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<div id="sidebar" class="interface">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Underscore.js <span class="version">(1.3.3)</span>
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Introduction
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#collections">
Collections
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#each">each</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#map">map</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#reduce">reduce</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#reduceRight">reduceRight</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#find">find</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#filter">filter</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#reject">reject</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#all">all</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#any">any</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#include">include</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#invoke">invoke</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#pluck">pluck</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#max">max</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#min">min</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#sortBy">sortBy</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#sortedIndex">sortedIndex</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#shuffle">shuffle</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#toArray">toArray</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#size">size</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#arrays">
Arrays
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#first">first</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#initial">initial</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#last">last</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#rest">rest</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#compact">compact</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#flatten">flatten</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#without">without</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#union">union</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#intersection">intersection</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#difference">difference</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#uniq">uniq</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#zip">zip</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#range">range</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#functions">
Functions
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#bind">bind</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#bindAll">bindAll</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#memoize">memoize</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#delay">delay</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#defer">defer</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#throttle">throttle</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#debounce">debounce</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#once">once</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#after">after</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#wrap">wrap</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#compose">compose</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#objects">
Objects
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#keys">keys</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#values">values</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#object-functions">functions</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#extend">extend</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#pick">pick</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#defaults">defaults</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#clone">clone</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#tap">tap</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#has">has</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isEqual">isEqual</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isElement">isElement</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isArray">isArray</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isObject">isObject</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isArguments">isArguments</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isFunction">isFunction</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isString">isString</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isNumber">isNumber</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isFinite">isFinite</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isBoolean">isBoolean</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isDate">isDate</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isRegExp">isRegExp</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isNaN">isNaN</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isNull">isNull</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#isUndefined">isUndefined</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#utility">
Utility
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#noConflict">noConflict</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#identity">identity</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#times">times</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#mixin">mixin</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#uniqueId">uniqueId</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#escape">escape</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#result">result</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#template">template</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#chaining">
Chaining
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#chain">chain</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#value">value</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#links">
Links
</a>
<a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
Change Log
</a>
</div>
<div class="container">
<p id="introduction">
<img style="width: 396px; height: 69px;" src="docs/images/underscore.png" alt="Underscore.js" />
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">Underscore</a> is a
utility-belt library for JavaScript that provides a lot of the
functional programming support that you would expect in
<a href="http://prototypejs.org/api">Prototype.js</a>
(or <a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Ruby</a>),
but without extending any of the built-in JavaScript objects. It's the
tie to go along with <a href="http://docs.jquery.com">jQuery</a>'s tux,
and <a href="http://backbonejs.org">Backbone.js</a>'s suspenders.
</p>
<p>
Underscore provides 60-odd functions that support both the usual
functional suspects: <b>map</b>, <b>select</b>, <b>invoke</b> &mdash;
as well as more specialized helpers: function binding, javascript
templating, deep equality testing, and so on. It delegates to built-in
functions, if present, so modern browsers will use the
native implementations of <b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, <b>reduce</b>,
<b>filter</b>, <b>every</b>, <b>some</b> and <b>indexOf</b>.
</p>
<p>
A complete <a href="test/test.html">Test &amp; Benchmark Suite</a>
is included for your perusal.
</p>
<p>
You may also read through the <a href="docs/underscore.html">annotated source code</a>.
</p>
<p>
The project is
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">hosted on GitHub</a>.
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues">issues page</a>,
on Freenode in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel,
or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
</p>
<p>
<i>Underscore is an open-source component of <a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.</i>
</p>
<h2>Downloads <i style="padding-left: 12px; font-size:12px;">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</i></h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore.js">Development Version (1.3.3)</a></td>
<td><i>37kb, Uncompressed with Plentiful Comments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="underscore-min.js">Production Version (1.3.3)</a></td>
<td><i>4kb, Minified and Gzipped</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="warning">Upgrade warning: versions 1.3.0 and higher remove AMD (RequireJS) support.</div>
<div id="documentation">
<h2 id="collections">Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)</h2>
<p id="each">
<b class="header">each</b><code>_.each(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>forEach</b></span>
<br />
Iterates over a <b>list</b> of elements, yielding each in turn to an <b>iterator</b>
function. The <b>iterator</b> is bound to the <b>context</b> object, if one is
passed. Each invocation of <b>iterator</b> is called with three arguments:
<tt>(element, index, list)</tt>. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object, <b>iterator</b>'s
arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>. Delegates to the native
<b>forEach</b> function if it exists.
</p>
<pre>
_.each([1, 2, 3], function(num){ alert(num); });
=&gt; alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ alert(num); });
=&gt; alerts each number in turn...</pre>
<p id="map">
<b class="header">map</b><code>_.map(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>collect</b></span>
<br />
Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in <b>list</b>
through a transformation function (<b>iterator</b>). If the native <b>map</b> method
exists, it will be used instead. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object,
<b>iterator</b>'s arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>.
</p>
<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]</pre>
<p id="reduce">
<b class="header">reduce</b><code>_.reduce(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Aliases: <b>inject, foldl</b></span>
<br />
Also known as <b>inject</b> and <b>foldl</b>, <b>reduce</b> boils down a
<b>list</b> of values into a single value. <b>Memo</b> is the initial state
of the reduction, and each successive step of it should be returned by
<b>iterator</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=&gt; 6
</pre>
<p id="reduceRight">
<b class="header">reduceRight</b><code>_.reduceRight(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>foldr</b></span>
<br />
The right-associative version of <b>reduce</b>. Delegates to the
JavaScript 1.8 version of <b>reduceRight</b>, if it exists. <b>Foldr</b>
is not as useful in JavaScript as it would be in a language with lazy
evaluation.
</p>
<pre>
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=&gt; [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
</pre>
<p id="find">
<b class="header">find</b><code>_.find(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>detect</b></span>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning the first one that
passes a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). The function returns as
soon as it finds an acceptable element, and doesn't traverse the
entire list.
</p>
<pre>
var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; 2
</pre>
<p id="filter">
<b class="header">filter</b><code>_.filter(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>select</b></span>
<br />
Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning an array of all
the values that pass a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). Delegates to the
native <b>filter</b> method, if it exists.
</p>
<pre>
var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [2, 4, 6]
</pre>
<p id="reject">
<b class="header">reject</b><code>_.reject(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the values in <b>list</b> without the elements that the truth
test (<b>iterator</b>) passes. The opposite of <b>filter</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [1, 3, 5]
</pre>
<p id="all">
<b class="header">all</b><code>_.all(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>every</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if all of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the <b>iterator</b>
truth test. Delegates to the native method <b>every</b>, if present.
</p>
<pre>
_.all([true, 1, null, 'yes'], _.identity);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="any">
<b class="header">any</b><code>_.any(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>some</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if any of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the
<b>iterator</b> truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
if a true element is found. Delegates to the native method <b>some</b>,
if present.
</p>
<pre>
_.any([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="include">
<b class="header">include</b><code>_.include(list, value)</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>contains</b></span>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if the <b>value</b> is present in the <b>list</b>, using
<i>===</i> to test equality. Uses <b>indexOf</b> internally, if <b>list</b>
is an Array.
</p>
<pre>
_.include([1, 2, 3], 3);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="invoke">
<b class="header">invoke</b><code>_.invoke(list, methodName, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Calls the method named by <b>methodName</b> on each value in the <b>list</b>.
Any extra arguments passed to <b>invoke</b> will be forwarded on to the
method invocation.
</p>
<pre>
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=&gt; [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
</pre>
<p id="pluck">
<b class="header">pluck</b><code>_.pluck(list, propertyName)</code>
<br />
A convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
<b>map</b>: extracting a list of property values.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=&gt; ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
</pre>
<p id="max">
<b class="header">max</b><code>_.max(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the maximum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
value is ranked.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=&gt; {name : 'curly', age : 60};
</pre>
<p id="min">
<b class="header">min</b><code>_.min(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
<br />
Returns the minimum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
value is ranked.
</p>
<pre>
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=&gt; 2
</pre>
<p id="sortBy">
<b class="header">sortBy</b><code>_.sortBy(list, iterator, [context])</code>
<br />
Returns a sorted copy of <b>list</b>, ranked in ascending order by the
results of running each value through <b>iterator</b>. Iterator may
also be the string name of the property to sort by (eg. <tt>length</tt>).
</p>
<pre>
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=&gt; [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]
</pre>
<p id="groupBy">
<b class="header">groupBy</b><code>_.groupBy(list, iterator)</code>
<br />
Splits a collection into sets, grouped by the result of running each
value through <b>iterator</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is a string instead of
a function, groups by the property named by <b>iterator</b> on each of
the values.
</p>
<pre>
_.groupBy([1.3, 2.1, 2.4], function(num){ return Math.floor(num); });
=&gt; {1: [1.3], 2: [2.1, 2.4]}
_.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
=&gt; {3: ["one", "two"], 5: ["three"]}
</pre>
<p id="sortedIndex">
<b class="header">sortedIndex</b><code>_.sortedIndex(list, value, [iterator])</code>
<br />
Uses a binary search to determine the index at which the <b>value</b>
<i>should</i> be inserted into the <b>list</b> in order to maintain the <b>list</b>'s
sorted order. If an <b>iterator</b> is passed, it will be used to compute
the sort ranking of each value.
</p>
<pre>
_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
=&gt; 3
</pre>
<p id="shuffle">
<b class="header">shuffle</b><code>_.shuffle(list)</code>
<br />
Returns a shuffled copy of the <b>list</b>, using a version of the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle">Fisher-Yates shuffle</a>.
</p>
<pre>
_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=&gt; [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
</pre>
<p id="toArray">
<b class="header">toArray</b><code>_.toArray(list)</code>
<br />
Converts the <b>list</b> (anything that can be iterated over), into a
real Array. Useful for transmuting the <b>arguments</b> object.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
=&gt; [2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="size">
<b class="header">size</b><code>_.size(list)</code>
<br />
Return the number of values in the <b>list</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.size({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; 3
</pre>
<h2 id="arrays">Array Functions</h2>
<p>
<i>Note: All array functions will also work on the <b>arguments</b> object.</i>
</p>
<p id="first">
<b class="header">first</b><code>_.first(array, [n])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>head</b></span>
<br />
Returns the first element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will
return the first <b>n</b> elements of the array.
</p>
<pre>
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 5
</pre>
<p id="initial">
<b class="header">initial</b><code>_.initial(array, [n])</code>
<br />
Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
the arguments object. Pass <b>n</b> to exclude the last <b>n</b> elements
from the result.
</p>
<pre>
_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [5, 4, 3, 2]
</pre>
<p id="last">
<b class="header">last</b><code>_.last(array, [n])</code>
<br />
Returns the last element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will return
the last <b>n</b> elements of the array.
</p>
<pre>
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 1
</pre>
<p id="rest">
<b class="header">rest</b><code>_.rest(array, [index])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>tail</b></span>
<br />
Returns the <b>rest</b> of the elements in an array. Pass an <b>index</b>
to return the values of the array from that index onward.
</p>
<pre>
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [4, 3, 2, 1]
</pre>
<p id="compact">
<b class="header">compact</b><code>_.compact(array)</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all falsy values removed.
In JavaScript, <i>false</i>, <i>null</i>, <i>0</i>, <i>""</i>,
<i>undefined</i> and <i>NaN</i> are all falsy.
</p>
<pre>
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<p id="flatten">
<b class="header">flatten</b><code>_.flatten(array, [shallow])</code>
<br />
Flattens a nested <b>array</b> (the nesting can be to any depth). If you
pass <b>shallow</b>, the array will only be flattened a single level.
</p>
<pre>
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4];
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
</pre>
<p id="without">
<b class="header">without</b><code>_.without(array, [*values])</code>
<br />
Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all instances of the <b>values</b>
removed. <i>===</i> is used for the equality test.
</p>
<pre>
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=&gt; [2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="union">
<b class="header">union</b><code>_.union(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the union of the passed-in <b>arrays</b>: the list of unique items,
in order, that are present in one or more of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
</pre>
<p id="intersection">
<b class="header">intersection</b><code>_.intersection(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the <b>arrays</b>.
Each value in the result is present in each of the <b>arrays</b>.
</p>
<pre>
_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2]
</pre>
<p id="difference">
<b class="header">difference</b><code>_.difference(array, *others)</code>
<br />
Similar to <b>without</b>, but returns the values from <b>array</b> that
are not present in the <b>other</b> arrays.
</p>
<pre>
_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
=&gt; [1, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="uniq">
<b class="header">uniq</b><code>_.uniq(array, [isSorted], [iterator])</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>unique</b></span>
<br />
Produces a duplicate-free version of the <b>array</b>, using <i>===</i> to test
object equality. If you know in advance that the <b>array</b> is sorted,
passing <i>true</i> for <b>isSorted</b> will run a much faster algorithm.
If you want to compute unique items based on a transformation, pass an
<b>iterator</b> function.
</p>
<pre>
_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4]
</pre>
<p id="zip">
<b class="header">zip</b><code>_.zip(*arrays)</code>
<br />
Merges together the values of each of the <b>arrays</b> with the
values at the corresponding position. Useful when you have separate
data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
If you're working with a matrix of nested arrays, <b>zip.apply</b>
can transpose the matrix in a similar fashion.
</p>
<pre>
_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
=&gt; [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
</pre>
<p id="indexOf">
<b class="header">indexOf</b><code>_.indexOf(array, value, [isSorted])</code>
<br />
Returns the index at which <b>value</b> can be found in the <b>array</b>,
or <i>-1</i> if value is not present in the <b>array</b>. Uses the native
<b>indexOf</b> function unless it's missing. If you're working with a
large array, and you know that the array is already sorted, pass <tt>true</tt>
for <b>isSorted</b> to use a faster binary search.
</p>
<pre>
_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 1
</pre>
<p id="lastIndexOf">
<b class="header">lastIndexOf</b><code>_.lastIndexOf(array, value)</code>
<br />
Returns the index of the last occurrence of <b>value</b> in the <b>array</b>,
or <i>-1</i> if value is not present. Uses the native <b>lastIndexOf</b>
function if possible.
</p>
<pre>
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 4
</pre>
<p id="range">
<b class="header">range</b><code>_.range([start], stop, [step])</code>
<br />
A function to create flexibly-numbered lists of integers, handy for
<tt>each</tt> and <tt>map</tt> loops. <b>start</b>, if omitted, defaults
to <i>0</i>; <b>step</b> defaults to <i>1</i>. Returns a list of integers
from <b>start</b> to <b>stop</b>, incremented (or decremented) by <b>step</b>,
exclusive.
</p>
<pre>
_.range(10);
=&gt; [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
_.range(1, 11);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
_.range(0, 30, 5);
=&gt; [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
_.range(0, -10, -1);
=&gt; [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
_.range(0);
=&gt; []
</pre>
<h2 id="functions">Function (uh, ahem) Functions</h2>
<p id="bind">
<b class="header">bind</b><code>_.bind(function, object, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Bind a <b>function</b> to an <b>object</b>, meaning that whenever
the function is called, the value of <i>this</i> will be the <b>object</b>.
Optionally, bind <b>arguments</b> to the <b>function</b> to pre-fill them,
also known as <b>partial application</b>.
</p>
<pre>
var func = function(greeting){ return greeting + ': ' + this.name };
func = _.bind(func, {name : 'moe'}, 'hi');
func();
=&gt; 'hi: moe'
</pre>
<p id="bindAll">
<b class="header">bindAll</b><code>_.bindAll(object, [*methodNames])</code>
<br />
Binds a number of methods on the <b>object</b>, specified by
<b>methodNames</b>, to be run in the context of that object whenever they
are invoked. Very handy for binding functions that are going to be used
as event handlers, which would otherwise be invoked with a fairly useless
<i>this</i>. If no <b>methodNames</b> are provided, all of the object's
function properties will be bound to it.
</p>
<pre>
var buttonView = {
label : 'underscore',
onClick : function(){ alert('clicked: ' + this.label); },
onHover : function(){ console.log('hovering: ' + this.label); }
};
_.bindAll(buttonView);
jQuery('#underscore_button').bind('click', buttonView.onClick);
=&gt; When the button is clicked, this.label will have the correct value...
</pre>
<p id="memoize">
<b class="header">memoize</b><code>_.memoize(function, [hashFunction])</code>
<br />
Memoizes a given <b>function</b> by caching the computed result. Useful
for speeding up slow-running computations. If passed an optional
<b>hashFunction</b>, it will be used to compute the hash key for storing
the result, based on the arguments to the original function. The default
<b>hashFunction</b> just uses the first argument to the memoized function
as the key.
</p>
<pre>
var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
return n &lt; 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
});
</pre>
<p id="delay">
<b class="header">delay</b><code>_.delay(function, wait, [*arguments])</code>
<br />
Much like <b>setTimeout</b>, invokes <b>function</b> after <b>wait</b>
milliseconds. If you pass the optional <b>arguments</b>, they will be
forwarded on to the <b>function</b> when it is invoked.
</p>
<pre>
var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
_.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
=&gt; 'logged later' // Appears after one second.
</pre>
<p id="defer">
<b class="header">defer</b><code>_.defer(function)</code>
<br />
Defers invoking the <b>function</b> until the current call stack has cleared,
similar to using <b>setTimeout</b> with a delay of 0. Useful for performing
expensive computations or HTML rendering in chunks without blocking the UI thread
from updating.
</p>
<pre>
_.defer(function(){ alert('deferred'); });
// Returns from the function before the alert runs.
</pre>
<p id="throttle">
<b class="header">throttle</b><code>_.throttle(function, wait)</code>
<br />
Creates and returns a new, throttled version of the passed function,
that, when invoked repeatedly, will only actually call the original function
at most once per every <b>wait</b>
milliseconds. Useful for rate-limiting events that occur faster than you
can keep up with.
</p>
<pre>
var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
$(window).scroll(throttled);
</pre>
<p id="debounce">
<b class="header">debounce</b><code>_.debounce(function, wait, [immediate])</code>
<br />
Creates and returns a new debounced version of the passed function that
will postpone its execution until after
<b>wait</b> milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it
was invoked. Useful for implementing behavior that should only happen
<i>after</i> the input has stopped arriving. For example: rendering a
preview of a Markdown comment, recalculating a layout after the window
has stopped being resized, and so on.
</p>
<p>
Pass <tt>true</tt> for the <b>immediate</b> parameter to cause
<b>debounce</b> to trigger the function on the leading intead of the
trailing edge of the <b>wait</b> interval. Useful in circumstances like
preventing accidental double-clicks on a "submit" button from firing a
second time.
</p>
<pre>
var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
$(window).resize(lazyLayout);
</pre>
<p id="once">
<b class="header">once</b><code>_.once(function)</code>
<br />
Creates a version of the function that can only be called one time.
Repeated calls to the modified function will have no effect, returning
the value from the original call. Useful for initialization functions,
instead of having to set a boolean flag and then check it later.
</p>
<pre>
var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
initialize();
initialize();
// Application is only created once.
</pre>
<p id="after">
<b class="header">after</b><code>_.after(count, function)</code>
<br />
Creates a version of the function that will only be run after first
being called <b>count</b> times. Useful for grouping asynchronous responses,
where you want to be sure that all the async calls have finished, before
proceeding.
</p>
<pre>
var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
_.each(notes, function(note) {
note.asyncSave({success: renderNotes});
});
// renderNotes is run once, after all notes have saved.
</pre>
<p id="wrap">
<b class="header">wrap</b><code>_.wrap(function, wrapper)</code>
<br />
Wraps the first <b>function</b> inside of the <b>wrapper</b> function,
passing it as the first argument. This allows the <b>wrapper</b> to
execute code before and after the <b>function</b> runs, adjust the arguments,
and execute it conditionally.
</p>
<pre>
var hello = function(name) { return "hello: " + name; };
hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
return "before, " + func("moe") + ", after";
});
hello();
=&gt; 'before, hello: moe, after'
</pre>
<p id="compose">
<b class="header">compose</b><code>_.compose(*functions)</code>
<br />
Returns the composition of a list of <b>functions</b>, where each function
consumes the return value of the function that follows. In math terms,
composing the functions <i>f()</i>, <i>g()</i>, and <i>h()</i> produces
<i>f(g(h()))</i>.
</p>
<pre>
var greet = function(name){ return "hi: " + name; };
var exclaim = function(statement){ return statement + "!"; };
var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
welcome('moe');
=&gt; 'hi: moe!'
</pre>
<h2 id="objects">Object Functions</h2>
<p id="keys">
<b class="header">keys</b><code>_.keys(object)</code>
<br />
Retrieve all the names of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
</p>
<pre>
_.keys({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; ["one", "two", "three"]
</pre>
<p id="values">
<b class="header">values</b><code>_.values(object)</code>
<br />
Return all of the values of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
</p>
<pre>
_.values({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<p id="object-functions">
<b class="header">functions</b><code>_.functions(object)</code>
<span class="alias">Alias: <b>methods</b></span>
<br />
Returns a sorted list of the names of every method in an object &mdash;
that is to say, the name of every function property of the object.
</p>
<pre>
_.functions(_);
=&gt; ["all", "any", "bind", "bindAll", "clone", "compact", "compose" ...
</pre>
<p id="extend">
<b class="header">extend</b><code>_.extend(destination, *sources)</code>
<br />
Copy all of the properties in the <b>source</b> objects over to the
<b>destination</b> object, and return the <b>destination</b> object.
It's in-order, so the last source will override properties of the same
name in previous arguments.
</p>
<pre>
_.extend({name : 'moe'}, {age : 50});
=&gt; {name : 'moe', age : 50}
</pre>
<p id="pick">
<b class="header">pick</b><code>_.pick(object, *keys)</code>
<br />
Return a copy of the <b>object</b>, filtered to only have values for
the whitelisted <b>keys</b> (or array of valid keys).
</p>
<pre>
_.pick({name : 'moe', age: 50, userid : 'moe1'}, 'name', 'age');
=&gt; {name : 'moe', age : 50}
</pre>
<p id="defaults">
<b class="header">defaults</b><code>_.defaults(object, *defaults)</code>
<br />
Fill in missing properties in <b>object</b> with default values from the
<b>defaults</b> objects, and return the <b>object</b>. As soon as the
property is filled, further defaults will have no effect.
</p>
<pre>
var iceCream = {flavor : "chocolate"};
_.defaults(iceCream, {flavor : "vanilla", sprinkles : "lots"});
=&gt; {flavor : "chocolate", sprinkles : "lots"}
</pre>
<p id="clone">
<b class="header">clone</b><code>_.clone(object)</code>
<br />
Create a shallow-copied clone of the <b>object</b>. Any nested objects
or arrays will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
</p>
<pre>
_.clone({name : 'moe'});
=&gt; {name : 'moe'};
</pre>
<p id="tap">
<b class="header">tap</b><code>_.tap(object, interceptor)</code>
<br />
Invokes <b>interceptor</b> with the <b>object</b>, and then returns <b>object</b>.
The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
</p>
<pre>
_.chain([1,2,3,200])
.filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
.tap(alert)
.map(function(num) { return num * num })
.value();
=&gt; // [2, 200] (alerted)
=&gt; [4, 40000]
</pre>
<p id="has">
<b class="header">has</b><code>_.has(object, key)</code>
<br />
Does the object contain the given key? Identical to
<tt>object.hasOwnProperty(key)</tt>, but uses a safe reference to the
<tt>hasOwnProperty</tt> function, in case it's been
<a href="http://www.devthought.com/2012/01/18/an-object-is-not-a-hash/">overridden accidentally</a>.
</p>
<pre>
_.has({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, "b");
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isEqual">
<b class="header">isEqual</b><code>_.isEqual(object, other)</code>
<br />
Performs an optimized deep comparison between the two objects, to determine
if they should be considered equal.
</p>
<pre>
var moe = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
var clone = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
moe == clone;
=&gt; false
_.isEqual(moe, clone);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isEmpty">
<b class="header">isEmpty</b><code>_.isEmpty(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> contains no values.
</p>
<pre>
_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
=&gt; false
_.isEmpty({});
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isElement">
<b class="header">isElement</b><code>_.isElement(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a DOM element.
</p>
<pre>
_.isElement(jQuery('body')[0]);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isArray">
<b class="header">isArray</b><code>_.isArray(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Array.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.isArray(arguments); })();
=&gt; false
_.isArray([1,2,3]);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isObject">
<b class="header">isObject</b><code>_.isObject(value)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>value</b> is an Object.
</p>
<pre>
_.isObject({});
=&gt; true
_.isObject(1);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isArguments">
<b class="header">isArguments</b><code>_.isArguments(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Arguments object.
</p>
<pre>
(function(){ return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
=&gt; true
_.isArguments([1,2,3]);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isFunction">
<b class="header">isFunction</b><code>_.isFunction(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Function.
</p>
<pre>
_.isFunction(alert);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isString">
<b class="header">isString</b><code>_.isString(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a String.
</p>
<pre>
_.isString("moe");
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isNumber">
<b class="header">isNumber</b><code>_.isNumber(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Number (including <tt>NaN</tt>).
</p>
<pre>
_.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isFinite">
<b class="header">isFinite</b><code>_.isFinite(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a finite Number.
</p>
<pre>
_.isFinite(-101);
=&gt; true
_.isFinite(-Infinity);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isBoolean">
<b class="header">isBoolean</b><code>_.isBoolean(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is either <i>true</i> or <i>false</i>.
</p>
<pre>
_.isBoolean(null);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isDate">
<b class="header">isDate</b><code>_.isDate(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Date.
</p>
<pre>
_.isDate(new Date());
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isRegExp">
<b class="header">isRegExp</b><code>_.isRegExp(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a RegExp.
</p>
<pre>
_.isRegExp(/moe/);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<p id="isNaN">
<b class="header">isNaN</b><code>_.isNaN(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is <i>NaN</i>.<br /> Note: this is not
the same as the native <b>isNaN</b> function, which will also return
true if the variable is <i>undefined</i>.
</p>
<pre>
_.isNaN(NaN);
=&gt; true
isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; true
_.isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isNull">
<b class="header">isNull</b><code>_.isNull(object)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if the value of <b>object</b> is <i>null</i>.
</p>
<pre>
_.isNull(null);
=&gt; true
_.isNull(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>
<p id="isUndefined">
<b class="header">isUndefined</b><code>_.isUndefined(variable)</code>
<br />
Returns <i>true</i> if <b>variable</b> is <i>undefined</i>.
</p>
<pre>
_.isUndefined(window.missingVariable);
=&gt; true
</pre>
<h2 id="utility">Utility Functions</h2>
<p id="noConflict">
<b class="header">noConflict</b><code>_.noConflict()</code>
<br />
Give control of the "_" variable back to its previous owner. Returns
a reference to the <b>Underscore</b> object.
</p>
<pre>
var underscore = _.noConflict();</pre>
<p id="identity">
<b class="header">identity</b><code>_.identity(value)</code>
<br />
Returns the same value that is used as the argument. In math:
<tt>f(x) = x</tt><br />
This function looks useless, but is used throughout Underscore as
a default iterator.
</p>
<pre>
var moe = {name : 'moe'};
moe === _.identity(moe);
=&gt; true</pre>
<p id="times">
<b class="header">times</b><code>_.times(n, iterator)</code>
<br />
Invokes the given iterator function <b>n</b> times.
</p>
<pre>
_(3).times(function(){ genie.grantWish(); });</pre>
<p id="mixin">
<b class="header">mixin</b><code>_.mixin(object)</code>
<br />
Allows you to extend Underscore with your own utility functions. Pass
a hash of <tt>{name: function}</tt> definitions to have your functions
added to the Underscore object, as well as the OOP wrapper.
</p>
<pre>
_.mixin({
capitalize : function(string) {
return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.substring(1).toLowerCase();
}
});
_("fabio").capitalize();
=&gt; "Fabio"
</pre>
<p id="uniqueId">
<b class="header">uniqueId</b><code>_.uniqueId([prefix])</code>
<br />
Generate a globally-unique id for client-side models or DOM elements
that need one. If <b>prefix</b> is passed, the id will be appended to it.
Without <b>prefix</b>, returns an integer.
</p>
<pre>
_.uniqueId('contact_');
=&gt; 'contact_104'</pre>
<p id="escape">
<b class="header">escape</b><code>_.escape(string)</code>
<br />
Escapes a string for insertion into HTML, replacing
<tt>&amp;</tt>, <tt>&lt;</tt>, <tt>&gt;</tt>, <tt>&quot;</tt>, <tt>&#x27;</tt>, and <tt>&#x2F;</tt> characters.
</p>
<pre>
_.escape('Curly, Larry &amp; Moe');
=&gt; "Curly, Larry &amp;amp; Moe"</pre>
<p id="result">
<b class="header">result</b><code>_.result(object, property)</code>
<br />
If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it; otherwise, return it.
</p>
<pre>
var object = {cheese: 'crumpets', stuff: function(){ return 'nonsense'; }};
_.result(object, 'cheese');
=&gt; "crumpets"
_.result(object, 'stuff');
=&gt; "nonsense"</pre>
<p id="template">
<b class="header">template</b><code>_.template(templateString, [data], [settings])</code>
<br />
Compiles JavaScript templates into functions that can be evaluated
for rendering. Useful for rendering complicated bits of HTML from JSON
data sources. Template functions can both interpolate variables, using
<tt>&lt;%= &hellip; %&gt;</tt>, as well as execute arbitrary JavaScript code, with
<tt>&lt;% &hellip; %&gt;</tt>. If you wish to interpolate a value, and have
it be HTML-escaped, use <tt>&lt;%- &hellip; %&gt;</tt> When you evaluate a template function, pass in a
<b>data</b> object that has properties corresponding to the template's free
variables. If you're writing a one-off, you can pass the <b>data</b>
object as the second parameter to <b>template</b> in order to render
immediately instead of returning a template function. The <b>settings</b> argument
should be a hash containing any <tt>_.templateSettings</tt> that should be overriden.
</p>
<pre>
var compiled = _.template("hello: &lt;%= name %&gt;");
compiled({name : 'moe'});
=&gt; "hello: moe"
var list = "&lt;% _.each(people, function(name) { %&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;%= name %&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;% }); %&gt;";
_.template(list, {people : ['moe', 'curly', 'larry']});
=&gt; "&lt;li&gt;moe&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;curly&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;larry&lt;/li&gt;"
var template = _.template("&lt;b&gt;&lt;%- value %&gt;&lt;/b&gt;");
template({value : '&lt;script&gt;'});
=&gt; "&lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;"</pre>
<p>
You can also use <tt>print</tt> from within JavaScript code. This is
sometimes more convenient than using <tt>&lt;%= ... %&gt;</tt>.
</p>
<pre>
var compiled = _.template("&lt;% print('Hello ' + epithet); %&gt;");
compiled({epithet: "stooge"});
=&gt; "Hello stooge."</pre>
<p>
If ERB-style delimiters aren't your cup of tea, you can change Underscore's
template settings to use different symbols to set off interpolated code.
Define an <b>interpolate</b> regex to match expressions that should be
interpolated verbatim, an <b>escape</b> regex to match expressions that should
be inserted after being HTML escaped, and an <b>evaluate</b> regex to match
expressions that should be evaluated without insertion into the resulting
string. You may define or omit any combination of the three.
For example, to perform
<a href="http://github.com/janl/mustache.js#readme">Mustache.js</a>
style templating:
</p>
<pre>
_.templateSettings = {
interpolate : /\{\{(.+?)\}\}/g
};
var template = _.template("Hello {{ name }}!");
template({name : "Mustache"});
=&gt; "Hello Mustache!"</pre>
<p>
By default, <b>template</b> places the values from your data in the local scope
via the <tt>with</tt> statement. However, you can specify a single variable name
with the <b>variable</b> setting. This can significantly improve the speed
at which a template is able to render.
</p>
<pre>
_.template("<%= data.hasWith %>", {hasWith: 'no'}, {variable: 'data'});
=&gt; "no"</pre>
<p>
Precompiling your templates can be a big help when debugging errors you can't
reproduce. This is because precompiled templates can provide line numbers and
a stack trace, something that is not possible when compiling templates on the client.
The <b>source</b> property is available on the compiled template
function for easy precompilation.
</p>
<pre>&lt;script&gt;
JST.project = <%= _.template(jstText).source %>;
&lt;/script&gt;</pre>
<h2 id="chaining">Chaining</h2>
<p>
You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style,
depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are
identical ways to double a list of numbers.
</p>
<pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; });
_([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt>chain</tt> on a wrapped object will cause all future method calls to
return wrapped objects as well. When you've finished the computation,
use <tt>value</tt> to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining
together a <b>map/flatten/reduce</b>, in order to get the word count of
every word in a song.
</p>
<pre>
var lyrics = [
{line : 1, words : "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
{line : 2, words : "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
{line : 3, words : "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
{line : 4, words : "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
];
_.chain(lyrics)
.map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
.flatten()
.reduce(function(counts, word) {
counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
return counts;
}, {}).value();
=&gt; {lumberjack : 2, all : 4, night : 2 ... }</pre>
<p>
In addition, the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/prototype">Array prototype's methods</a>
are proxied through the chained Underscore object, so you can slip a
<tt>reverse</tt> or a <tt>push</tt> into your chain, and continue to
modify the array.
</p>
<p id="chain">
<b class="header">chain</b><code>_.chain(obj)</code>
<br />
Returns a wrapped object. Calling methods on this object will continue
to return wrapped objects until <tt>value</tt> is used.
</p>
<pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'curly', age : 25}, {name : 'moe', age : 21}, {name : 'larry', age : 23}];
var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
.sortBy(function(stooge){ return stooge.age; })
.map(function(stooge){ return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
.first()
.value();
=&gt; "moe is 21"
</pre>
<p id="value">
<b class="header">value</b><code>_(obj).value()</code>
<br />
Extracts the value of a wrapped object.
</p>
<pre>
_([1, 2, 3]).value();
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>
<h2 id="links">Links &amp; Suggested Reading</h2>
<p>
<a href="http://mirven.github.com/underscore.lua/">Underscore.lua</a>,
a Lua port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
The <a href="http://github.com/mirven/underscore.lua">source</a> is
available on GitHub.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://brianhaveri.github.com/Underscore.php/">Underscore.php</a>,
a PHP port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
The <a href="http://github.com/brianhaveri/Underscore.php">source</a> is
available on GitHub.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://vti.github.com/underscore-perl/">Underscore-perl</a>,
a Perl port of many of the Underscore.js functions,
aimed at on Perl hashes and arrays, also
<a href="https://github.com/vti/underscore-perl/">available on GitHub</a>.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/edtsech/underscore.string">Underscore.string</a>,
an Underscore extension that adds functions for string-manipulation:
<tt>trim</tt>, <tt>startsWith</tt>, <tt>contains</tt>, <tt>capitalize</tt>,
<tt>reverse</tt>, <tt>sprintf</tt>, and more.
</p>
<p>
Ruby's <a href="http://ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Enumerable</a> module.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>, which provides
JavaScript with collection functions in the manner closest to Ruby's Enumerable.
</p>
<p>
Oliver Steele's
<a href="http://osteele.com/sources/javascript/functional/">Functional JavaScript</a>,
which includes comprehensive higher-order function support as well as string lambdas.
</p>
<p>
Michael Aufreiter's <a href="http://substance.io/#michael/data-js">Data.js</a>,
a data manipulation + persistence library for JavaScript.
</p>
<p>
Python's <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/itertools.html">itertools</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="changelog">Change Log</h2>
<p>
<b class="header">1.3.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>April 10, 2012</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Many improvements to <tt>_.template</tt>, which now provides the
<tt>source</tt> of the template function as a property, for potentially
even more efficient pre-compilation on the server-side. You may now
also set the <tt>variable</tt> option when creating a template,
which will cause your passed-in data to be made available under the
variable you named, instead of using a <tt>with</tt> statement &mdash;
significantly improving the speed of rendering the template.
</li>
<li>
Added the <tt>pick</tt> function, which allows you to filter an
object literal with a whitelist of allowed property names.
</li>
<li>
Added the <tt>result</tt> function, for convenience when working
with APIs that allow either functions or raw properties.
</li>
<li>
Added the <tt>isFinite</tt> function, because sometimes knowing that
a value is a number just ain't quite enough.
</li>
<li>
The <tt>sortBy</tt> function may now also be passed the string name
of a property to use as the sort order on each object.
</li>
<li>
Fixed <tt>uniq</tt> to work with sparse arrays.
</li>
<li>
The <tt>difference</tt> function now performs a shallow flatten
instead of a deep one when computing array differences.
</li>
<li>
The <tt>debounce</tt> function now takes an <tt>immediate</tt>
parameter, which will cause the callback to fire on the leading
instead of the trailing edge.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.3.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan. 23, 2012</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Added an <tt>_.has</tt> function, as a safer way to use <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt>.
</li>
<li>
Added <tt>_.collect</tt> as an alias for <tt>_.map</tt>. Smalltalkers, rejoice.
</li>
<li>
Reverted an old change so that <tt>_.extend</tt> will correctly copy
over keys with undefined values again.
</li>
<li>
Bugfix to stop escaping slashes within interpolations in <tt>_.template</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.3.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan. 11, 2012</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Removed AMD (RequireJS) support from Underscore. If you'd like to use
Underscore with RequireJS, you can load it as a normal script, wrap
or patch your copy, or download a forked version.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.2.4</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan. 4, 2012</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
You now can (and probably should, as it's simpler)
write <tt>_.chain(list)</tt>
instead of <tt>_(list).chain()</tt>.
</li>
<li>
Fix for escaped characters in Underscore templates, and for supporting
customizations of <tt>_.templateSettings</tt> that only define one or
two of the required regexes.
</li>
<li>
Fix for passing an array as the first argument to an <tt>_.wrap</tt>'d function.
</li>
<li>
Improved compatibility with ClojureScript, which adds a <tt>call</tt>
function to <tt>String.prototype</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.2.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>Dec. 7, 2011</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Dynamic scope is now preserved for compiled <tt>_.template</tt> functions,
so you can use the value of <tt>this</tt> if you like.
</li>
<li>
Sparse array support of <tt>_.indexOf</tt>, <tt>_.lastIndexOf</tt>.
</li>
<li>
Both <tt>_.reduce</tt> and <tt>_.reduceRight</tt> can now be passed an
explicitly <tt>undefined</tt> value. (There's no reason why you'd
want to do this.)
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.2.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>Nov. 14, 2011</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Continued tweaks to <tt>_.isEqual</tt> semantics. Now JS primitives are
considered equivalent to their wrapped versions, and arrays are compared
by their numeric properties only <small>(#351)</small>.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.escape</tt> no longer tries to be smart about not double-escaping
already-escaped HTML entities. Now it just escapes regardless <small>(#350)</small>.
</li>
<li>
In <tt>_.template</tt>, you may now leave semicolons out of evaluated
statements if you wish: <tt>&lt;% }) %&gt;</tt> <small>(#369)</small>.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.after(callback, 0)</tt> will now trigger the callback immediately,
making "after" easier to use with asynchronous APIs <small>(#366)</small>.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.2.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct. 24, 2011</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
Several important bug fixes for <tt>_.isEqual</tt>, which should now
do better on mutated Arrays, and on non-Array objects with
<tt>length</tt> properties. <small>(#329)</small>
</li>
<li>
<b>jrburke</b> contributed Underscore exporting for AMD module loaders,
and <b>tonylukasavage</b> for Appcelerator Titanium.
<small>(#335, #338)</small>
</li>
<li>
You can now <tt>_.groupBy(list, 'property')</tt> as a shortcut for
grouping values by a particular common property.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.throttle</tt>'d functions now fire immediately upon invocation,
and are rate-limited thereafter <small>(#170, #266)</small>.
</li>
<li>
Most of the <tt>_.is[Type]</tt> checks no longer ducktype.
</li>
<li>
The <tt>_.bind</tt> function now also works on constructors, a-la
ES5 ... but you would never want to use <tt>_.bind</tt> on a
constructor function.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.clone</tt> no longer wraps non-object types in Objects.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.find</tt> and <tt>_.filter</tt> are now the preferred names for
<tt>_.detect</tt> and <tt>_.select</tt>.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.2.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct. 5, 2011</i></small><br />
<ul>
<li>
The <tt>_.isEqual</tt> function now
supports true deep equality comparisons, with checks for cyclic structures,
thanks to Kit Cambridge.
</li>
<li>
Underscore templates now support HTML escaping interpolations, using
<tt>&lt;%- ... %&gt;</tt> syntax.
</li>
<li>
Ryan Tenney contributed <tt>_.shuffle</tt>, which uses a modified
Fisher-Yates to give you a shuffled copy of an array.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.uniq</tt> can now be passed an optional iterator, to determine by
what criteria an object should be considered unique.
</li>
<li>
<tt>_.last</tt> now takes an optional argument which will return the last
N elements of the list.
</li>
<li>
A new <tt>_.initial</tt> function was added, as a mirror of <tt>_.rest</tt>,
which returns all the initial values of a list (except the last N).
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.7</b> &mdash; <small><i>July 13, 2011</i></small><br />
Added <tt>_.groupBy</tt>, which aggregates a collection into groups of like items.
Added <tt>_.union</tt> and <tt>_.difference</tt>, to complement the
(re-named) <tt>_.intersection</tt>.
Various improvements for support of sparse arrays.
<tt>_.toArray</tt> now returns a clone, if directly passed an array.
<tt>_.functions</tt> now also returns the names of functions that are present
in the prototype chain.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.6</b> &mdash; <small><i>April 18, 2011</i></small><br />
Added <tt>_.after</tt>, which will return a function that only runs after
first being called a specified number of times.
<tt>_.invoke</tt> can now take a direct function reference.
<tt>_.every</tt> now requires an iterator function to be passed, which
mirrors the ECMA5 API.
<tt>_.extend</tt> no longer copies keys when the value is undefined.
<tt>_.bind</tt> now errors when trying to bind an undefined value.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.5</b> &mdash; <small><i>Mar 20, 2011</i></small><br />
Added an <tt>_.defaults</tt> function, for use merging together JS objects
representing default options.
Added an <tt>_.once</tt> function, for manufacturing functions that should
only ever execute a single time.
<tt>_.bind</tt> now delegates to the native ECMAScript 5 version,
where available.
<tt>_.keys</tt> now throws an error when used on non-Object values, as in
ECMAScript 5.
Fixed a bug with <tt>_.keys</tt> when used over sparse arrays.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.4</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan 9, 2011</i></small><br />
Improved compliance with ES5's Array methods when passing <tt>null</tt>
as a value. <tt>_.wrap</tt> now correctly sets <tt>this</tt> for the
wrapped function. <tt>_.indexOf</tt> now takes an optional flag for
finding the insertion index in an array that is guaranteed to already
be sorted. Avoiding the use of <tt>.callee</tt>, to allow <tt>_.isArray</tt>
to work properly in ES5's strict mode.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>Dec 1, 2010</i></small><br />
In CommonJS, Underscore may now be required with just: <br />
<tt>var _ = require("underscore")</tt>.
Added <tt>_.throttle</tt> and <tt>_.debounce</tt> functions.
Removed <tt>_.breakLoop</tt>, in favor of an ECMA5-style un-<i>break</i>-able
each implementation &mdash; this removes the try/catch, and you'll now have
better stack traces for exceptions that are thrown within an Underscore iterator.
Improved the <b>isType</b> family of functions for better interoperability
with Internet Explorer host objects.
<tt>_.template</tt> now correctly escapes backslashes in templates.
Improved <tt>_.reduce</tt> compatibility with the ECMA5 version:
if you don't pass an initial value, the first item in the collection is used.
<tt>_.each</tt> no longer returns the iterated collection, for improved
consistency with ES5's <tt>forEach</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.2</b><br />
Fixed <tt>_.contains</tt>, which was mistakenly pointing at
<tt>_.intersect</tt> instead of <tt>_.include</tt>, like it should
have been. Added <tt>_.unique</tt> as an alias for <tt>_.uniq</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.1</b><br />
Improved the speed of <tt>_.template</tt>, and its handling of multiline
interpolations. Ryan Tenney contributed optimizations to many Underscore
functions. An annotated version of the source code is now available.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.1.0</b><br />
The method signature of <tt>_.reduce</tt> has been changed to match
the ECMAScript 5 signature, instead of the Ruby/Prototype.js version.
This is a backwards-incompatible change. <tt>_.template</tt> may now be
called with no arguments, and preserves whitespace. <tt>_.contains</tt>
is a new alias for <tt>_.include</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.0.4</b><br />
<a href="http://themoell.com/">Andri Möll</a> contributed the <tt>_.memoize</tt>
function, which can be used to speed up expensive repeated computations
by caching the results.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.0.3</b><br />
Patch that makes <tt>_.isEqual</tt> return <tt>false</tt> if any property
of the compared object has a <tt>NaN</tt> value. Technically the correct
thing to do, but of questionable semantics. Watch out for NaN comparisons.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.0.2</b><br />
Fixes <tt>_.isArguments</tt> in recent versions of Opera, which have
arguments objects as real Arrays.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.0.1</b><br />
Bugfix for <tt>_.isEqual</tt>, when comparing two objects with the same
number of undefined keys, but with different names.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">1.0.0</b><br />
Things have been stable for many months now, so Underscore is now
considered to be out of beta, at <b>1.0</b>. Improvements since <b>0.6</b>
include <tt>_.isBoolean</tt>, and the ability to have <tt>_.extend</tt>
take multiple source objects.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.6.0</b><br />
Major release. Incorporates a number of
<a href="http://github.com/ratbeard">Mile Frawley's</a> refactors for
safer duck-typing on collection functions, and cleaner internals. A new
<tt>_.mixin</tt> method that allows you to extend Underscore with utility
functions of your own. Added <tt>_.times</tt>, which works the same as in
Ruby or Prototype.js. Native support for ECMAScript 5's <tt>Array.isArray</tt>,
and <tt>Object.keys</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.8</b><br />
Fixed Underscore's collection functions to work on
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/DOM/NodeList">NodeLists</a> and
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/En/DOM/HTMLCollection">HTMLCollections</a>
once more, thanks to
<a href="http://github.com/jmtulloss">Justin Tulloss</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.7</b><br />
A safer implementation of <tt>_.isArguments</tt>, and a
faster <tt>_.isNumber</tt>,<br />thanks to
<a href="http://jedschmidt.com/">Jed Schmidt</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.6</b><br />
Customizable delimiters for <tt>_.template</tt>, contributed by
<a href="http://github.com/iamnoah">Noah Sloan</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.5</b><br />
Fix for a bug in MobileSafari's OOP-wrapper, with the arguments object.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.4</b><br />
Fix for multiple single quotes within a template string for
<tt>_.template</tt>. See:
<a href="http://www.west-wind.com/Weblog/posts/509108.aspx">Rick Strahl's blog post</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.2</b><br />
New implementations of <tt>isArray</tt>, <tt>isDate</tt>, <tt>isFunction</tt>,
<tt>isNumber</tt>, <tt>isRegExp</tt>, and <tt>isString</tt>, thanks to
a suggestion from
<a href="http://www.broofa.com/">Robert Kieffer</a>.
Instead of doing <tt>Object#toString</tt>
comparisons, they now check for expected properties, which is less safe,
but more than an order of magnitude faster. Most other Underscore
functions saw minor speed improvements as a result.
<a href="http://dolzhenko.org/">Evgeniy Dolzhenko</a>
contributed <tt>_.tap</tt>,
<a href="http://ruby-doc.org/core-1.9/classes/Object.html#M000191">similar to Ruby 1.9's</a>,
which is handy for injecting side effects (like logging) into chained calls.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.1</b><br />
Added an <tt>_.isArguments</tt> function. Lots of little safety checks
and optimizations contributed by
<a href="http://github.com/iamnoah/">Noah Sloan</a> and
<a href="http://themoell.com/">Andri Möll</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.5.0</b><br />
<b>[API Changes]</b> <tt>_.bindAll</tt> now takes the context object as
its first parameter. If no method names are passed, all of the context
object's methods are bound to it, enabling chaining and easier binding.
<tt>_.functions</tt> now takes a single argument and returns the names
of its Function properties. Calling <tt>_.functions(_)</tt> will get you
the previous behavior.
Added <tt>_.isRegExp</tt> so that <tt>isEqual</tt> can now test for RegExp equality.
All of the "is" functions have been shrunk down into a single definition.
<a href="http://github.com/grayrest/">Karl Guertin</a> contributed patches.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.7</b><br />
Added <tt>isDate</tt>, <tt>isNaN</tt>, and <tt>isNull</tt>, for completeness.
Optimizations for <tt>isEqual</tt> when checking equality between Arrays
or Dates. <tt>_.keys</tt> is now <small><i><b>25%&ndash;2X</b></i></small> faster (depending on your
browser) which speeds up the functions that rely on it, such as <tt>_.each</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.6</b><br />
Added the <tt>range</tt> function, a port of the
<a href="http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range">Python
function of the same name</a>, for generating flexibly-numbered lists
of integers. Original patch contributed by
<a href="http://github.com/kylichuku">Kirill Ishanov</a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.5</b><br />
Added <tt>rest</tt> for Arrays and arguments objects, and aliased
<tt>first</tt> as <tt>head</tt>, and <tt>rest</tt> as <tt>tail</tt>,
thanks to <a href="http://github.com/lukesutton/">Luke Sutton</a>'s patches.
Added tests ensuring that all Underscore Array functions also work on
<i>arguments</i> objects.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.4</b><br />
Added <tt>isString</tt>, and <tt>isNumber</tt>, for consistency. Fixed
<tt>_.isEqual(NaN, NaN)</tt> to return <i>true</i> (which is debatable).
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.3</b><br />
Started using the native <tt>StopIteration</tt> object in browsers that support it.
Fixed Underscore setup for CommonJS environments.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.2</b><br />
Renamed the unwrapping function to <tt>value</tt>, for clarity.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.1</b><br />
Chained Underscore objects now support the Array prototype methods, so
that you can perform the full range of operations on a wrapped array
without having to break your chain. Added a <tt>breakLoop</tt> method
to <b>break</b> in the middle of any Underscore iteration. Added an
<tt>isEmpty</tt> function that works on arrays and objects.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.4.0</b><br />
All Underscore functions can now be called in an object-oriented style,
like so: <tt>_([1, 2, 3]).map(...);</tt>. Original patch provided by
<a href="http://macournoyer.com/">Marc-André Cournoyer</a>.
Wrapped objects can be chained through multiple
method invocations. A <a href="#object-functions"><tt>functions</tt></a> method
was added, providing a sorted list of all the functions in Underscore.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.3.3</b><br />
Added the JavaScript 1.8 function <tt>reduceRight</tt>. Aliased it
as <tt>foldr</tt>, and aliased <tt>reduce</tt> as <tt>foldl</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.3.2</b><br />
Now runs on stock <a href="http://www.mozilla.org/rhino/">Rhino</a>
interpreters with: <tt>load("underscore.js")</tt>.
Added <a href="#identity"><tt>identity</tt></a> as a utility function.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.3.1</b><br />
All iterators are now passed in the original collection as their third
argument, the same as JavaScript 1.6's <b>forEach</b>. Iterating over
objects is now called with <tt>(value, key, collection)</tt>, for details
see <a href="#each"><tt>_.each</tt></a>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.3.0</b><br />
Added <a href="http://github.com/dmitryBaranovskiy">Dmitry Baranovskiy</a>'s
comprehensive optimizations, merged in
<a href="http://github.com/kriskowal/">Kris Kowal</a>'s patches to make Underscore
<a href="http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/CommonJS">CommonJS</a> and
<a href="http://narwhaljs.org/">Narwhal</a> compliant.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.2.0</b><br />
Added <tt>compose</tt> and <tt>lastIndexOf</tt>, renamed <tt>inject</tt> to
<tt>reduce</tt>, added aliases for <tt>inject</tt>, <tt>filter</tt>,
<tt>every</tt>, <tt>some</tt>, and <tt>forEach</tt>.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.1.1</b><br />
Added <tt>noConflict</tt>, so that the "Underscore" object can be assigned to
other variables.
</p>
<p>
<b class="header">0.1.0</b><br />
Initial release of Underscore.js.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://documentcloud.org/" title="A DocumentCloud Project" style="background:none;">
<img src="http://jashkenas.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a_documentcloud_project.png" alt="A DocumentCloud Project" />
</a>
</p>
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