:modulebase: core
:moduleconf: api:org.apache.deltaspike.core.api.config.base.CoreBaseConfig

= Core Module

:Notice: Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at. http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 . Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR  CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

The Core module provides fundamental and defining DeltaSpike API and utility classes. As such, this module must be included in every project that uses DeltaSpike.
Instructions for configuring your projects to use the DeltaSpike Core module are detailed in
<<configure#, Configure DeltaSpike in Your Projects>> as part of the general instructions for configuring your projects for DeltaSpike.

== Project Setup

Add Core-API and Core-Impl to your project as detailed in <<configure#, Configure DeltaSpike Core in Your Projects>>. For Maven-independent projects, see <<configure#config-maven-indep,Configure DeltaSpike Core in Maven-independent Projects>>.

== DeltaSpike Configuration

DeltaSpike provides a very flexible application configuration mechanism. Its main goal is to make it possible
to never have to rebuild a project just for the sake of adjusting configuration values. It respects the usual
software development cycle and takes into account project stages, various configuration sources and resolution
mechanisms. Configuration can be overridden just by dropping a JAR into the classpath.

Detailed documentation is available on a separate page: <<configuration.adoc#,Configuration>>.

== DeltaSpike CipherService

Apache DeltaSpike also provides an <<encryption#, Encryption>> mechanism for handling secret values within your application.

=== Internal configuration

The functionality of DeltaSpike itself and its modules is adjustable using the same mechanism. There are two main
types of internal configuration:

* *static configuration:* certain configurable options, like the maximum number of windows in the window scope or the
 priority for DeltaSpike's global interceptors, are defined using the DeltaSpike configuration mechanism and can be
 adjusted by redefining their value in the `apache-deltaspike.properties` file, as described in the
 <<configuration.adoc#,documentation>>. All of these configuration options and their corresponding properties can be
 found as members of interfaces extending `DeltaSpikeBaseConfig`, e.g. `CoreBaseConfig` which configures the core
  module.

* *dynamic configuration:* certain values can change dynamically during runtime and some may differ even among
contexts. For example, much of the behaviour of the JSF module is configured in `JsfModuleConfig`. To override any of
 the default configuration options, the `JsfModuleConfig` bean can be overridden using a custom implementation of
 `JsfModuleConfig` which would be annotated `@Alternative` or `@Specializes`. All of the dynamic CDI-based
 configuration beans can be found as implementations of the `DeltaSpikeConfig` interface.

== BeanProvider

The `BeanProvider` utility class provides static methods for manual lookup of bean instances in places where
standard injection is not available or if the lookup depends on dynamic conditions.

WARNING: `BeanProvider` is only used to look up normal-scoped contextual
instances. To obtain instances of dependent-scoped beans, use <<_dependentprovider, DependentProvider>>.

NOTE: The term 'contextual instance' is used instead of 'bean' because that's the term used by CDI itself.

The following example shows a simple lookup. With the second parameter
it is possible to specify if the contextual instance is optional. If it
is not expected that the contextual instance is optional, but no instance
has been found, an `IllegalStateException` will be thrown.

.Resolving a Simple Contextual Instance
[source,java]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
MyBean myBean = BeanProvider.getContextualReference(MyBean.class, false);
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pass `true` as second argument, if you look for an implementation of the
given interface and an implementation is not required or it is not
required that there is an instance with the given qualifier (see the
qualifier example for further details).

.Resolving an Optional Contextual Instance
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MyServiceInterface optionalService = BeanProvider.getContextualReference(MyServiceInterface.class, true);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Optionally you can provide a qualifier for the contextual instance in
question. CDI qualifiers are annotations, therefore you need to
implement a corresponding literal for providing an instance.

.Literal Implementation for '@MyQualifier'
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import javax.enterprise.util.AnnotationLiteral;
//...

public class MyQualifierLiteral extends AnnotationLiteral<MyQualifier> implements MyQualifier
{
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following example will return a contextual instance with the
qualifier `@MyQualifier`.

.Resolving a Simple Contextual Instance with Qualifier
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MyBean myBean = BeanProvider.getContextualReference(MyBean.class, false, new MyQualifierLiteral());
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The `@Named` qualifier has a special role and allows to specify a string
based name (e.g. for referencing CDI beans in EL-expressions). However,
the following examples show how to do a manual lookup by name.

.Resolving a Simple Contextual Instance by Name
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Object myBean = BeanProvider.getContextualReference("myBean", false);
---------------------------------------------------------------------

.Resolving a Simple Contextual Instance by Name and Expected Type
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MyBean myBean = BeanProvider.getContextualReference("myBean", false, MyBean.class);
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sometimes it is essential to resolve all contextual instances which
implement for example an interface or all beans with the same type but a
different qualifier. The following example shows how to do such a lookup
which returns all contextual instances (independent of the scope -> also
dependent scoped instances).

.Resolving All Contextual Instances of a Given Type
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List<MyServiceInterface> myServiceList = BeanProvider.getContextualReferences(MyServiceInterface.class, false);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Since dependent scoped beans have a special role in CDI (you have to
destroy them manually - especially if you get them via a manual lookup), you
can also call the previous util method with an additional parameter to
filter dependent scoped instances.

.Resolving All Contextual Instances of a Given Type without Dependent-scoped Instances
[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List<MyServiceInterface> myServiceList = BeanProvider.getContextualReferences(MyServiceInterface.class, false, false);
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Furthermore, it is possible to trigger the injection of fields of any
given instance, if it was not done by the container (e.g. because the
class is in a jar-file without beans.xml) and `@Inject` is used for 1-n
fields.

.Manually Inject Fields
[source,java]
------------------------------------
BeanProvider.injectFields(myObject);
------------------------------------

=== DependentProvider

`DependentProvider` must be used instead of `BeanProvider` to obtain instances of dependent-scoped beans to allow for
their proper destruction.

When obtaining contextual instances using `@Inject`, the normal-scoped ones get destroyed along with their associated
context. However, instances of dependent-scoped beans -- as implied by their name -- depend on the lifecycle of
the contextual instance which declares them and get destroyed along with this declaring bean's instance.

However, if dependent-scoped instances are obtained programmatically using `DependentProvider`, there's no
"declaring bean" to speak of and they *must be destroyed manually*.

.Obtaining and destroying an instance of a dependent-scoped bean using DependentProvider
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DependentProvider<MyBean> myBeanProvider = BeanProvider.getDependent(MyBean.class);
MyBean myBean = myBeanProvider.get();

// ...work with myBean...

myBeanProvider.destroy();
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

== BeanManagerProvider

This mechanism provides access to the `BeanManager` by registering the
current `BeanManager` during the startup. This is really handy if you
like to access CDI functionality from places where no CDI based
injection is available. If a simple but manual bean-lookup is needed,
it is easier to use the `BeanProvider`.

.Resolving the BeanManager
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//in most cases the following works without problems:
@Inject
private BeanManager beanManager;

//use
BeanManager beanManager = BeanManagerProvider.getInstance().getBeanManager();

//if CDI based injection is not available.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

`BeanManagerProvider` uses a different approach to find the correct `BeanManager`,
because a portable API for it has only been available from CDI 1.1.
However, once you are using CDI 1.1+ DeltaSpike delegates the lookup to the CDI container
instead of using its own approach.
If you migrate from CDI 1.0 to a later version of CDI and you would like to keep
the lookup strategy you used before, you can deactivate the delegation to the container by adding
`deltaspike.bean-manager.delegate_lookup=false` to your config-source
(e.g. in `/META-INF/apache-deltaspike.properties`).


== AnnotationInstanceProvider

Java EE provides a standard mechanism for obtaining annotation instances -- the `AnnotationLiteral` class.

[source,java]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class CurrentUserLiteral extends AnnotationLiteral<CurrentUser> implements CurrentUser {}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------
CurrentUser user = new CurrentUserLiteral() {};
-----------------------------------------------

`AnnotationLiteral` can however be used only if the annotation class name is known beforehand.
`AnnotationInstanceProvider` is the solution for dynamic creation of annotation instances, with
the option to provide a map of values for annotation members. That might be useful in many situations,
especially for CDI extension authors. For example:

* avoiding a compile-time dependency on an annotation class
+
[source,java]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class<? extends Annotation> priorityAnnotationClass = ClassUtils.tryToLoadClassForName("javax.annotation.Priority");
priorityAnnotationInstance = AnnotationInstanceProvider.of(priorityAnnotationClass, mapOfMemberValues);
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* getting an instance of a dynamically obtained annotation class
+
[source,java]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annotation exceptionQualifier = AnnotationInstanceProvider.of(jsfModuleConfig.getExceptionQualifier());
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* or simply for the sake of a prettier syntax compared to `AnnotationLiteral`
+
[source,java]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CurrentUser principal = AnnotationInstanceProvider.of(CurrentUser.class);
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

== Type-safe ProjectStage

The DeltaSpike <<projectstage.adoc#,ProjectStage>> mechanism allows to use configuration and implementations depending on the server environment you currently run on.

DeltaSpike provides some pre-defined <<projectstage.adoc#_introduction,ProjectStages>> but it's also possible to create your own <<projectstage.adoc#_custom_project_stages,Custom Project Stage>>, Please, check the <<projectstage.adoc#,DeltaSpike ProjectStage>> page for more details.

== @Exclude

With `@Exclude` it is possible to annotate beans which should be ignored
by CDI even if they are in a CDI enabled archive.

.Excluding a Bean in any Case
[source,java]
-------------------
@Exclude
public class NoBean
{
}
-------------------

.Excluding a Bean in Case of ProjectStageDevelopment
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------
@Exclude(ifProjectStage = ProjectStage.Development.class)
public class MyBean
{
}
---------------------------------------------------------

.Excluding a Bean if the ProjectStage is different from Development
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------
@Exclude(exceptIfProjectStage = ProjectStage.Development.class)
public class MyDevBean
{
}
---------------------------------------------------------------

The following usage allows to exclude a bean based on a configured value
(see the <<configuration.adocl#_configsources_provided_by_default,supported configuration sources>>).

.Excluding a Bean based on an Expression which Evaluates to True
[source,java]
-------------------------------------
@Exclude(onExpression = "db==prodDB")
public class DevDbBean
{
}
-------------------------------------

By default a simple syntax is supported ([TODO]), however, it is possible
to provide a custom `ExpressionInterpreter` for interpreting custom
expressions.

.Excluding a Bean based on a Custom Expression
[source,java]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Exclude(onExpression = "db eq prodDB", interpretedBy = SimpleExpressionInterpreter.class)
public class DevDbBean
{
}

public class SimpleExpressionInterpreter implements ExpressionInterpreter<String, Boolean>
{
    @Override
    public Boolean evaluate(String expression)
    {
        if(expression.contains(" eq "))
        {
            //...
        }
        //...
    }
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In several cases it is also useful to combine this feature with the `@Alternative` annotation provided by CDI.

In addition to the following snippet, it is required to configure the
implementation as alternative in the beans.xml file. This configuration entry
will not be changed, for example for different environments, because it just gets
active if it is not excluded during the bootstrapping process.

.Excluding an Alternative implementation if the ProjectStage is different from Development
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------
@Exclude(exceptIfProjectStage = ProjectStage.Development.class)
@Alternative
public class MyDevBean
{
}
---------------------------------------------------------------

=== Custom ExpressionInterpreter

By default only a very simple and limited syntax is supported. In real
projects there are usually quite concrete requirements. Since it would
be very complex to support most of them, it is easier for users to
implement an optimized syntax. For such cases a custom
ExpressionInterpreter is needed:

[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Alternative
@Exclude(onExpression = "environment!=HSQL", interpretedBy = ConfigAwareExpressionInterpreter.class)
public class DevDbBean implements DbBean
{
}

public class ConfigAwareExpressionInterpreter implements ExpressionInterpreter<String, Boolean>
{
    public Boolean evaluate(String expression)
    {
        if (expression == null)
        {
            return false;
        }

        String[] values = expression.split("!=");

        if (values.length != 2)
        {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("'" + expression + "' is not a supported syntax");
        }

        String configuredValue = ConfigResolver.getPropertyValue(values[0], null);

        //exclude if null or the configured value is different
        return configuredValue == null || !values[1].trim().equalsIgnoreCase(configuredValue);
    }
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

== Type-safe View-Config

TODO (Overview)

== Literals

Literals allow the instantiation of annotations by extending the
abstract class `javax.enterprise.util.AnnotationLiteral`

.Example
[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public abstract class PayByQualifier
       extends AnnotationLiteral<PayBy>
       implements PayBy {}

 PayBy paybyCheque = new PayByQualifier() { public PaymentMethod value() { return CHEQUE; } };
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DeltaSpike provides many annotation literals that you can use, including the following:

* AlternativeLiteral
* AnyLiteral
* ApplicationScopedLiteral
* ConversationScopedLiteral
* DefaultLiteral
* DependentScopeLiteral
* ModelLiteral
* NamedLiteral
* NewLiteral
* RequestedScopeLiteral
* SessionScopeLiteral
* Singleton
* SpecializesLiteral
* TypedLiteral

== Messages and i18n

The following implementation is the minimal effort to use type-safe
messages (which are hardcoded in this case).

.Simple Type-safe Message
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------
@MessageBundle
public interface SimpleMessage
{
    @MessageTemplate("Welcome to DeltaSpike")
    String welcomeToDeltaSpike();
}
---------------------------------------------

The following implementation uses the key `welcome_to_deltaspike` to do
a lookup in the default message bundle. The default bundle has the same
name as the interface (but .properties instead of .java (/.class) as
file extension).

.Internationalized Type-safe Message
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------
@MessageBundle
public interface SimpleMessage
{
    @MessageTemplate("{welcome_to_deltaspike}")
    String welcomeToDeltaSpike();
}

org.apache.deltaspike.example.message.SimpleMessage

->

org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/SimpleMessage.properties
org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/SimpleMessage_en.properties
org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/SimpleMessage_de.properties
...

//content (as usual in message bundle files):
welcome_to_deltaspike=Welcome to DeltaSpike
-----------------------------------------------------------------

The following implementation uses the key `welcome_to_deltaspike` to do
a lookup in a custom message bundle known by `CustomMessageResolver`.

.Internationalized Type-safe Message
[source,java]
--------------------------------------------------------------------
@MessageBundle
@MessageContextConfig(messageResolver = CustomMessageResolver.class)
public interface SimpleMessage
{
    @MessageTemplate("{welcome_to_deltaspike}")
    String welcomeToDeltaSpike();
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------

`@MessageContextConfig` allows to provide a custom `MessageResolver`,
`MessageInterpolator` and `LocaleResolver`.

The following implementation shows the usage of an internationalized
simple type-safe message.

.Internationalized Type-safe Message with Parameter/s
[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@MessageBundle
@MessageContextConfig(messageInterpolator = CustomMessageInterpolator.class)
public interface SimpleMessage
{
    //in the message bundle: welcome_to=Welcome to %s

    @MessageTemplate("{welcome_to}")
    String welcomeTo(String name);
}

//...
public class MyBean
{
    @Inject
    private SimpleMessage messages;

    public String welcomeToDeltaSpike
    {
        return this.messages.welcomeTo("DeltaSpike");
    }
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

=== Dynamic Message Builder

==== Creating Message Instances

The following implementation creates an instance of `Message` for the
key `hello`. The final text will be resolved and interpolated lazily.
Later on it might be supported to provide a different `MessageContext`
via `#toString(MessageContext)` like it is in MyFaces CODI right now.

You can use `#argument(String)` to pass these arguments to the message
template specified on `#template(String)` method. The template pattern
uses printf-style format strings.

[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class MyBean
{

    @Inject
    private MessageContext messageContext;

    public void action()
    {
        Message message = this.messageContext.message();
        write(message.template("Hello %s from %s").argument("World").argument("DeltaSpike"));
    }
    //...
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Besides the static configuration via `@MessageContextConfig#messageSource`, you
can also specify the message sources dynamically.

[source,java]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Inject
private MessageContext messageContext;

public void action()
{
    Message message = this.messageContext.messageSource("org.apache.deltaspike.example.message.Messages").message();
    write(message.template("{hello}").argument("World").argument("DeltaSpike"));
}
//...
->

org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/Messages.properties
org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/Messages_en.properties
org/apache/deltaspike/example/message/Messages_de.properties
...

//content (as usual) in message bundle files:
hello=Hello %s from %s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

==== Customizing the Message Context

===== MessageResolver

A message-resolver is responsible for creating the message-text based on
the message-descriptor (key or inline-text), the current locale (and in
some cases the message-payload). (The supported format, for example, if it is
required to escape a key, if inline-text is supported,... depends on the
concrete implementation.) In case of a message-key, the message-resolver
has to transform it to the message-text by looking it up in a message
source like a resource-bundle.

*Configuration of a message-resolver*

Besides the static configuration via `@MessageContextConfig#messageResolver`,
you can use it dynamically via passing a custom message-resolver
instance to the current messageContext:

[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Inject
private MessageContext messageContext;

//...

Message message = this.messageContext.messageResolver(new CustomMessageResolver()).message();
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The result of a `MessageResolver` is the message-text. The text might
contain placeholders which are processed by a `MessageInterpolator`

===== MessageInterpolator

A `MessageInterpolator` replaces the placeholders in a message-text with
the arguments of the message.

*Configuration of a message-interpolator*

Besides the static configuration via
`@MessageContextConfig#messageInterpolator, you can use it dynamically
via passing a custom message-interpolator instance to the current
messageContext:

[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Inject
private MessageContext messageContext;

//...
Message message = this.messageContext.messageInterpolator(new CustomMessageInterpolator()).message();
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

===== LocaleResolver

A locale resolver provides the current locale. The locale is, for example, used
to by a `MessageResolver` to choose the correct language for the
message-text.

*Configuration of a locale-resolver*

Besides the static configuration via `@MessageContextConfig#localeResolver, you
can use it dynamically via passing a custom locale-resolver instance to
the current messageContext:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Inject
private MessageContext messageContext;

//...
Message message = this.messageContext.localeResolver(new CustomLocaleResolver()).message();
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

== Injecting Resources

DeltaSpike has simple APIs for performing basic resource loading and
property file reading.

[source,java]
----------------------------------------
@Inject
@InjectableResource(location="myfile.properties")
private InputStream inputStream;
----------------------------------------

This can be used to read resources from the classpath or from the file
system using the two default implementations -- `ClasspathResourceProvider`
and `FileResourceProvider` -- or from any other source using a custom provider.

=== Custom resource providers

The `InjectableResourceProvider` interface can be implemented to allow reading from
alternate sources if needed (e.g. database LOBs, NoSQL storage areas). A base class called `AbstractResourceProvider`
is provided by DeltaSpike and contains most of the methods for potential implementations. The only method which must be
provided is the `readStream(InjectableResource)` which returns an InputStream.


== Exception Control

Exception handling in DeltaSpike is based around the CDI eventing model.
While the implementation of exception handlers may not be the same as a
CDI event, and the programming model is not exactly the same as
specifying a CDI event observer, the concepts are very similar.
DeltaSpike makes use of events for many of its features. Eventing is
actually the only way to start using DeltaSpike's exception handling.

This event is fired either by the application or a DeltaSpike exception
handling integration. DeltaSpike then hands the exception off to a chain
of registered handlers, which deal with the exception appropriately. The
use of CDI events to connect exceptions to handlers makes this strategy
of exception handling non-invasive and minimally coupled to the
exception handling infrastructure.

The exception handling process remains mostly transparent to the
developer. In most cases, you register an exception handler simply by
annotating a handler method. Alternatively, you can handle an exception
programmatically, just as you would observe an event in CDI.

=== Usage

The entire exception handling process starts with an event. This helps
keep your application minimally coupled to DeltaSpike, but also allows
for further extension. Exception handling in DeltaSpike is all about
letting you take care of exceptions the way that makes the most sense
for your application Events provide this delicate balance. Firing the
event is the main way of starting the exception handling proccess.

Manually firing an event to use DeltaSpike's exception handling is
primarily used in your own try/catch blocks. It is very painless and also
easy. Let's examine a sample that might exist inside of a simple
business logic lookup into an inventory database:

[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class InventoryActions {
    @PersistenceContext private EntityManager em;
    @Inject private Event<ExceptionToCatchEvent> catchEvent;

    public Integer queryForItem(Item item) {
        try {
          Query q = em.createQuery("SELECT i from Item i where i.id = :id");
          q.setParameter("id", item.getId());
          return q.getSingleResult();
        } catch (PersistenceException e) {
          catchEvent.fire(new ExceptionToCatchEvent(e));
        }
    }
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The `Event` of generic type `ExceptionToCatchEvent` is injected into
your class for use later within a try/catch block.

The event is fired with a new instance of `ExceptionToCatchEvent`
constructed with the exception to be handled.

=== Exception Handlers

As an application developer (i.e., an end user of DeltaSpike's exception
handling), you'll be focused on writing exception handlers. An exception
handler is a method on a CDI bean that is invoked to handle a specific
type of exception. Within that method, you can implement any logic
necessary to handle or respond to the exception.

*If there are no exception handlers for an exception, the exception is
rethrown - except `ExceptionToCatchEvent#optinal` is set to true*

Given that exception handler beans are CDI beans, they can make use of
dependency injection, be scoped, have interceptors or decorators and any
other functionality available to CDI beans.

Exception handler methods are designed to follow the syntax and
semantics of CDI observers, with some special purpose exceptions
explained in this guide. The advantage of this design is that exception
handlers will be immediately familiar to you if you are studying or
well-versed in CDI.

In this and subsequent sections, you'll learn how to define an exception
handler, explore how and when it gets invoked, modify an exception and a
stack trace, and even extend exception handling further through events
that are fired during the handling workflow. We'll begin by covering the
two annotations that are used to declare an exception handler,
`@ExceptionHandler` and `@Handles`, and `@BeforeHandles` to create a
callback before the handler is called.

Exception handlers are considered equal if they both handle the same
exception class, have the same qualifiers, the same ordinal and the same
value for `isBeforeHandler()`.

Exception handlers are contained within exception handler beans, which
are CDI beans annotated with `@ExceptionHandler`. Exception handlers are
methods which have a parameter which is an instance of
`ExceptionEvent<T extends Throwable>` annotated with the `@Handles`
annotation.

==== @ExceptionHandler

The `@ExceptionHandler` annotation is simply a marker annotation that
instructs the DeltaSpike exception handling CDI extension to scan the
bean for handler methods.

Let's designate a CDI bean as an exception handler by annotating it with
`@ExceptionHandler`.

[source,java]
--------------------------
@ExceptionHandler
public class MyHandlers {}
--------------------------

That's all there is to it. Now we can begin defining exception handling
methods on this bean.

==== @Handles and @BeforeHandles

`@Handles` is a method parameter annotation that designates a method as
an exception handler. Exception handler methods are registered on beans
annotated with `@ExceptionHandler`. DeltaSpike will discover all such
methods at deployment time.

Let's look at an example. The following method is invoked for every
exception that DeltaSpike processes and prints the exception message to
stdout. (`Throwable` is the base exception type in Java and thus
represents all exceptions).

[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------
@ExceptionHandler
public class MyHandlers
{
    void printExceptions(@Handles ExceptionEvent<Throwable> evt)
    {
        System.out.println("Something bad happened:" +
        evt.getException().getMessage());
        evt.handleAndContinue();
    }
}
----------------------------------------------------------------

The `@Handles` annotation on the first parameter designates this method
as an exception handler (though it is not required to be the first
parameter). This parameter must be of type
`ExceptionEvent<T extends Throwable>`, otherwise it is detected as a
definition error. The type parameter designates which exception the
method should handle. This method is notified of all exceptions
(requested by the base exception type `Throwable`).

The `ExceptionEvent` instance provides access to information about the
exception and can be used to control exception handling flow. In this
case, it is used to read the current exception being handled in the
exception chain, as returned by `getException()`.

This handler does not modify the invocation of subsequent handlers, as
designated by invoking `handleAndContinue()` on `ExceptionEvent`. As
this is the default behavior, this line could be omitted.

The `@Handles` annotation must be placed on a parameter of the method,
which must be of type `ExceptionEvent<T extends Throwable>`. Handler
methods are similar to CDI observers and, as such, follow the same
principles and guidelines as observers (such as invocation, injection of
parameters, qualifiers, etc) with the following exceptions:

* a parameter of a handler method must be a `ExceptionEvent`
* handlers are ordered before they are invoked (invocation order of
observers is non-deterministic)
* any handler can prevent subsequent handlers from being invoked

In addition to designating a method as exception handler, the `@Handles`
annotation specifies an `ordinal` about when the method should be
invoked relative to other handler methods of the same type. Handlers
with higher ordinal are invoked before handlers with a lower ordinal
that handle the same exception type. The default ordinal (if not
specified) is 0.

The `@BeforeHandles` designates a method as a callback to happen before
handlers are called.

Let's take a look at more sophisticated example that uses all the
features of handlers to log all exceptions.

[source,java]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@ExceptionHandler
public class MyHandlers
{
   void logExceptions(@BeforeHandles @WebRequest ExceptionEvent<Throwable> evt, Logger log)
   {
      log.warn("Something bad happened: " + evt.getException().getMessage());
   }

   void logExceptions(@Handles @WebRequest ExceptionEvent<Throwable> evt, Logger log)
   {
      // possibly send a HTTP Error code
   }
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This handler has a default ordinal of 0 (the default value of the
ordinal attribute on `@Handles`).

This handler is qualified with `@WebRequest`. When DeltaSpike calculates
the handler chain, it filters handlers based on the exception type and
qualifiers. This handler will only be invoked for exceptions passed to
DeltaSpike that carry the `@WebRequest` qualifier. We'll assume this
qualifier distinguishes a web page request from a REST request.

Any additional parameters of a handler method are treated as injection
points. These parameters are injected into the handler when it is
invoked by DeltaSpike. In this case, we are injecting a `Logger` bean
that must be defined within the application (or by an extension).

A handler is guaranteed to only be invoked once per exception
(automatically muted), unless it re-enables itself by invoking the
`unmute()` method on the `ExceptionEvent` instance.

Handlers must not throw checked exceptions, and should avoid throwing
unchecked exceptions. Should a handler throw an unchecked exception it
will propagate up the stack and all handling done via DeltaSpike will
cease. Any exception that was being handled will be lost.

==== Ordinal

When DeltaSpike finds more than one handler for the same exception type,
it orders the handlers by ordinal. Handlers with higher ordinal are
executed before handlers with a lower ordinal. If DeltaSpike detects two
handlers for the same type with the same ordinal, the order is
non-deterministic.

Let's define two handlers with different ordinals:

[source,java]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void handleIOExceptionFirst(@Handles(ordinal = 100) ExceptionEvent<IOException> evt)
{
   System.out.println("Invoked first");
}

void handleIOExceptionSecond(@Handles ExceptionEvent<IOException> evt)
{
 System.out.println(“Invoked second”);
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The first method is invoked first since it has a higher ordinal (100)
than the second method, which has the default ordinal (0).

To summarize, here's how DeltaSpike determines the order of handlers to
invoke (until a handler marks exception as handled):

1.  Unwrap exception stack
2.  Begin processing root cause
3.  Invoke any callback methods annotated with @BeforeHandles for the closest type to the exception
4.  Find handler for the closest type to the exception
5.  If multiple handlers for same type, invoke handlers with higher ordinal first
6.  Continue above steps for each exception in stack

=== Exception Chain Processing

When an exception is thrown, chances are it is nested (wrapped) inside
other exceptions. (If you've ever examined a server log, you'll
appreciate this fact). The collection of exceptions in its entirety is
termed an exception chain.

The outermost exception of an exception chain (e.g., EJBException,
ServletException, etc) is probably of little use to exception handlers.
That's why DeltaSpike does not simply pass the exception chain directly
to the exception handlers. Instead, it intelligently unwraps the chain
and treats the root exception cause as the primary exception.

The first exception handlers to be invoked by DeltaSpike are those that
match the type of root cause. Thus, instead of seeing a vague
`EJBException`, your handlers will instead see an meaningful exception
such as `ConstraintViolationException`. _This feature, alone, makes
DeltaSpike's exception handling a worthwhile tool._

DeltaSpike continues to work through the exception chain, notifying
handlers of each exception in the stack, until a handler flags the
exception as handled or the whole exception chain has been iterated.
Once an exception is marked as handled, DeltaSpike stops processing the
exception chain. If a handler instructs DeltaSpike to rethrow the
exception (by invoking `ExceptionEvent#throwOriginal()`, DeltaSpike will
rethrow the exception outside the DeltaSpike exception handling
infrastructure. Otherwise, it simply returns flow control to the caller.

Consider a exception chain containing the following nested causes (from
outer cause to root cause):

* EJBException
* PersistenceException
* SQLGrammarException

DeltaSpike will unwrap this exception and notify handlers in the
following order:

* SQLGrammarException
* PersistenceException
* EJBException

If there's a handler for `PersistenceException`, it will likely prevent
the handlers for `EJBException` from being invoked, which is a good
thing since what useful information can really be obtained from
`EJBException`?

=== APIs for Exception Information and Flow Control

There are two APIs provided by DeltaSpike that should be familiar to
application developers:

* `ExceptionEvent`
* `ExceptionStackEvent`

==== ExceptionEvent

In addition to providing information about the exception being handled,
the `ExceptionEvent` object contains methods to control the exception
handling process, such as rethrowing the exception, aborting the handler
chain or unmuting the current handler. Five methods exist on the
`ExceptionEvent` object to give flow control to the handler

* `abort()` -- terminate all handling immediately after this handler,
does not mark the exception as handled, does not re-throw the exception.
* `throwOriginal()` -- continues through all handlers, but once all
handlers have been called (assuming another handler does not call
abort() or handled()) the initial exception passed to DeltaSpike is
rethrown. Does not mark the exception as handled.
* `handled()` -- marks the exception as handled and terminates further
handling.
* `handleAndContinue()` -- default. Marks the exception as handled and
proceeds with the rest of the handlers.
* `skipCause()` -- marks the exception as handled, but proceeds to the
next cause in the cause container, without calling other handlers for
the current cause.
* `rethrow(Throwable)` -- Throw a new exception after this handler is
invoked

Once a handler is invoked it is muted, meaning it will not be run again
for that exception chain, unless it is explicitly marked as unmuted via
the `unmute()` method on `ExceptionEvent`.

== Scopes

DeltaSpike Core provides the API and SPI for several scopes. Currently
all scopes are only implemented in the <<jsf.adoc#_scopes,JSF module>>.

=== @WindowScoped

=== @ViewAccessScoped

=== @GroupedConversationScoped

=== Creating a Custom CDI Scope

To create a custom CDI scope to match your needs, complete the following steps:

1. Create an Annotation with annotated with @javax.inject.Scope;
+
.Example
[source,java]
----------------------------------------------------------------
@Scope
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.FIELD})
public @interface ACustomScope {}
----------------------------------------------------------------
+
2. Create an Extension to add the scope and a context for it.
+
.Example
[source,java]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class ACustomScopeExtension implements Extension, Serializable {

    public void addACustomScope(@Observes final BeforeBeanDiscovery event) {
        event.addScope(ACustomScope.class, true, false);
    }

    public void registerACustomScopeContext(@Observes final AfterBeanDiscovery event) {
        event.addContext(new ACustomScopeContext());
    }
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
3. Implement a javax.enterprise.context.spi.Context interface to hold the
javax.enterprise.inject.spi.Bean instances according to your needs.
+
.Example
[source,java]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class ACustomScopeContext implements Context, Serializable {

  // Get the scope type of the context object.
    public Class<? extends Annotation> getScope() {
        return ACustomScope.class;
    }

    // Return an existing instance of certain contextual type or create a new instance by calling
    // javax.enterprise.context.spi.Contextual.create(CreationalContext) and return the new instance.
    public <T> T get(Contextual<T> contextual, CreationalContext<T> creationalContext) {
        Bean bean = (Bean) contextual;
        // you can store the bean somewhere
        if (somewhere.containsKey(bean.getName())) {
            return (T) somewhere.get(bean.getName());
        } else {
            T t = (T) bean.create(creationalContext);
            somewhere.put(bean.getName(), t);
            return t;
        }
    }

    // Return an existing instance of a certain contextual type or a null value.
    public <T> T get(Contextual<T> contextual) {
        Bean bean = (Bean) contextual;
        // you can store the bean somewhere
        if (somewhere.containsKey(bean.getName())) {
            return (T) somewhere.get(bean.getName());
        } else {
            return null;
        }
    }

  // Determines if the context object is active.
    public boolean isActive() {
        return true;
    }

}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

== Deactivatable

DeltaSpike allows you to deactivate its own pre-configured parts (like Extensions, event-broadcasters,...).
Therefore DeltaSpike offers `org.apache.deltaspike.core.spi.activation.ClassDeactivator` and
`org.apache.deltaspike.core.spi.activation.Deactivatable`.

A `ClassDeactivator` allows to specify deactivated classes (if they implement `Deactivatable`)
which can't be deactivated/customized via std. CDI mechanisms
(like the veto-method or alternative/specialized CDI-beans).
This might be the case e.g. for CDI Extensions because CDI mechanisms are not available at startup time.

Use it mainly to deactivate specific parts *explicitly* (blacklist approach),
if there is an issue with such parts (and waiting for the next release isn't an option).

You just need to implement your <<spi.adoc#_classdeactivator,ClassDeactivator>>.

The `ClassDeactivator` should be resolved by any ConfigSource using the
key `org.apache.deltaspike.core.spi.activation.ClassDeactivator`. For
example, if we need to provide our own version of the SecurityExtension,
we can disable the SecurityExtension provided by DeltaSpike with the following `ClassDeactivator`:

.Disable a specific extension
[source,java]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class CustomClassDeactivator implements ClassDeactivator
{
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    public Boolean isActivated(Class<? extends Deactivatable> targetClass)
    {
        if (targetClass.equals(SecurityExtension.class))
        {
            return Boolean.FALSE;
        }
        return null; //no result for the given class
    }
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now, we can use the file `/META-INF/apache-deltaspike.properties` (or any
other <<configuration.adoc#_configsources_provided_by_default,ConfigSource>>) with the following key/value:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
org.apache.deltaspike.core.spi.activation.ClassDeactivator=org.test.CustomClassDeactivator
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SecurityExtension still gets started, because it isn't possible to veto it, however, it isn't processing beans (once deactivated)
and therefore it's e.g. possible to extend and customize the default implementation provided by DeltaSpike.

The following listing shows how to enable only a minimal set of extensions.
Technically that's possible, however, it isn't suggested to use such an approach,
because you might disable mechanisms need later on (in your project).

.Possible but not suggested
[source,java]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class WhitelistFilter implements ClassDeactivator
{
    private List<Class<?>> limitedExtensions =
      new ArrayList<Class<?>>()
    {{
        add(ConfigurationExtension.class);
        add(PartialBeanBindingExtension.class);
        add(RepositoryExtension.class);
    }};

    @Override
    public Boolean isActivated(
      Class<? extends Deactivatable> deactivatableClass)
    {
        return !Extension.class.isAssignableFrom(deactivatableClass) ||
            limitedExtensions.contains(deactivatableClass);
    }
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Instead it's better to disable the part you really like to deactivate (see `CustomClassDeactivator`).

=== Deactivate Deactivatable-Classes via Config

The default implementation of `ClassDeactivator` allows to deactivate classes by adding config-entries to one of your config-sources (like `META-INF\apache-deltaspike.properties`).
The following example shows how it would look like e.g. in case of the SecurityExtension:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
deactivate.org.apache.deltaspike.security.impl.extension.SecurityExtension=true
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

== Asynchronous Operations

DeltaSpike provides support for executing code in an asynchronous manner.  The behavior is implemented as three different interceptors for your beans.

- `@Futureable` - Designed for bean methods that return `Future's` of some form.  The method call will automatically be submitted to an `ExecutorService`
- `@Locked` - Ability to prevent concurrent access to a method based on its usage of reads/writes.
- `@Throttled` - Ability to limit how frequently a method can be invoked.

== @Futureable configuration

The strategy to find the `ExecutorService` associated to the `@Futureable` name is the following one:

1. Check if there is a CDI bean of type `ExecutorService` with the name of the pool, if not try 2
2. Check if there is a JNDI entry matching the pool name directly or prefixed with `java:app/`, `java:global/`, `java:global/threads/`, `java:global/deltaspike/`, `java:`, if not try 3
3. Read the configuration and create a `ThreadPoolExecutor`

IMPORTANT: the instance is looked up only once so from the first time it was read you can't change any configuration anymore.

If you rely on the last option (configured executor) here are the keys you can set in DeltaSpike configuration:

|===
| Key | Description | Default
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.coreSize | The core size of the pool. | Number of available processors
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.maxSize | The max size of the pool. | coreSize value
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.keepAlive.value | Pool keep alive (when a thread is released). | 0
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.keepAlive.unit | Unit of keepAlive.value. It must match a `TIMEUNIT` name. | MILLISECONDS
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.queue.type | The task queue type of the executor. Can be `ARRAY` to use an `ArrayBlockingQueue`, `LINKED` for a `LinkedBlockingQueue` or `SYNCHRONOUS` for a `SynchronousQueue`. | LINKED
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.queue.fair | For synchronous and array queue types, if the queue is fair. | false
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.queue.size | For array queue type, the size of the queue. | 1024
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.queue.capacity | For linked queue type, the capacity of the queue. | `Integer.MAX_VALUE`
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.threadFactory.name | If set a CDI bean matching the value will be looked up and used as `ThreadFactory`. | none, `Executors.defaultThreadFactory()` is used
| futureable.pool.<pool name>.rejectedExecutionHandler.name | If set a CDI bean matching the value will be looked up and used as `RejectedExecutionHandler`. | none, `ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy` is used
|===

== Utilities

DeltaSpike provides many utility classes (no constructor / static
methods) that can be useful for your project.

Below you can find an information about these classes.

=== AnnotationUtils

Utilities for working with annotations on methods and classes.

* `#findAnnotation` -- obtains an `Annotation` instance of a given annotation `Class` from the given `Annotation[]`, recursing any possible stereotype tree along the way
* `#extractAnnotationFromMethod` -- uses `findAnnotation` to obtain an `Annotation` from a given `Method`
* `#extractAnnotationFromMethodOrClass` -- uses `findAnnotation` to obtain an `Annotation` on either the given `Method` or the given `Class`, in that order
* `#getQualifierHashCode` -- computes the hashCode of a qualifier annotation, taking into account only the "binding" members (not annotated `@Nonbinding`)

=== ArraysUtils


A collection of utilities for working with Arrays

* `#asSet` -- Create a set from an array. If the array contains duplicate
objects, the last object in the array will be placed in resultant set.


=== BeanUtils

A set of utility methods for working with beans.

* `#getQualifiers` -- Extract the qualifiers from a set of annotations.
* `#extractAnnotation` -- Extract the annotations.
* `#createInjectionPoints` -- Given a method, and the bean on which the method is declared, create a collection of injection points representing the parameters of the method.


=== ContextUtils

A set of utility methods for working with contexts.

* `#isContextActive` -- Checks if the context for the scope annotation is active.


=== ClassDeactivationUtils


Helper methods for `ClassDeactivator`

* `#isActivated` -- Evaluates if the given `Deactivatable` is active.

To add a custom `ClassDeactivator` add `org.apache.deltaspike.core.spi.activation.ClassDeactivator=my.CustomClassDeactivator` to `META-INF\apache-deltaspike.properties`. Or configure it via a custom `ConfigSource`.

=== ExceptionUtils

Helper methods to deal with Exceptions

* `#throwAsRuntimeException` -- helper which allows to use a trick to throw a catched checked exception without a wrapping exception.
* `#changeAndThrowException` -- helper which allows to use a trick to throw a cached checked exception without a wrapping exception.

=== PropertyFileUtils

Helper methods for Property files

* `#resolvePropertyFiles` -- Allows to lookup for resource bundle files.
* `#loadProperties` -- Load a Properties file from the given URL.
* `#getResourceBundle` -- Return the ResourceBundle for the current default Locale.


=== ProxyUtils

Helper for CDI proxies

* `#getUnproxiedClass` -- Return class of the real implementation.
* `#isProxiedClass` -- Analyses if the given class is a generated proxy class.

=== StringUtils

A collection of utilities for working with Strings.

* `#isEmpty` -- return true if the String is null or empty ( `string.trim().isEmpty()` )