

Signed Integers

Unsigned Integers

Floating Point

Encoding Summary

Complete Example

Cross-Language Compatibility

Schema Evolution

Native Mode vs Xlang Mode

Native Mode (Python-only)

Xlang Mode (Cross-language)

Default Values Summary

Best Practices

Options Reference

Related Topics

The `pyfory.field()` Function

Field ID (`id`)

Nullable Fields (`nullable`)

Reference Tracking (`ref`)

Skipping Fields (`ignore`)

Dynamic Fields (`dynamic`)