/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang3;

import java.util.Random;

/**
 * <p>Utility library that supplements the standard {@link Random} class.</p>
 *
 * <p>Caveat: Instances of {@link Random} are not cryptographically secure.</p>
 *
 * <p>Please note that the Apache Commons project provides a component
 * dedicated to pseudo-random number generation, namely
 * <a href="https://commons.apache.org/rng">Commons RNG</a>, that may be
 * a better choice for applications with more stringent requirements
 * (performance and/or correctness).</p>
 *
 * @since 3.3
 */
public class RandomUtils {

    /**
     * Random object used by random method. This has to be not local to the
     * random method so as to not return the same value in the same millisecond.
     */
    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random();

    /**
     * <p>
     * {@code RandomUtils} instances should NOT be constructed in standard
     * programming. Instead, the class should be used as
     * {@code RandomUtils.nextBytes(5);}.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p>
     * This constructor is public to permit tools that require a JavaBean
     * instance to operate.
     * </p>
     */
    public RandomUtils() {
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Returns a random boolean value
     * </p>
     *
     * @return the random boolean
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static boolean nextBoolean() {
        return RANDOM.nextBoolean();
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Creates an array of random bytes.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param count
     *            the size of the returned array
     * @return the random byte array
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code count} is negative
     */
    public static byte[] nextBytes(final int count) {
        Validate.isTrue(count >= 0, "Count cannot be negative.");

        final byte[] result = new byte[count];
        RANDOM.nextBytes(result);
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Returns a random integer within the specified range.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param startInclusive
     *            the smallest value that can be returned, must be non-negative
     * @param endExclusive
     *            the upper bound (not included)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code startInclusive > endExclusive} or if
     *             {@code startInclusive} is negative
     * @return the random integer
     */
    public static int nextInt(final int startInclusive, final int endExclusive) {
        Validate.isTrue(endExclusive >= startInclusive,
                "Start value must be smaller or equal to end value.");
        Validate.isTrue(startInclusive >= 0, "Both range values must be non-negative.");

        if (startInclusive == endExclusive) {
            return startInclusive;
        }

        return startInclusive + RANDOM.nextInt(endExclusive - startInclusive);
    }

    /**
     * <p> Returns a random int within 0 - Integer.MAX_VALUE </p>
     *
     * @return the random integer
     * @see #nextInt(int, int)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static int nextInt() {
        return nextInt(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Returns a random long within the specified range.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param startInclusive
     *            the smallest value that can be returned, must be non-negative
     * @param endExclusive
     *            the upper bound (not included)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code startInclusive > endExclusive} or if
     *             {@code startInclusive} is negative
     * @return the random long
     */
    public static long nextLong(final long startInclusive, final long endExclusive) {
        Validate.isTrue(endExclusive >= startInclusive,
                "Start value must be smaller or equal to end value.");
        Validate.isTrue(startInclusive >= 0, "Both range values must be non-negative.");

        if (startInclusive == endExclusive) {
            return startInclusive;
        }

        return startInclusive + nextLong(endExclusive - startInclusive);
    }

    /**
     * <p> Returns a random long within 0 - Long.MAX_VALUE </p>
     *
     * @return the random long
     * @see #nextLong(long, long)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static long nextLong() {
        return nextLong(Long.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a {@code long} value between 0 (inclusive) and the specified
     * value (exclusive).
     *
     * @param n Bound on the random number to be returned.  Must be positive.
     * @return a random {@code long} value between 0 (inclusive) and {@code n}
     * (exclusive).
     */
    private static long nextLong(final long n) {
        // Extracted from o.a.c.rng.core.BaseProvider.nextLong(long)
        long bits;
        long val;
        do {
            bits = RANDOM.nextLong() >>> 1;
            val  = bits % n;
        } while (bits - val + (n - 1) < 0);

        return val;
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Returns a random double within the specified range.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param startInclusive
     *            the smallest value that can be returned, must be non-negative
     * @param endExclusive
     *            the upper bound (not included)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code startInclusive > endExclusive} or if
     *             {@code startInclusive} is negative
     * @return the random double
     */
    public static double nextDouble(final double startInclusive, final double endExclusive) {
        Validate.isTrue(endExclusive >= startInclusive,
                "Start value must be smaller or equal to end value.");
        Validate.isTrue(startInclusive >= 0, "Both range values must be non-negative.");

        if (startInclusive == endExclusive) {
            return startInclusive;
        }

        return startInclusive + ((endExclusive - startInclusive) * RANDOM.nextDouble());
    }

    /**
     * <p> Returns a random double within 0 - Double.MAX_VALUE </p>
     *
     * @return the random double
     * @see #nextDouble(double, double)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static double nextDouble() {
        return nextDouble(0, Double.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Returns a random float within the specified range.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param startInclusive
     *            the smallest value that can be returned, must be non-negative
     * @param endExclusive
     *            the upper bound (not included)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             if {@code startInclusive > endExclusive} or if
     *             {@code startInclusive} is negative
     * @return the random float
     */
    public static float nextFloat(final float startInclusive, final float endExclusive) {
        Validate.isTrue(endExclusive >= startInclusive,
                "Start value must be smaller or equal to end value.");
        Validate.isTrue(startInclusive >= 0, "Both range values must be non-negative.");

        if (startInclusive == endExclusive) {
            return startInclusive;
        }

        return startInclusive + ((endExclusive - startInclusive) * RANDOM.nextFloat());
    }

    /**
     * <p> Returns a random float within 0 - Float.MAX_VALUE </p>
     *
     * @return the random float
     * @see #nextFloat(float, float)
     * @since 3.5
     */
    public static float nextFloat() {
        return nextFloat(0, Float.MAX_VALUE);
    }
}