<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><title>Query execution · Apache Druid</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://druid.apache.org/docs/25.0.0/querying/query-execution.html"/><meta name="generator" content="Docusaurus"/><meta name="description" content="&lt;!--"/><meta name="docsearch:language" content="en"/><meta name="docsearch:version" content="25.0.0" /><meta property="og:title" content="Query execution · Apache Druid"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://druid.apache.org/index.html"/><meta property="og:description" content="&lt;!--"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://druid.apache.org/img/druid_nav.png"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://druid.apache.org/img/druid_nav.png"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/favicon.png"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/9.12.0/styles/default.min.css"/><script async="" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-131010415-1"></script><script>
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class="icon-toc"></i></div></div><div class="navGroups"><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Getting started<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/design/index.html">Introduction to Apache Druid</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/index.html">Quickstart (local)</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/single-server.html">Single server deployment</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/cluster.html">Clustered deployment</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Tutorials<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path 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sketches</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-retention.html">Configuring data retention</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-update-data.html">Updating existing data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-compaction.html">Compacting segments</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-delete-data.html">Deleting data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-ingestion-spec.html">Writing an ingestion spec</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-transform-spec.html">Transforming input data</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/docker.html">Tutorial: Run with Docker</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-kerberos-hadoop.html">Kerberized HDFS deep storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-msq-convert-spec.html">Convert ingestion spec to SQL</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/tutorials/tutorial-jupyter-index.html">Jupyter Notebook tutorials</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Design<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/design/architecture.html">Design</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/design/segments.html">Segments</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/design/processes.html">Processes and servers</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/dependencies/deep-storage.html">Deep storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/dependencies/metadata-storage.html">Metadata storage</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/dependencies/zookeeper.html">ZooKeeper</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Ingestion<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/index.html">Ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/data-formats.html">Data formats</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/data-model.html">Data model</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/rollup.html">Data rollup</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/partitioning.html">Partitioning</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/ingestion-spec.html">Ingestion spec</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/schema-design.html">Schema design tips</a></li><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Stream ingestion</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/extensions-core/kafka-ingestion.html">Apache Kafka ingestion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/extensions-core/kafka-supervisor-reference.html">Apache Kafka supervisor</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/extensions-core/kafka-supervisor-operations.html">Apache Kafka operations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/extensions-core/kinesis-ingestion.html">Amazon Kinesis</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Batch ingestion</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/native-batch.html">Native batch</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/native-batch-input-sources.html">Native batch: input sources</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/migrate-from-firehose.html">Migrate from firehose</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/hadoop.html">Hadoop-based</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">SQL-based ingestion 🆕</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/index.html">Overview</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/concepts.html">Key concepts</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/api.html">API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/security.html">Security</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/examples.html">Examples</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/reference.html">Reference</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/multi-stage-query/known-issues.html">Known issues</a></li></ul></div><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/tasks.html">Task reference</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/faq.html">Troubleshooting FAQ</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Data management<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/index.html">Overview</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/update.html">Data updates</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/delete.html">Data deletion</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/schema-changes.html">Schema changes</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/compaction.html">Compaction</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/data-management/automatic-compaction.html">Automatic compaction</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Querying<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Druid SQL</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql.html">Overview and syntax</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-data-types.html">SQL data types</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-operators.html">Operators</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-scalar.html">Scalar functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-aggregations.html">Aggregation functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-multivalue-string-functions.html">Multi-value string functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-json-functions.html">JSON functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-functions.html">All functions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-api.html">Druid SQL API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-jdbc.html">JDBC driver API</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-query-context.html">SQL query context</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-metadata-tables.html">SQL metadata tables</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-translation.html">SQL query translation</a></li></ul></div><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/querying.html">Native queries</a></li><li class="navListItem navListItemActive"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/query-execution.html">Query execution</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></li><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Concepts</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html">Datasources</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/joins.html">Joins</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/lookups.html">Lookups</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/multi-value-dimensions.html">Multi-value dimensions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/nested-columns.html">Nested columns</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/multitenancy.html">Multitenancy</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/caching.html">Query caching</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/using-caching.html">Using query caching</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/query-context.html">Query context</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Native query types</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/timeseriesquery.html">Timeseries</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/topnquery.html">TopN</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/groupbyquery.html">GroupBy</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/scan-query.html">Scan</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/searchquery.html">Search</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/timeboundaryquery.html">TimeBoundary</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/segmentmetadataquery.html">SegmentMetadata</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasourcemetadataquery.html">DatasourceMetadata</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Native query components</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/filters.html">Filters</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/granularities.html">Granularities</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/dimensionspecs.html">Dimensions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/aggregations.html">Aggregations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/post-aggregations.html">Post-aggregations</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/misc/math-expr.html">Expressions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/having.html">Having filters (groupBy)</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/limitspec.html">Sorting and limiting (groupBy)</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/topnmetricspec.html">Sorting (topN)</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sorting-orders.html">String comparators</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/virtual-columns.html">Virtual columns</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/geo.html">Spatial filters</a></li></ul></div></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Configuration<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/configuration/index.html">Configuration reference</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/development/extensions.html">Extensions</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/configuration/logging.html">Logging</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup"><h3 class="navGroupCategoryTitle collapsible">Operations<span class="arrow"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="#565656" d="M7.41 15.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14l-6-6-6 6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></span></h3><ul class="hide"><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/web-console.html">Web console</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/java.html">Java runtime</a></li><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Security</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/security-overview.html">Security overview</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/security-user-auth.html">User authentication and authorization</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/auth-ldap.html">LDAP auth</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/password-provider.html">Password providers</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/dynamic-config-provider.html">Dynamic Config Providers</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/tls-support.html">TLS support</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Performance tuning</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/basic-cluster-tuning.html">Basic cluster tuning</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/segment-optimization.html">Segment size optimization</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/mixed-workloads.html">Mixed workloads</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/http-compression.html">HTTP compression</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/clean-metadata-store.html">Automated metadata cleanup</a></li></ul></div><div class="navGroup subNavGroup"><h4 class="navGroupSubcategoryTitle">Monitoring</h4><ul><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/request-logging.html">Request logging</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" 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href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/dump-segment.html">dump-segment tool</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/reset-cluster.html">reset-cluster tool</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/insert-segment-to-db.html">insert-segment-to-db tool</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/pull-deps.html">pull-deps tool</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/deep-storage-migration.html">Deep storage migration</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/export-metadata.html">Export Metadata Tool</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/metadata-migration.html">Metadata Migration</a></li><li class="navListItem"><a class="navItem" href="/docs/25.0.0/operations/use_sbt_to_build_fat_jar.html">Content for build.sbt</a></li></ul></div></ul></div><div 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<blockquote>
<p>This document describes how Druid executes <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/querying.html">native queries</a>, but since <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql.html">Druid SQL</a> queries
are translated to native queries, this document applies to the SQL runtime as well. Refer to the SQL
<a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/sql-translation.html">Query translation</a> page for information about how SQL queries are translated to native
queries.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Druid's approach to query execution varies depending on the kind of <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html">datasource</a> you are querying.</p>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="datasource-type"></a><a href="#datasource-type" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Datasource type</h2>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="table"></a><a href="#table" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>table</code></h3>
<p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#table">table datasources</a> are executed using a scatter-gather approach
led by the Broker process. The process looks like this:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>The Broker identifies which <a href="/docs/25.0.0/design/segments.html">segments</a> are relevant to the query based on the <code>&quot;intervals&quot;</code>
parameter. Segments are always partitioned by time, so any segment whose interval overlaps the query interval is
potentially relevant.</p></li>
<li><p>The Broker may additionally further prune the segment list based on the <code>&quot;filter&quot;</code>, if the input data was partitioned
by range using the <a href="/docs/25.0.0/ingestion/native-batch.html#partitionsspec"><code>single_dim</code> partitionsSpec</a>, and if the filter matches
the dimension used for partitioning.</p></li>
<li><p>The Broker, having pruned the list of segments for the query, forwards the query to data servers (like Historicals
and tasks running on MiddleManagers) that are currently serving those segments.</p></li>
<li><p>For all query types except <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/scan-query.html">Scan</a>, data servers process each segment in parallel and generate partial
results for each segment. The specific processing that is done depends on the query type. These partial results may be
cached if <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/caching.html">query caching</a> is enabled. For Scan queries, segments are processed in order by a single thread,
and results are not cached.</p></li>
<li><p>The Broker receives partial results from each data server, merges them into the final result set, and returns them
to the caller. For Timeseries and Scan queries, and for GroupBy queries where there is no sorting, the Broker is able to
do this in a streaming fashion. Otherwise, the Broker fully computes the result set before returning anything.</p></li>
</ol>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="lookup"></a><a href="#lookup" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>lookup</code></h3>
<p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#lookup">lookup datasources</a> (without a join) are executed on the Broker
that received the query, using its local copy of the lookup. All registered lookup tables are preloaded in-memory on the
Broker. The query runs single-threaded.</p>
<p>Execution of queries that use lookups as right-hand inputs to a join are executed in a way that depends on their
&quot;base&quot; (bottom-leftmost) datasource, as described in the <a href="#join">join</a> section below.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="union"></a><a href="#union" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>union</code></h3>
<p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#union">union datasources</a> are split up on the Broker into a separate
query for each table that is part of the union. Each of these queries runs separately, and the Broker merges their
results together.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="inline"></a><a href="#inline" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>inline</code></h3>
<p>Queries that operate directly on <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#inline">inline datasources</a> are executed on the Broker that received the
query. The query runs single-threaded.</p>
<p>Execution of queries that use inline datasources as right-hand inputs to a join are executed in a way that depends on
their &quot;base&quot; (bottom-leftmost) datasource, as described in the <a href="#join">join</a> section below.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="query"></a><a href="#query" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>query</code></h3>
<p><a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#query">Query datasources</a> are subqueries. Each subquery is executed as if it was its own query and
the results are brought back to the Broker. Then, the Broker continues on with the rest of the query as if the subquery
was replaced with an inline datasource.</p>
<p>In most cases, Druid buffers subquery results in memory on the Broker before the rest of the query proceeds. Therefore, subqueries execute sequentially. The total number of rows buffered across all subqueries of a given query cannot exceed the <a href="/docs/25.0.0/configuration/index.html"><code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryRows</code></a> which defaults to 100000 rows. Otherwise Druid throws a resource limit exceeded exception: &quot;Subquery generated results beyond maximum.&quot;</p>
<p>There is one exception: if the outer query and all subqueries are the <a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/groupbyquery.html">groupBy</a> type, then subquery
results can be processed in a streaming fashion and the <code>druid.server.http.maxSubqueryRows</code> limit does not apply.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="join"></a><a href="#join" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code>join</code></h3>
<p><a href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/datasource.html#join">Join datasources</a> are handled using a broadcast hash-join approach.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>The Broker executes any subqueries that are inputs the join, as described in the <a href="#query">query</a> section, and
replaces them with inline datasources.</p></li>
<li><p>The Broker flattens a join tree, if present, into a &quot;base&quot; datasource (the bottom-leftmost one) and other leaf
datasources (the rest).</p></li>
<li><p>Query execution proceeds using the same structure that the base datasource would use on its own. If the base
datasource is a <a href="#table">table</a>, segments are pruned based on <code>&quot;intervals&quot;</code> as usual, and the query is executed on the
cluster by forwarding it to all relevant data servers in parallel. If the base datasource is a <a href="#lookup">lookup</a> or
<a href="#inline">inline</a> datasource (including an inline datasource that was the result of inlining a subquery), the query is
executed on the Broker itself. The base query cannot be a union, because unions are not currently supported as inputs to
a join.</p></li>
<li><p>Before beginning to process the base datasource, the server(s) that will execute the query first inspect all the
non-base leaf datasources to determine if a new hash table needs to be built for the upcoming hash join. Currently,
lookups do not require new hash tables to be built (because they are preloaded), but inline datasources do.</p></li>
<li><p>Query execution proceeds again using the same structure that the base datasource would use on its own, with one
addition: while processing the base datasource, Druid servers will use the hash tables built from the other join inputs
to produce the join result row-by-row, and query engines will operate on the joined rows rather than the base rows.</p></li>
</ol>
</span></div></article></div><div class="docs-prevnext"><a class="docs-prev button" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/querying.html"><span class="arrow-prev">← </span><span>Native queries</span></a><a class="docs-next button" href="/docs/25.0.0/querying/troubleshooting.html"><span>Troubleshooting</span><span class="arrow-next"> →</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="onPageNav"><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#datasource-type">Datasource type</a><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#table"><code>table</code></a></li><li><a href="#lookup"><code>lookup</code></a></li><li><a href="#union"><code>union</code></a></li><li><a href="#inline"><code>inline</code></a></li><li><a href="#query"><code>query</code></a></li><li><a href="#join"><code>join</code></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><footer class="nav-footer druid-footer" id="footer"><div class="container"><div class="text-center"><p><a href="/technology">Technology</a> · <a href="/use-cases">Use Cases</a> · <a href="/druid-powered">Powered by Druid</a> · <a href="/docs/25.0.0/">Docs</a> · <a href="/community/">Community</a> · <a href="/downloads.html">Download</a> · <a href="/faq">FAQ</a></p></div><div class="text-center"><a title="Join the user group" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/druid-user" target="_blank"><span class="fa fa-comments"></span></a> · <a title="Follow Druid" href="https://twitter.com/druidio" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-twitter"></span></a> · <a title="Download via Apache" href="https://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi?path=/incubator/druid/{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}/apache-druid-{{ site.druid_versions[0].versions[0].version }}-bin.tar.gz" target="_blank"><span class="fas fa-feather"></span></a> · <a title="GitHub" href="https://github.com/apache/druid" target="_blank"><span class="fab fa-github"></span></a></div><div class="text-center license">Copyright © 2022 <a href="https://www.apache.org/" target="_blank">Apache Software Foundation</a>.<br/>Except where otherwise noted, licensed under <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>.<br/>Apache Druid, Druid, and the Druid logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in the United States and other countries.</div></div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"></script><script>
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