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For information about functions available in SQL, refer to the\n",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/docs/latest/querying/sql-scalar"},"SQL documentation"),".")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Expressions are used in various places in the native query language, including\n",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/docs/latest/querying/virtual-columns"},"virtual columns")," and ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/docs/latest/querying/datasource#join"},"join conditions"),". 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Double values will be implicitly cast to longs, use ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"bitwiseConvertDoubleToLongBits")," to perform bitwise operations directly with doubles")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseShiftLeft"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseShiftLeft(x,y) returns the result of x << y. Double values will be implicitly cast to longs, use ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"bitwiseConvertDoubleToLongBits")," to perform bitwise operations directly with doubles")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseShiftRight"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseShiftRight(x,y) returns the result of x >> y. Double values will be implicitly cast to longs, use ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"bitwiseConvertDoubleToLongBits")," to perform bitwise operations directly with doubles")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseXor"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"bitwiseXor(x,y) returns the result of x ^ y. 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y")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"exp"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"exp(x) returns Euler's number raised to the power of x")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"expm1"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"expm1(x) returns e^x-1")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"floor"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"floor(x) returns the largest (closest to positive infinity) double value that is less than or equal to x and is equal to a mathematical integer")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"getExponent"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"getExponent(x) returns the unbiased exponent used in the representation of x")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"hypot"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"hypot(x, y) returns 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The resulting array type determined by the type of the array")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"array_set_add_all(arr1,arr2)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"combines the unique set of elements of 2 arrays, the resulting array type determined by the type of the first array")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"array_slice(arr,start,end)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"return the subarray of arr from the 0 based index start(inclusive) to end(exclusive), or ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"null"),", if start is less than 0, greater than length of arr or less than end")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"array_to_string(arr,str)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"joins all elements of arr by the delimiter specified by str")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"string_to_array(str1,str2)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"splits str1 into an array on the delimiter specified by str2")))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"apply-functions"},"Apply functions"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Apply functions allow for special 'lambda' expressions to be defined and applied to array inputs to enable free-form transformations."),(0,i.kt)("table",null,(0,i.kt)("thead",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"thead"},(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"function"),(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"description"))),(0,i.kt)("tbody",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"map(lambda,arr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"applies a transform specified by a single argument lambda expression to all elements of arr, returning a new array")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"cartesian_map(lambda,arr1,arr2,...)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"applies a transform specified by a multi argument lambda expression to all elements of the Cartesian product of all input arrays, returning a new array; the number of lambda arguments and array inputs must be the same")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"filter(lambda,arr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"filters arr by a single argument lambda, returning a new array with all matching elements, or null if no elements match")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"fold(lambda,arr,acc)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"folds a 2 argument lambda across arr using acc as the initial input value. The first argument of the lambda is the array element and the second the accumulator, returning a single accumulated value.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"cartesian_fold(lambda,arr1,arr2,...,acc)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"folds a multi argument lambda across the Cartesian product of all input arrays using acc as the initial input value. The first arguments of the lambda are the array elements of each array and the last is the accumulator, returning a single accumulated value.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"any(lambda,arr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"returns 1 if any element in the array matches the lambda expression, else 0")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"all(lambda,arr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"returns 1 if all elements in the array matches the lambda expression, else 0")))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"lambda-expressions-syntax"},"Lambda expressions syntax"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Lambda expressions are a sort of function definition, where new identifiers can be defined and passed as input to the expression body"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"(identifier1 ...) -> expr\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"e.g."),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"(x, y) -> x + y \n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"The identifier arguments of a lambda expression correspond to the elements of the array it is being applied to. For example:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"map((x) -> x + 1, some_multi_value_column)\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"will map each element of ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"some_multi_value_column")," to the identifier ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x")," so that the lambda expression body can be evaluated for each ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x"),". The scoping rules are that lambda arguments will override identifiers which are defined externally from the lambda expression body. Using the same example:"),(0,i.kt)("pre",null,(0,i.kt)("code",{parentName:"pre"},"map((x) -> x + 1, x)\n")),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"in this case, the ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x")," when evaluating ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x + 1")," is the lambda argument, thus an element of the multi-valued column ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x"),", rather than the column ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"x")," itself."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"json-functions"},"JSON functions"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"JSON functions provide facilities to extract, transform, and create ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"COMPLEX<json>")," values. "),(0,i.kt)("table",null,(0,i.kt)("thead",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"thead"},(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"function"),(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"description"))),(0,i.kt)("tbody",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"json_value(expr, path","[, type]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Extract a Druid literal (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING"),", ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"LONG"),", ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"DOUBLE"),") value from ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"expr")," using JSONPath syntax of ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"path"),". The optional ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"type")," argument can be set to ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"'LONG'"),",",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"'DOUBLE'")," or ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"'STRING'")," to cast values to that type.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"json_query(expr, path)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Extract a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"COMPLEX<json>")," value from ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"expr")," using JSONPath syntax of ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"path"))),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"json_object(expr1, expr2","[, expr3, expr4 ...]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Construct a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"COMPLEX<json>")," with alternating 'key' and 'value' arguments")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"parse_json(expr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Deserialize a JSON ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING")," into a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"COMPLEX<json>"),". If the input is not a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING")," or it is invalid JSON, this function will result in an error.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"try_parse_json(expr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Deserialize a JSON ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING")," into a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"COMPLEX<json>"),". If the input is not a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING")," or it is invalid JSON, this function will result in a ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"NULL")," value.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"to_json_string(expr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Convert ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"expr")," into a JSON ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"STRING")," value")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"json_keys(expr, path)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Get array of field names from ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"expr")," at the specified JSONPath ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"path"),", or null if the data does not exist or have any fields")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"json_paths(expr)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Get array of all JSONPath paths available from ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"expr"))))),(0,i.kt)("h3",{id:"jsonpath-syntax"},"JSONPath syntax"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Druid supports a small, simplified subset of the ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"https://github.com/json-path/JsonPath/blob/master/README.md"},"JSONPath syntax")," operators, primarily limited to extracting individual values from nested data structures."),(0,i.kt)("table",null,(0,i.kt)("thead",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"thead"},(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Operator"),(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Description"))),(0,i.kt)("tbody",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"$")),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Root element. All JSONPath expressions start with this operator.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},".<name>")),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Child element in dot notation.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"['<name>']")),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Child element in bracket notation.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"[<number>]")),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Array index.")))),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"See ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/docs/latest/querying/sql-json-functions#jsonpath-syntax"},"SQL JSON documentation")," for examples and ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"p",href:"/docs/latest/querying/nested-columns"},"Nested columns")," for more information on ingesting and storing nested data."),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"reduction-functions"},"Reduction functions"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Reduction functions operate on zero or more expressions and return a single expression. If no expressions are passed as\narguments, then the result is ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"NULL"),". The expressions must all be convertible to a common data type, which will be the\ntype of the result:"),(0,i.kt)("ul",null,(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"If all arguments are ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"NULL"),", the result is ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"NULL"),". Otherwise, ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"NULL")," arguments are ignored."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"If the arguments comprise a mix of numbers and strings, the arguments are interpreted as strings."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"If all arguments are integer numbers, the arguments are interpreted as longs."),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"If all arguments are numbers and at least one argument is a double, the arguments are interpreted as doubles. ")),(0,i.kt)("table",null,(0,i.kt)("thead",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"thead"},(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"function"),(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"description"))),(0,i.kt)("tbody",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"greatest(","[expr1, ...]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Evaluates zero or more expressions and returns the maximum value based on comparisons as described above.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"least(","[expr1, ...]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Evaluates zero or more expressions and returns the minimum value based on comparisons as described above.")))),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"ip-address-functions"},"IP address functions"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"For the IPv4 address functions, the ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"address"),' argument accepts either an IPv4 dotted-decimal string (e.g., "192.168.0.1") or an IP address represented as a long (e.g., 3232235521). Format the ',(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"subnet"),' argument as an IPv4 address subnet in CIDR notation (e.g., "192.168.0.0/16").'),(0,i.kt)("table",null,(0,i.kt)("thead",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"thead"},(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"function"),(0,i.kt)("th",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"description"))),(0,i.kt)("tbody",{parentName:"table"},(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"ipv4_match(address, subnet)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Returns 1 if the ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," belongs to the ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"subnet")," literal, else 0. If ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," is not a valid IPv4 address, then 0 is returned. This function is more efficient if ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," is a long instead of a string.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"ipv4_parse(address)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Parses ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," into an IPv4 address stored as a long. Returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," if it is already a valid IPv4 integer address. Returns null if ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," cannot be represented as an IPv4 address.")),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"ipv4_stringify(address)"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Converts ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," into an IPv4 address dotted-decimal string. Returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"address")," if it is already a valid IPv4 dotted-decimal string. 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For example:",(0,i.kt)("li",null," human_readable_binary_byte_format(1048576) returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"1.00 MiB")),(0,i.kt)("li",null,"human_readable_binary_byte_format(1048576, 3) returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"1.000 MiB")))),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"human_readable_decimal_byte_format(value","[, precision]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Format a number in human-readable ",(0,i.kt)("a",{parentName:"td",href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix"},"SI")," format. ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"precision")," must be in the range of ","[0,3]"," (default: 2). For example:",(0,i.kt)("li",null," human_readable_decimal_byte_format(1000000) returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"1.00 MB")),(0,i.kt)("li",null,"human_readable_decimal_byte_format(1000000, 3) returns ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"1.000 MB")))),(0,i.kt)("tr",{parentName:"tbody"},(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"human_readable_decimal_format(value","[, precision]",")"),(0,i.kt)("td",{parentName:"tr",align:null},"Format a number in human-readable SI format. ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"td"},"precision")," must be in the range of ","[0,3]"," (default: 2). 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types"),(0,i.kt)("li",{parentName:"ul"},"other: ",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"li"},"parse_long")," is supported for numeric and string types")),(0,i.kt)("h2",{id:"logical-operator-modes"},"Logical operator modes"),(0,i.kt)("p",null,"Prior to the 0.23 release of Apache Druid, boolean function expressions have inconsistent handling of true and false values, and the logical 'and' and 'or' operators behave in a manner that is incompatible with SQL, even if SQL compatible null handling mode (",(0,i.kt)("inlineCode",{parentName:"p"},"druid.generic.useDefaultValueForNull=false"),") is enabled. 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