// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.
package com.cloud.resource;

import static com.cloud.configuration.ConfigurationManagerImpl.MIGRATE_VM_ACROSS_CLUSTERS;
import static com.cloud.configuration.ConfigurationManagerImpl.SET_HOST_DOWN_TO_MAINTENANCE;

import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.URI;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.naming.ConfigurationException;

import org.apache.cloudstack.alert.AlertService;
import org.apache.cloudstack.annotation.AnnotationService;
import org.apache.cloudstack.annotation.dao.AnnotationDao;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.ApiConstants;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.cluster.AddClusterCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.cluster.DeleteClusterCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.cluster.UpdateClusterCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.AddHostCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.AddSecondaryStorageCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.CancelHostAsDegradedCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.CancelMaintenanceCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.DeclareHostAsDegradedCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.PrepareForMaintenanceCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.ReconnectHostCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.UpdateHostCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.api.command.admin.host.UpdateHostPasswordCmd;
import org.apache.cloudstack.context.CallContext;
import org.apache.cloudstack.framework.config.ConfigKey;
import org.apache.cloudstack.framework.config.dao.ConfigurationDao;
import org.apache.cloudstack.storage.datastore.db.PrimaryDataStoreDao;
import org.apache.cloudstack.storage.datastore.db.StoragePoolVO;
import org.apache.cloudstack.utils.identity.ManagementServerNode;
import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang.ObjectUtils;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import com.cloud.agent.AgentManager;
import com.cloud.agent.api.Answer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.Command;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetGPUStatsAnswer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetGPUStatsCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetHostStatsAnswer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetHostStatsCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetVncPortAnswer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.GetVncPortCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.MaintainAnswer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.MaintainCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.PropagateResourceEventCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.StartupCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.StartupRoutingCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.UnsupportedAnswer;
import com.cloud.agent.api.UpdateHostPasswordCommand;
import com.cloud.agent.api.VgpuTypesInfo;
import com.cloud.agent.api.to.GPUDeviceTO;
import com.cloud.agent.transport.Request;
import com.cloud.alert.AlertManager;
import com.cloud.capacity.Capacity;
import com.cloud.capacity.CapacityManager;
import com.cloud.capacity.CapacityState;
import com.cloud.capacity.CapacityVO;
import com.cloud.capacity.dao.CapacityDao;
import com.cloud.cluster.ClusterManager;
import com.cloud.configuration.Config;
import com.cloud.cpu.CPU;
import com.cloud.dc.ClusterDetailsDao;
import com.cloud.dc.ClusterDetailsVO;
import com.cloud.dc.ClusterVO;
import com.cloud.dc.DataCenter;
import com.cloud.dc.DataCenter.NetworkType;
import com.cloud.dc.DataCenterIpAddressVO;
import com.cloud.dc.DataCenterVO;
import com.cloud.dc.DedicatedResourceVO;
import com.cloud.dc.HostPodVO;
import com.cloud.dc.PodCluster;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.ClusterDao;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.ClusterVSMMapDao;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.DataCenterDao;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.DataCenterIpAddressDao;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.DedicatedResourceDao;
import com.cloud.dc.dao.HostPodDao;
import com.cloud.deploy.DataCenterDeployment;
import com.cloud.deploy.DeployDestination;
import com.cloud.deploy.DeploymentPlanner;
import com.cloud.deploy.DeploymentPlanningManager;
import com.cloud.deploy.PlannerHostReservationVO;
import com.cloud.deploy.dao.PlannerHostReservationDao;
import com.cloud.event.ActionEvent;
import com.cloud.event.ActionEventUtils;
import com.cloud.event.EventTypes;
import com.cloud.event.EventVO;
import com.cloud.exception.AgentUnavailableException;
import com.cloud.exception.DiscoveryException;
import com.cloud.exception.InsufficientServerCapacityException;
import com.cloud.exception.InvalidParameterValueException;
import com.cloud.exception.PermissionDeniedException;
import com.cloud.exception.ResourceUnavailableException;
import com.cloud.exception.StorageConflictException;
import com.cloud.exception.StorageUnavailableException;
import com.cloud.gpu.GPU;
import com.cloud.gpu.HostGpuGroupsVO;
import com.cloud.gpu.VGPUTypesVO;
import com.cloud.gpu.dao.HostGpuGroupsDao;
import com.cloud.gpu.dao.VGPUTypesDao;
import com.cloud.ha.HighAvailabilityManager;
import com.cloud.ha.HighAvailabilityManager.WorkType;
import com.cloud.ha.HighAvailabilityManagerImpl;
import com.cloud.host.DetailVO;
import com.cloud.host.Host;
import com.cloud.host.Host.Type;
import com.cloud.host.HostStats;
import com.cloud.host.HostTagVO;
import com.cloud.host.HostVO;
import com.cloud.host.Status;
import com.cloud.host.Status.Event;
import com.cloud.host.dao.HostDao;
import com.cloud.host.dao.HostDetailsDao;
import com.cloud.host.dao.HostTagsDao;
import com.cloud.hypervisor.Hypervisor;
import com.cloud.hypervisor.Hypervisor.HypervisorType;
import com.cloud.hypervisor.HypervisorGuru;
import com.cloud.hypervisor.kvm.discoverer.KvmDummyResourceBase;
import com.cloud.network.dao.IPAddressDao;
import com.cloud.network.dao.IPAddressVO;
import com.cloud.org.Cluster;
import com.cloud.org.Grouping;
import com.cloud.org.Managed;
import com.cloud.serializer.GsonHelper;
import com.cloud.server.ManagementService;
import com.cloud.service.ServiceOfferingVO;
import com.cloud.service.dao.ServiceOfferingDao;
import com.cloud.service.dao.ServiceOfferingDetailsDao;
import com.cloud.storage.GuestOSCategoryVO;
import com.cloud.storage.StorageManager;
import com.cloud.storage.StoragePool;
import com.cloud.storage.StoragePoolHostVO;
import com.cloud.storage.StoragePoolStatus;
import com.cloud.storage.StorageService;
import com.cloud.storage.VMTemplateVO;
import com.cloud.storage.Volume;
import com.cloud.storage.VolumeVO;
import com.cloud.storage.dao.GuestOSCategoryDao;
import com.cloud.storage.dao.StoragePoolHostDao;
import com.cloud.storage.dao.VMTemplateDao;
import com.cloud.storage.dao.VolumeDao;
import com.cloud.user.Account;
import com.cloud.user.AccountManager;
import com.cloud.utils.StringUtils;
import com.cloud.utils.Ternary;
import com.cloud.utils.UriUtils;
import com.cloud.utils.component.Manager;
import com.cloud.utils.component.ManagerBase;
import com.cloud.utils.db.DB;
import com.cloud.utils.db.Filter;
import com.cloud.utils.db.GenericSearchBuilder;
import com.cloud.utils.db.GlobalLock;
import com.cloud.utils.db.JoinBuilder;
import com.cloud.utils.db.QueryBuilder;
import com.cloud.utils.db.SearchBuilder;
import com.cloud.utils.db.SearchCriteria;
import com.cloud.utils.db.SearchCriteria.Func;
import com.cloud.utils.db.SearchCriteria.Op;
import com.cloud.utils.db.Transaction;
import com.cloud.utils.db.TransactionCallback;
import com.cloud.utils.db.TransactionCallbackNoReturn;
import com.cloud.utils.db.TransactionLegacy;
import com.cloud.utils.db.TransactionStatus;
import com.cloud.utils.exception.CloudRuntimeException;
import com.cloud.utils.fsm.NoTransitionException;
import com.cloud.utils.net.Ip;
import com.cloud.utils.net.NetUtils;
import com.cloud.utils.ssh.SSHCmdHelper;
import com.cloud.utils.ssh.SshException;
import com.cloud.vm.UserVmManager;
import com.cloud.vm.VMInstanceVO;
import com.cloud.vm.VirtualMachine;
import com.cloud.vm.VirtualMachine.State;
import com.cloud.vm.VirtualMachineManager;
import com.cloud.vm.VirtualMachineProfile;
import com.cloud.vm.VirtualMachineProfileImpl;
import com.cloud.vm.VmDetailConstants;
import com.cloud.vm.dao.UserVmDetailsDao;
import com.cloud.vm.dao.VMInstanceDao;
import com.google.gson.Gson;

@Component
public class ResourceManagerImpl extends ManagerBase implements ResourceManager, ResourceService, Manager {

    Gson _gson;

    @Inject
    private AccountManager _accountMgr;
    @Inject
    private AgentManager _agentMgr;
    @Inject
    private StorageManager _storageMgr;
    @Inject
    private DataCenterDao _dcDao;
    @Inject
    private HostPodDao _podDao;
    @Inject
    private ClusterDetailsDao _clusterDetailsDao;
    @Inject
    private ClusterDao _clusterDao;
    @Inject
    private CapacityDao _capacityDao;
    @Inject
    private ServiceOfferingDao serviceOfferingDao;
    @Inject
    private HostDao _hostDao;
    @Inject
    private HostDetailsDao _hostDetailsDao;
    @Inject
    private ConfigurationDao _configDao;
    @Inject
    private HostTagsDao _hostTagsDao;
    @Inject
    private GuestOSCategoryDao _guestOSCategoryDao;
    @Inject
    protected HostGpuGroupsDao _hostGpuGroupsDao;
    @Inject
    protected VGPUTypesDao _vgpuTypesDao;
    @Inject
    private PrimaryDataStoreDao _storagePoolDao;
    @Inject
    private DataCenterIpAddressDao _privateIPAddressDao;
    @Inject
    private IPAddressDao _publicIPAddressDao;
    @Inject
    private DeploymentPlanningManager deploymentManager;
    @Inject
    private VirtualMachineManager _vmMgr;
    @Inject
    private VMInstanceDao _vmDao;
    @Inject
    private HighAvailabilityManager _haMgr;
    @Inject
    private StorageService _storageSvr;
    @Inject
    PlannerHostReservationDao _plannerHostReserveDao;
    @Inject
    private DedicatedResourceDao _dedicatedDao;
    @Inject
    private ServiceOfferingDetailsDao _serviceOfferingDetailsDao;
    @Inject
    private UserVmManager userVmManager;
    @Inject
    ManagementService managementService;

    private List<? extends Discoverer> _discoverers;

    public List<? extends Discoverer> getDiscoverers() {
        return _discoverers;
    }

    public void setDiscoverers(final List<? extends Discoverer> discoverers) {
        _discoverers = discoverers;
    }

    @Inject
    private ClusterManager _clusterMgr;
    @Inject
    private StoragePoolHostDao _storagePoolHostDao;

    @Inject
    private VMTemplateDao _templateDao;
    @Inject
    private ClusterVSMMapDao _clusterVSMMapDao;
    @Inject
    private UserVmDetailsDao userVmDetailsDao;
    @Inject
    private AnnotationDao annotationDao;
    @Inject
    private AlertManager alertManager;
    @Inject
    private AnnotationService annotationService;
    @Inject
    private VolumeDao volumeDao;

    private final long _nodeId = ManagementServerNode.getManagementServerId();

    private final HashMap<String, ResourceStateAdapter> _resourceStateAdapters = new HashMap<>();

    private final HashMap<Integer, List<ResourceListener>> _lifeCycleListeners = new HashMap<>();
    private HypervisorType _defaultSystemVMHypervisor;

    private static final int ACQUIRE_GLOBAL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_FOR_COOPERATION = 30; // seconds

    private GenericSearchBuilder<HostVO, String> _hypervisorsInDC;

    private SearchBuilder<HostGpuGroupsVO> _gpuAvailability;

    private void insertListener(final Integer event, final ResourceListener listener) {
        List<ResourceListener> lst = _lifeCycleListeners.computeIfAbsent(event, k -> new ArrayList<>());

        if (lst.contains(listener)) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Duplicate resource lisener:" + listener.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

        lst.add(listener);
    }

    @Override
    public void registerResourceEvent(final Integer event, final ResourceListener listener) {
        synchronized (_lifeCycleListeners) {
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_BEFORE) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_BEFORE, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_AFTER) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_AFTER, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_BEFORE) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_BEFORE, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_AFTER) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_AFTER, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_AFTER) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_AFTER, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE, listener);
            }
            if ((event & ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_AFTER) != 0) {
                insertListener(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_AFTER, listener);
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void unregisterResourceEvent(final ResourceListener listener) {
        synchronized (_lifeCycleListeners) {
            for (Map.Entry<Integer, List<ResourceListener>> items : _lifeCycleListeners.entrySet()) {
                final List<ResourceListener> lst = items.getValue();
                lst.remove(listener);
            }
        }
    }

    protected void processResourceEvent(final Integer event, final Object... params) {
        final List<ResourceListener> lst = _lifeCycleListeners.get(event);
        if (lst == null || lst.isEmpty()) {
            return;
        }

        String eventName;
        for (final ResourceListener l : lst) {
            if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_BEFORE)) {
                l.processDiscoverEventBefore((Long)params[0], (Long)params[1], (Long)params[2], (URI)params[3], (String)params[4], (String)params[5],
                        (List<String>)params[6]);
                eventName = "EVENT_DISCOVER_BEFORE";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_AFTER)) {
                l.processDiscoverEventAfter((Map<? extends ServerResource, Map<String, String>>)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_DISCOVER_AFTER";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_BEFORE)) {
                l.processDeleteHostEventBefore((HostVO)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_DELETE_HOST_BEFORE";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_DELETE_HOST_AFTER)) {
                l.processDeletHostEventAfter((HostVO)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_DELETE_HOST_AFTER";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE)) {
                l.processCancelMaintenaceEventBefore((Long)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_AFTER)) {
                l.processCancelMaintenaceEventAfter((Long)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_AFTER";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE)) {
                l.processPrepareMaintenaceEventBefore((Long)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE";
            } else if (event.equals(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_AFTER)) {
                l.processPrepareMaintenaceEventAfter((Long)params[0]);
                eventName = "EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_AFTER";
            } else {
                throw new CloudRuntimeException("Unknown resource event:" + event);
            }
            logger.debug("Sent resource event " + eventName + " to listener " + l.getClass().getSimpleName());
        }

    }

    @DB
    @Override
    public List<? extends Cluster> discoverCluster(final AddClusterCmd cmd) throws IllegalArgumentException, DiscoveryException {
        final long dcId = cmd.getZoneId();
        final long podId = cmd.getPodId();
        final String clusterName = cmd.getClusterName();
        String url = cmd.getUrl();
        final String username = cmd.getUsername();
        final String password = cmd.getPassword();
        CPU.CPUArch arch = cmd.getArch();

        if (url != null) {
            url = URLDecoder.decode(url, com.cloud.utils.StringUtils.getPreferredCharset());
        }

        URI uri;

        // Check if the zone exists in the system
        final DataCenterVO zone = _dcDao.findById(dcId);
        if (zone == null) {
            final InvalidParameterValueException ex = new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find zone by the id specified");
            ex.addProxyObject(String.valueOf(dcId), "dcId");
            throw ex;
        }

        final Account account = CallContext.current().getCallingAccount();
        if (Grouping.AllocationState.Disabled == zone.getAllocationState() && !_accountMgr.isRootAdmin(account.getId())) {
            final PermissionDeniedException ex = new PermissionDeniedException("Cannot perform this operation, Zone with specified id is currently disabled");
            ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
            throw ex;
        }

        final HostPodVO pod = _podDao.findById(podId);

        // Check if the pod exists in the system
        if (_podDao.findById(podId) == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find pod by id " + podId);
        }
        // check if pod belongs to the zone
        if (!Long.valueOf(pod.getDataCenterId()).equals(dcId)) {
            final InvalidParameterValueException ex = new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Pod with specified id doesn't belong to the zone %s", zone));
            ex.addProxyObject(pod.getUuid(), "podId");
            ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
            throw ex;
        }

        // Verify cluster information and create a new cluster if needed
        if (clusterName == null || clusterName.isEmpty()) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Please specify cluster name");
        }

        if (cmd.getHypervisor() == null || cmd.getHypervisor().isEmpty()) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Please specify a hypervisor");
        }

        final Hypervisor.HypervisorType hypervisorType = Hypervisor.HypervisorType.getType(cmd.getHypervisor());
        if (hypervisorType == null) {
            logger.error("Unable to resolve " + cmd.getHypervisor() + " to a valid supported hypervisor type");
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve " + cmd.getHypervisor() + " to a supported ");
        }

        if (zone.isSecurityGroupEnabled() && zone.getNetworkType().equals(NetworkType.Advanced)) {
            if (hypervisorType != HypervisorType.KVM && hypervisorType != HypervisorType.XenServer
                    && hypervisorType != HypervisorType.LXC && hypervisorType != HypervisorType.Simulator) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Don't support hypervisor type " + hypervisorType + " in advanced security enabled zone");
            }
        }

        Cluster.ClusterType clusterType = null;
        if (cmd.getClusterType() != null && !cmd.getClusterType().isEmpty()) {
            clusterType = Cluster.ClusterType.valueOf(cmd.getClusterType());
        }
        if (clusterType == null) {
            clusterType = Cluster.ClusterType.CloudManaged;
        }

        Grouping.AllocationState allocationState = null;
        if (cmd.getAllocationState() != null && !cmd.getAllocationState().isEmpty()) {
            try {
                allocationState = Grouping.AllocationState.valueOf(cmd.getAllocationState());
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve Allocation State '" + cmd.getAllocationState() + "' to a supported state");
            }
        }
        if (allocationState == null) {
            allocationState = Grouping.AllocationState.Enabled;
        }

        final Discoverer discoverer = getMatchingDiscover(hypervisorType);
        if (discoverer == null) {

            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Could not find corresponding resource manager for " + cmd.getHypervisor());
        }

        if (hypervisorType == HypervisorType.VMware) {
            final Map<String, String> allParams = cmd.getFullUrlParams();
            discoverer.putParam(allParams);
        }

        final List<ClusterVO> result = new ArrayList<>();

        ClusterVO cluster = new ClusterVO(dcId, podId, clusterName);
        cluster.setHypervisorType(hypervisorType.toString());

        cluster.setClusterType(clusterType);
        cluster.setAllocationState(allocationState);
        cluster.setArch(arch.getType());
        try {
            cluster = _clusterDao.persist(cluster);
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            // no longer tolerate exception during the cluster creation phase
            final CloudRuntimeException ex = new CloudRuntimeException("Unable to create cluster " + clusterName + " in pod and data center with specified ids", e);
            // Get the pod VO object's table name.
            ex.addProxyObject(pod.getUuid(), "podId");
            ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
            throw ex;
        }
        result.add(cluster);

        if (clusterType == Cluster.ClusterType.CloudManaged) {
            final Map<String, String> details = new HashMap<>();
            // should do this nicer perhaps ?
            if (hypervisorType == HypervisorType.Ovm3) {
                final Map<String, String> allParams = cmd.getFullUrlParams();
                details.put("ovm3vip", allParams.get("ovm3vip"));
                details.put("ovm3pool", allParams.get("ovm3pool"));
                details.put("ovm3cluster", allParams.get("ovm3cluster"));
            }
            details.put(VmDetailConstants.CPU_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, CapacityManager.CpuOverprovisioningFactor.value().toString());
            details.put(VmDetailConstants.MEMORY_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, CapacityManager.MemOverprovisioningFactor.value().toString());
            _clusterDetailsDao.persist(cluster.getId(), details);
            return result;
        }

        // save cluster details for later cluster/host cross-checking
        final Map<String, String> details = new HashMap<>();
        details.put("url", url);
        details.put("username", StringUtils.defaultString(username));
        details.put("password", StringUtils.defaultString(password));
        details.put(VmDetailConstants.CPU_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, CapacityManager.CpuOverprovisioningFactor.value().toString());
        details.put(VmDetailConstants.MEMORY_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, CapacityManager.MemOverprovisioningFactor.value().toString());
        _clusterDetailsDao.persist(cluster.getId(), details);

        boolean success = false;
        try {
            try {
                uri = new URI(UriUtils.encodeURIComponent(url));
                if (uri.getScheme() == null) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException("uri.scheme is null " + url + ", add http:// as a prefix");
                } else if (uri.getScheme().equalsIgnoreCase("http")) {
                    if (uri.getHost() == null || uri.getHost().equalsIgnoreCase("") || uri.getPath() == null || uri.getPath().equalsIgnoreCase("")) {
                        throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Your host and/or path is wrong.  Make sure it's of the format http://hostname/path");
                    }
                }
            } catch (final URISyntaxException e) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException(url + " is not a valid uri");
            }

            final List<HostVO> hosts = new ArrayList<>();
            Map<? extends ServerResource, Map<String, String>> resources;
            resources = discoverer.find(dcId, podId, cluster.getId(), uri, username, password, null);

            if (resources != null) {
                for (final Map.Entry<? extends ServerResource, Map<String, String>> entry : resources.entrySet()) {
                    final ServerResource resource = entry.getKey();

                    final HostVO host = (HostVO)createHostAndAgent(resource, entry.getValue(), true, null, false);
                    if (host != null) {
                        hosts.add(host);
                    }
                    discoverer.postDiscovery(hosts, _nodeId);
                }
                logger.info("External cluster has been successfully discovered by " + discoverer.getName());
                success = true;
                CallContext.current().putContextParameter(Cluster.class, cluster.getUuid());
                return result;
            }

            logger.warn("Unable to find the server resources at " + url);
            throw new DiscoveryException("Unable to add the external cluster");
        } finally {
            if (!success) {
                _clusterDetailsDao.deleteDetails(cluster.getId());
                _clusterDao.remove(cluster.getId());
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public Discoverer getMatchingDiscover(final Hypervisor.HypervisorType hypervisorType) {
        for (final Discoverer discoverer : _discoverers) {
            if (discoverer.getHypervisorType() == hypervisorType) {
                return discoverer;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends Host> discoverHosts(final AddHostCmd cmd) throws IllegalArgumentException, DiscoveryException, InvalidParameterValueException {
        Long dcId = cmd.getZoneId();
        final Long podId = cmd.getPodId();
        final Long clusterId = cmd.getClusterId();
        String clusterName = cmd.getClusterName();
        final String url = cmd.getUrl();
        final String username = cmd.getUsername();
        final String password = cmd.getPassword();
        final List<String> hostTags = cmd.getHostTags();

        dcId = _accountMgr.checkAccessAndSpecifyAuthority(CallContext.current().getCallingAccount(), dcId);

        // this is for standalone option
        if (clusterName == null && clusterId == null) {
            clusterName = "Standalone-" + url;
        }

        if (clusterId != null) {
            final ClusterVO cluster = _clusterDao.findById(clusterId);
            if (cluster == null) {
                final InvalidParameterValueException ex = new InvalidParameterValueException("can not find cluster for specified clusterId");
                ex.addProxyObject(clusterId.toString(), "clusterId");
                throw ex;
            } else {
                if (cluster.getGuid() == null) {
                    final List<Long> hostIds = _hostDao.listIdsByClusterId(clusterId);
                    if (!hostIds.isEmpty()) {
                        final CloudRuntimeException ex =
                                new CloudRuntimeException("Guid is not updated for cluster with specified cluster id; need to wait for hosts in this cluster to come up");
                        ex.addProxyObject(cluster.getUuid(), "clusterId");
                        throw ex;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        String hypervisorType = cmd.getHypervisor().equalsIgnoreCase(HypervisorGuru.HypervisorCustomDisplayName.value()) ?
                "Custom" : cmd.getHypervisor();
        checkForDuplicateHost(url);
        return discoverHostsFull(dcId, podId, clusterId, clusterName, url, username, password, hypervisorType, hostTags, cmd.getFullUrlParams(), false);
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends Host> discoverHosts(final AddSecondaryStorageCmd cmd) throws IllegalArgumentException, DiscoveryException, InvalidParameterValueException {
        final Long dcId = cmd.getZoneId();
        final String url = cmd.getUrl();
        return discoverHostsFull(dcId, null, null, null, url, null, null, "SecondaryStorage", null, null, false);
    }

    private List<HostVO> discoverHostsFull(final Long dcId, final Long podId, Long clusterId, final String clusterName, String url, String username, String password,
            final String hypervisorType, final List<String> hostTags, final Map<String, String> params, final boolean deferAgentCreation) throws IllegalArgumentException, DiscoveryException,
            InvalidParameterValueException {
        URI uri;

        // Check if the zone exists in the system
        final DataCenterVO zone = _dcDao.findById(dcId);
        if (zone == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find zone by id " + dcId);
        }

        final Account account = CallContext.current().getCallingAccount();
        if (Grouping.AllocationState.Disabled == zone.getAllocationState() && !_accountMgr.isRootAdmin(account.getId())) {
            final PermissionDeniedException ex = new PermissionDeniedException("Cannot perform this operation, Zone with specified id is currently disabled");
            ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
            throw ex;
        }

        // Check if the pod exists in the system
        HostPodVO pod = null;
        if (podId != null) {
            pod = _podDao.findById(podId);
            if (pod == null) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find pod by id " + podId);
            }
            // check if pod belongs to the zone
            if (!Long.valueOf(pod.getDataCenterId()).equals(dcId)) {
                final InvalidParameterValueException ex =
                        new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Pod with specified pod %s doesn't belong to the zone with specified zone %s", pod, zone));
                ex.addProxyObject(pod.getUuid(), "podId");
                ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
                throw ex;
            }
        }

        // Verify cluster information and create a new cluster if needed
        if (clusterName != null && clusterId != null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't specify cluster by both id and name");
        }

        if (hypervisorType == null || hypervisorType.isEmpty()) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Need to specify Hypervisor Type");
        }

        if ((clusterName != null || clusterId != null) && podId == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't specify cluster without specifying the pod");
        }
        List<String> skipList = Arrays.asList(HypervisorType.VMware.name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT), Type.SecondaryStorage.name().toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT));
        if (!skipList.contains(hypervisorType.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT))) {
            if (HypervisorType.KVM.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(hypervisorType)) {
                if (StringUtils.isBlank(username)) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Username need to be provided.");
                }
            } else {
                if (StringUtils.isBlank(username) || StringUtils.isBlank(password)) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Username and Password need to be provided.");
                }
            }
        }

        ClusterVO cluster = null;
        if (clusterId != null) {
            cluster = _clusterDao.findById(clusterId);
            if (cluster == null) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find cluster by id " + clusterId);
            }

            if (hypervisorType.equalsIgnoreCase(HypervisorType.VMware.toString())) {
                // VMware only allows adding host to an existing cluster, as we
                // already have a lot of information
                // in cluster object, to simplify user input, we will construct
                // necessary information here
                final Map<String, String> clusterDetails = _clusterDetailsDao.findDetails(clusterId);
                username = clusterDetails.get("username");
                assert username != null;

                password = clusterDetails.get("password");
                assert password != null;

                try {
                    uri = new URI(UriUtils.encodeURIComponent(url));

                    url = clusterDetails.get("url") + "/" + uri.getHost();
                } catch (final URISyntaxException e) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException(url + " is not a valid uri");
                }
            }
        }

        if ((hypervisorType.equalsIgnoreCase(HypervisorType.BareMetal.toString()))) {
            if (hostTags.isEmpty()) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("hosttag is mandatory while adding host of type Baremetal");
            }
        }

        if (clusterName != null) {
            if (pod == null) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find pod by id " + podId);
            }
            cluster = new ClusterVO(dcId, podId, clusterName);
            cluster.setHypervisorType(hypervisorType);
            try {
                cluster = _clusterDao.persist(cluster);
            } catch (final Exception e) {
                cluster = _clusterDao.findBy(clusterName, podId);
                if (cluster == null) {
                    final CloudRuntimeException ex =
                            new CloudRuntimeException("Unable to create cluster " + clusterName + " in pod with specified podId and data center with specified dcID", e);
                    ex.addProxyObject(pod.getUuid(), "podId");
                    ex.addProxyObject(zone.getUuid(), "dcId");
                    throw ex;
                }
            }
            clusterId = cluster.getId();
            if (_clusterDetailsDao.findDetail(clusterId, VmDetailConstants.CPU_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO) == null) {
                final ClusterDetailsVO cluster_cpu_detail = new ClusterDetailsVO(clusterId, VmDetailConstants.CPU_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, "1");
                final ClusterDetailsVO cluster_memory_detail = new ClusterDetailsVO(clusterId, VmDetailConstants.MEMORY_OVER_COMMIT_RATIO, "1");
                _clusterDetailsDao.persist(cluster_cpu_detail);
                _clusterDetailsDao.persist(cluster_memory_detail);
            }
        }

        try {
            uri = new URI(UriUtils.encodeURIComponent(url));
            if (uri.getScheme() == null) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("uri.scheme is null " + url + ", add nfs:// (or cifs://) as a prefix");
            } else if (uri.getScheme().equalsIgnoreCase("nfs")) {
                if (uri.getHost() == null || uri.getHost().equalsIgnoreCase("") || uri.getPath() == null || uri.getPath().equalsIgnoreCase("")) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Your host and/or path is wrong.  Make sure it's of the format nfs://hostname/path");
                }
            } else if (uri.getScheme().equalsIgnoreCase("cifs")) {
                // Don't validate against a URI encoded URI.
                final URI cifsUri = new URI(url);
                final String warnMsg = UriUtils.getCifsUriParametersProblems(cifsUri);
                if (warnMsg != null) {
                    throw new InvalidParameterValueException(warnMsg);
                }
            }
        } catch (final URISyntaxException e) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(url + " is not a valid uri");
        }

        final List<HostVO> hosts = new ArrayList<>();
        logger.info("Trying to add a new host at {} in data center {}", url, zone);
        boolean isHypervisorTypeSupported = false;
        for (final Discoverer discoverer : _discoverers) {
            if (params != null) {
                discoverer.putParam(params);
            }

            if (!discoverer.matchHypervisor(hypervisorType)) {
                continue;
            }
            isHypervisorTypeSupported = true;
            Map<? extends ServerResource, Map<String, String>> resources = null;

            processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_BEFORE, dcId, podId, clusterId, uri, username, password, hostTags);
            try {
                resources = discoverer.find(dcId, podId, clusterId, uri, username, password, hostTags);
            } catch (final DiscoveryException e) {
                String errorMsg = String.format("Could not add host at [%s] with zone [%s], pod [%s] and cluster [%s] due to: [%s].",
                        uri, zone, pod, cluster, e.getMessage());
                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    logger.debug(errorMsg, e);
                }
                throw new DiscoveryException(errorMsg, e);
            } catch (final Exception e) {
                String err = "Exception in host discovery process with discoverer: " + discoverer.getName();
                logger.info(err + ", skip to another discoverer if there is any");
                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    logger.debug(err + ":" + e.getMessage(), e);
                }
            }
            processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_DISCOVER_AFTER, resources);

            if (resources != null) {
                for (final Map.Entry<? extends ServerResource, Map<String, String>> entry : resources.entrySet()) {
                    final ServerResource resource = entry.getKey();
                    /*
                     * For KVM, if we go to here, that means kvm agent is
                     * already connected to mgt svr.
                     */
                    if (resource instanceof KvmDummyResourceBase) {
                        final Map<String, String> details = entry.getValue();
                        final String guid = details.get("guid");
                        final List<HostVO> kvmHosts = listAllUpAndEnabledHosts(Host.Type.Routing, clusterId, podId, dcId);
                        for (final HostVO host : kvmHosts) {
                            if (host.getGuid().equalsIgnoreCase(guid)) {
                                if (hostTags != null) {
                                    if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
                                        logger.trace("Adding Host Tags for KVM host, tags:  :" + hostTags);
                                    }
                                    _hostTagsDao.persist(host.getId(), hostTags, false);
                                }
                                hosts.add(host);

                                _agentMgr.notifyMonitorsOfNewlyAddedHost(host.getId());

                                return hosts;
                            }
                        }
                        return null;
                    }

                    HostVO host;
                    if (deferAgentCreation) {
                        host = (HostVO)createHostAndAgentDeferred(resource, entry.getValue(), true, hostTags, false);
                    } else {
                        host = (HostVO)createHostAndAgent(resource, entry.getValue(), true, hostTags, false);
                    }
                    if (host != null) {
                        hosts.add(host);
                    }
                    discoverer.postDiscovery(hosts, _nodeId);
                }
                logger.info("server resources successfully discovered by " + discoverer.getName());
                return hosts;
            }
        }
        if (!isHypervisorTypeSupported) {
            final String msg = "Do not support HypervisorType " + hypervisorType + " for " + url;
            logger.warn(msg);
            throw new DiscoveryException(msg);
        }
        String errorMsg = "Cannot find the server resources at " + url;
        logger.warn(errorMsg);
        throw new DiscoveryException("Unable to add the host: " + errorMsg);
    }

    @Override
    public Host getHost(final long hostId) {
        return _hostDao.findById(hostId);
    }

    @DB
    protected boolean doDeleteHost(final long hostId, final boolean isForced, final boolean isForceDeleteStorage) {
        _accountMgr.getActiveUser(CallContext.current().getCallingUserId());
        // Verify that host exists
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Host with id " + hostId + " doesn't exist");
        }
        _accountMgr.checkAccessAndSpecifyAuthority(CallContext.current().getCallingAccount(), host.getDataCenterId());

        if (!canDeleteHost(host) && !isForced) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Host " + host.getUuid() +
                    " cannot be deleted as it is not in maintenance mode. Either put the host into maintenance or perform a forced deletion.");
        }
        // Get storage pool host mappings here because they can be removed as a
        // part of handleDisconnect later
        final List<StoragePoolHostVO> pools = _storagePoolHostDao.listByHostIdIncludingRemoved(hostId);

        final ResourceStateAdapter.DeleteHostAnswer answer =
                (ResourceStateAdapter.DeleteHostAnswer)dispatchToStateAdapters(ResourceStateAdapter.Event.DELETE_HOST, false, host, isForced,
                        isForceDeleteStorage);

        if (answer == null) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("No resource adapter respond to DELETE_HOST event for %s, hypervisorType is %s, host type is %s",
                    host, host.getHypervisorType(), host.getType()));
        }

        if (answer.getIsException()) {
            return false;
        }

        if (!answer.getIsContinue()) {
            return true;
        }

        Long clusterId = host.getClusterId();

        _agentMgr.notifyMonitorsOfHostAboutToBeRemoved(host.getId());

        Transaction.execute(new TransactionCallbackNoReturn() {
            @Override
            public void doInTransactionWithoutResult(final TransactionStatus status) {
                _dcDao.releasePrivateIpAddress(host.getPrivateIpAddress(), host.getDataCenterId(), null);
                _agentMgr.disconnectWithoutInvestigation(hostId, Status.Event.Remove);

                // delete host details
                _hostDetailsDao.deleteDetails(hostId);

                // if host is GPU enabled, delete GPU entries
                _hostGpuGroupsDao.deleteGpuEntries(hostId);

                // delete host tags
                _hostTagsDao.deleteTags(hostId);

                host.setGuid(null);
                final Long clusterId = host.getClusterId();
                host.setClusterId(null);
                _hostDao.update(host.getId(), host);

                Host hostRemoved = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
                _hostDao.remove(hostId);
                if (clusterId != null) {
                    final List<Long> hostIds = _hostDao.listIdsByClusterId(clusterId);
                    if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(hostIds)) {
                        final ClusterVO cluster = _clusterDao.findById(clusterId);
                        cluster.setGuid(null);
                        _clusterDao.update(clusterId, cluster);
                    }
                }

                try {
                    resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.DeleteHost, _nodeId);
                } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
                    logger.debug(String.format("Cannot transit %s to Enabled state", host), e);
                }

                // Delete the associated entries in host ref table
                _storagePoolHostDao.deletePrimaryRecordsForHost(hostId);

                // Make sure any VMs that were marked as being on this host are cleaned up
                final List<VMInstanceVO> vms = _vmDao.listByHostId(hostId);
                for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
                    // this is how VirtualMachineManagerImpl does it when it syncs VM states
                    vm.setState(State.Stopped);
                    vm.setHostId(null);
                    _vmDao.persist(vm);
                }

                // For pool ids you got, delete local storage host entries in pool table
                // where
                for (final StoragePoolHostVO pool : pools) {
                    final Long poolId = pool.getPoolId();
                    final StoragePoolVO storagePool = _storagePoolDao.findById(poolId);
                    if (storagePool.isLocal() && isForceDeleteStorage) {
                        destroyLocalStoragePoolVolumes(poolId);
                        storagePool.setUuid(null);
                        storagePool.setClusterId(null);
                        _storagePoolDao.update(poolId, storagePool);
                        _storagePoolDao.remove(poolId);
                        logger.debug("Local storage [id: {}] is removed as a part of {} removal", storagePool, hostRemoved);
                    }
                }

                // delete the op_host_capacity entry
                final Object[] capacityTypes = {Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_CPU, Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_MEMORY, Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_CPU_CORE};
                final SearchCriteria<CapacityVO> hostCapacitySC = _capacityDao.createSearchCriteria();
                hostCapacitySC.addAnd("hostOrPoolId", SearchCriteria.Op.EQ, hostId);
                hostCapacitySC.addAnd("capacityType", SearchCriteria.Op.IN, capacityTypes);
                _capacityDao.remove(hostCapacitySC);
                // remove from dedicated resources
                final DedicatedResourceVO dr = _dedicatedDao.findByHostId(hostId);
                if (dr != null) {
                    _dedicatedDao.remove(dr.getId());
                }

                // Remove comments (if any)
                annotationDao.removeByEntityType(AnnotationService.EntityType.HOST.name(), host.getUuid());
            }
        });

        if (clusterId != null) {
            _agentMgr.notifyMonitorsOfRemovedHost(host.getId(), clusterId);
        }

        return true;
    }

    private void addVolumesToList(List<VolumeVO> volumes, List<VolumeVO> volumesToAdd) {
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(volumesToAdd)) {
            volumes.addAll(volumesToAdd);
        }
    }

    protected void destroyLocalStoragePoolVolumes(long poolId) {
        List<VolumeVO> rootDisks = volumeDao.findNonDestroyedVolumesByPoolId(poolId);
        List<VolumeVO> dataVolumes = volumeDao.findNonDestroyedVolumesByPoolId(poolId, Volume.Type.DATADISK);

        List<VolumeVO> volumes = new ArrayList<>();
        addVolumesToList(volumes, rootDisks);
        addVolumesToList(volumes, dataVolumes);

        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(volumes)) {
            for (VolumeVO volume : volumes) {
                volumeDao.updateAndRemoveVolume(volume);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if host can be deleted.</br>
     * A host can be deleted either if it is in Maintenance or "Degraded" state.
     */
    protected boolean canDeleteHost(HostVO host) {
        return host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Maintenance || host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Degraded;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean deleteHost(final long hostId, final boolean isForced, final boolean isForceDeleteStorage) {
        try {
            final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(hostId, ResourceState.Event.DeleteHost);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
        } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
            return false;
        }

        return doDeleteHost(hostId, isForced, isForceDeleteStorage);
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    public boolean deleteCluster(final DeleteClusterCmd cmd) {
        try {
            Transaction.execute(new TransactionCallbackNoReturn() {
                @Override
                public void doInTransactionWithoutResult(final TransactionStatus status) {
                    final ClusterVO cluster = _clusterDao.lockRow(cmd.getId(), true);
                    if (cluster == null) {
                        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                            logger.debug("Cluster: " + cmd.getId() + " does not even exist.  Delete call is ignored.");
                        }
                        throw new CloudRuntimeException("Cluster: " + cmd.getId() + " does not exist");
                    }

                    final Hypervisor.HypervisorType hypervisorType = cluster.getHypervisorType();

                    final List<Long> hostIds = _hostDao.listIdsByClusterId(cmd.getId());
                    if (!hostIds.isEmpty()) {
                        logger.debug("{} still has hosts, can't remove", cluster);
                        throw new CloudRuntimeException("Cluster: " + cmd.getId() + " cannot be removed. Cluster still has hosts");
                    }

                    // don't allow to remove the cluster if it has non-removed storage
                    // pools
                    final List<StoragePoolVO> storagePools = _storagePoolDao.listPoolsByCluster(cmd.getId());
                    if (!storagePools.isEmpty()) {
                        logger.debug("{} still has storage pools, can't remove", cluster);
                        throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Cluster: %s cannot be removed. Cluster still has storage pools", cluster));
                    }

                    if (_clusterDao.remove(cmd.getId())) {
                        _capacityDao.removeBy(null, null, null, cluster.getId(), null);
                        // If this cluster is of type vmware, and if the nexus vswitch
                        // global parameter setting is turned
                        // on, remove the row in cluster_vsm_map for this cluster id.
                        if (hypervisorType == HypervisorType.VMware && Boolean.parseBoolean(_configDao.getValue(Config.VmwareUseNexusVSwitch.toString()))) {
                            _clusterVSMMapDao.removeByClusterId(cmd.getId());
                        }
                        // remove from dedicated resources
                        final DedicatedResourceVO dr = _dedicatedDao.findByClusterId(cluster.getId());
                        if (dr != null) {
                            _dedicatedDao.remove(dr.getId());
                        }
                        // Remove comments (if any)
                        annotationDao.removeByEntityType(AnnotationService.EntityType.CLUSTER.name(), cluster.getUuid());
                    }

                }
            });
            return true;
        } catch (final CloudRuntimeException e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (final Throwable t) {
            logger.error("Unable to delete cluster: {}", _clusterDao.findById(cmd.getId()), t);
            return false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    public Cluster updateCluster(UpdateClusterCmd cmd) {
        ClusterVO cluster = (ClusterVO) getCluster(cmd.getId());
        String clusterType = cmd.getClusterType();
        String hypervisor = cmd.getHypervisor();
        String allocationState = cmd.getAllocationState();
        String managedstate = cmd.getManagedstate();
        String name = cmd.getClusterName();
        CPU.CPUArch arch = cmd.getArch();

        // Verify cluster information and update the cluster if needed
        boolean doUpdate = false;

        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(name)) {
            if(cluster.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.VMware) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Renaming VMware cluster is not supported as it could cause problems if the updated  cluster name is not mapped on VCenter.");
            }
            logger.debug("Updating Cluster name to: " + name);
            cluster.setName(name);
            doUpdate = true;
        }

        if (hypervisor != null && !hypervisor.isEmpty()) {
            final Hypervisor.HypervisorType hypervisorType = Hypervisor.HypervisorType.getType(hypervisor);
            if (hypervisorType == null) {
                logger.error("Unable to resolve " + hypervisor + " to a valid supported hypervisor type");
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve " + hypervisor + " to a supported type");
            } else {
                cluster.setHypervisorType(hypervisor);
                doUpdate = true;
            }
        }

        Cluster.ClusterType newClusterType;
        if (clusterType != null && !clusterType.isEmpty()) {
            try {
                newClusterType = Cluster.ClusterType.valueOf(clusterType);
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve " + clusterType + " to a supported type");
            }
            if (newClusterType == null) {
                logger.error("Unable to resolve " + clusterType + " to a valid supported cluster type");
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve " + clusterType + " to a supported type");
            } else {
                cluster.setClusterType(newClusterType);
                doUpdate = true;
            }
        }

        Grouping.AllocationState newAllocationState;
        if (allocationState != null && !allocationState.isEmpty()) {
            try {
                newAllocationState = Grouping.AllocationState.valueOf(allocationState);
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve Allocation State '" + allocationState + "' to a supported state");
            }
            if (newAllocationState == null) {
                logger.error("Unable to resolve " + allocationState + " to a valid supported allocation State");
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve " + allocationState + " to a supported state");
            } else {
                cluster.setAllocationState(newAllocationState);
                doUpdate = true;
            }
        }

        Managed.ManagedState newManagedState = null;
        final Managed.ManagedState oldManagedState = cluster.getManagedState();
        if (managedstate != null && !managedstate.isEmpty()) {
            try {
                newManagedState = Managed.ManagedState.valueOf(managedstate);
            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve Managed State '" + managedstate + "' to a supported state");
            }
            if (newManagedState == null) {
                logger.error("Unable to resolve Managed State '" + managedstate + "' to a supported state");
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to resolve Managed State '" + managedstate + "' to a supported state");
            } else {
                doUpdate = true;
            }
        }

        if (arch != null) {
            List<CPU.CPUArch> architectureTypes = _hostDao.listDistinctArchTypes(cluster.getId());
            if (architectureTypes.stream().anyMatch(a -> !a.equals(arch))) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format(
                        "Cluster has host(s) present with arch type(s): %s",
                        StringUtils.join(architectureTypes.stream().map(CPU.CPUArch::getType).toArray())));
            }
            cluster.setArch(arch.getType());
            doUpdate = true;
        }

        if (doUpdate) {
            _clusterDao.update(cluster.getId(), cluster);
        }

        if (newManagedState != null && !newManagedState.equals(oldManagedState)) {
            if (newManagedState.equals(Managed.ManagedState.Unmanaged)) {
                boolean success = false;
                try {
                    cluster.setManagedState(Managed.ManagedState.PrepareUnmanaged);
                    _clusterDao.update(cluster.getId(), cluster);
                    List<HostVO> hosts = listAllHosts(Host.Type.Routing, cluster.getId(), cluster.getPodId(), cluster.getDataCenterId());
                    for (final HostVO host : hosts) {
                        if (host.getType().equals(Host.Type.Routing) && !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Down) && !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Disconnected) &&
                                !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Up) && !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Alert)) {
                            final String msg = "host " + host.getPrivateIpAddress() + " should not be in " + host.getStatus().toString() + " status";
                            throw new CloudRuntimeException("PrepareUnmanaged Failed due to " + msg);
                        }
                    }

                    for (final HostVO host : hosts) {
                        if (host.getStatus().equals(Status.Up)) {
                            umanageHost(host.getId());
                        }
                    }
                    final int retry = 40;
                    boolean lsuccess;
                    for (int i = 0; i < retry; i++) {
                        lsuccess = true;
                        try {
                            Thread.sleep(5 * 1000);
                        } catch (final InterruptedException e) {
                            logger.debug("thread unexpectedly interrupted during wait, while updating cluster");
                        }
                        hosts = listAllUpAndEnabledHosts(Host.Type.Routing, cluster.getId(), cluster.getPodId(), cluster.getDataCenterId());
                        for (final HostVO host : hosts) {
                            if (!host.getStatus().equals(Status.Down) && !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Disconnected) && !host.getStatus().equals(Status.Alert)) {
                                lsuccess = false;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        if (lsuccess) {
                            success = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!success) {
                        throw new CloudRuntimeException("PrepareUnmanaged Failed due to some hosts are still in UP status after 5 Minutes, please try later ");
                    }
                } finally {
                    cluster.setManagedState(success ? Managed.ManagedState.Unmanaged : Managed.ManagedState.PrepareUnmanagedError);
                    _clusterDao.update(cluster.getId(), cluster);
                }
            } else if (newManagedState.equals(Managed.ManagedState.Managed)) {
                cluster.setManagedState(Managed.ManagedState.Managed);
                _clusterDao.update(cluster.getId(), cluster);
            }

        }

        return cluster;
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    @ActionEvent(eventType = EventTypes.EVENT_MAINTENANCE_CANCEL, eventDescription = "cancel maintenance for host", async = true)
    public Host cancelMaintenance(final CancelMaintenanceCmd cmd) {
        final Long hostId = cmd.getId();

        // verify input parameters
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null || host.getRemoved() != null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Host with id " + hostId.toString() + " doesn't exist");
        }

        if (!ResourceState.isMaintenanceState(host.getResourceState())) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Cannot perform cancelMaintenance when resource state is %s, host: %s", host.getResourceState(), host));
        }

        processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE, hostId);
        final boolean success = cancelMaintenance(hostId);
        processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_CANCEL_MAINTENANCE_AFTER, hostId);
        if (!success) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Internal error cancelling maintenance.");
        }
        return host;
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    @ActionEvent(eventType = EventTypes.EVENT_HOST_RECONNECT, eventDescription = "reconnecting host", async = true)
    public Host reconnectHost(ReconnectHostCmd cmd) throws AgentUnavailableException {
        Long hostId = cmd.getId();

        HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Host with id " + hostId.toString() + " doesn't exist");
        }
        _agentMgr.reconnect(hostId);
        return host;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean resourceStateTransitTo(final Host host, final ResourceState.Event event, final long msId) throws NoTransitionException {
        final ResourceState currentState = host.getResourceState();
        final ResourceState nextState = currentState.getNextState(event);
        if (nextState == null) {
            throw new NoTransitionException("No next resource state found for current state = " + currentState + " event = " + event);
        }

        // TO DO - Make it more granular and have better conversion into capacity type
        if(host.getType() == Type.Routing){
            final CapacityState capacityState =  nextState == ResourceState.Enabled ? CapacityState.Enabled : CapacityState.Disabled;
            final short[] capacityTypes = { Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_CPU, Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_MEMORY, Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_CPU_CORE };
            _capacityDao.updateCapacityState(null, null, null, host.getId(), capacityState.toString(), capacityTypes);

            final StoragePoolVO storagePool = _storageMgr.findLocalStorageOnHost(host.getId());

            if(storagePool != null){
                final short[] capacityTypesLocalStorage = {Capacity.CAPACITY_TYPE_LOCAL_STORAGE};
                _capacityDao.updateCapacityState(null, null, null, storagePool.getId(), capacityState.toString(), capacityTypesLocalStorage);
            }
        }
        return _hostDao.updateResourceState(currentState, event, nextState, host);
    }

    private void handleVmForLastHostOrWithVGpu(final HostVO host, final VMInstanceVO vm) {
        // Migration is not supported for VGPU Vms so stop them.
        // for the last host in this cluster, destroy SSVM/CPVM and stop all other VMs
        if (VirtualMachine.Type.SecondaryStorageVm.equals(vm.getType())
                || VirtualMachine.Type.ConsoleProxy.equals(vm.getType())) {
            logger.error("Maintenance: VM is of type {}. Destroying VM {} immediately instead of migration.", vm.getType(), vm);
            _haMgr.scheduleDestroy(vm, host.getId(), HighAvailabilityManager.ReasonType.HostMaintenance);
            return;
        }
        logger.error("Maintenance: No hosts available for migrations. Scheduling shutdown for VM {} instead of migration.", vm);
        _haMgr.scheduleStop(vm, host.getId(), WorkType.ForceStop);
    }

    private boolean doMaintain(final long hostId) {
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        logger.info("Maintenance: attempting maintenance of host {}", host);
        ResourceState hostState = host.getResourceState();
        if (!ResourceState.canAttemptMaintenance(hostState)) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Cannot perform maintain when resource state is %s, host = %s", hostState, host));
        }

        final List<VMInstanceVO> vms = _vmDao.listByHostId(hostId);
        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(vms) && !HighAvailabilityManagerImpl.VmHaEnabled.valueIn(host.getDataCenterId())) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Cannot perform maintain for the host %s (%d) as there are running VMs on it and VM high availability manager is disabled", host.getName(), hostId));
        }

        final MaintainAnswer answer = (MaintainAnswer)_agentMgr.easySend(hostId, new MaintainCommand());
        if (answer == null || !answer.getResult()) {
            logger.warn("Unable to send MaintainCommand to host: {}", host);
            return false;
        }

        try {
            resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.AdminAskMaintenance, _nodeId);
        } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
            final String err = String.format("Cannot transit resource state of %s to %s", host, ResourceState.Maintenance);
            logger.debug(err, e);
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(err + e.getMessage());
        }

        ActionEventUtils.onStartedActionEvent(CallContext.current().getCallingUserId(), CallContext.current().getCallingAccountId(), EventTypes.EVENT_MAINTENANCE_PREPARE, String.format("starting maintenance for host %s", host), hostId, null, true, 0);
        _agentMgr.pullAgentToMaintenance(hostId);

        /* TODO: move below to listener */
        if (host.getType() == Host.Type.Routing) {
            if (vms.isEmpty()) {
                return true;
            }

            List<HostVO> hosts = listAllUpAndEnabledHosts(Host.Type.Routing, host.getClusterId(), host.getPodId(), host.getDataCenterId());
            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(hosts)) {
                logger.warn("Unable to find a host for vm migration in cluster: {}", _clusterDao.findById(host.getClusterId()));
                if (! isClusterWideMigrationPossible(host, vms, hosts)) {
                    return false;
                }
            }

            for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
                if (hosts == null || hosts.isEmpty() || !answer.getMigrate()
                        || _serviceOfferingDetailsDao.findDetail(vm.getServiceOfferingId(), GPU.Keys.vgpuType.toString()) != null) {
                    handleVmForLastHostOrWithVGpu(host, vm);
                } else if (HypervisorType.LXC.equals(host.getHypervisorType()) && VirtualMachine.Type.User.equals(vm.getType())){
                    //Migration is not supported for LXC Vms. Schedule restart instead.
                    _haMgr.scheduleRestart(vm, false, HighAvailabilityManager.ReasonType.HostMaintenance);
                } else if (userVmManager.isVMUsingLocalStorage(vm)) {
                    if (isMaintenanceLocalStrategyForceStop()) {
                        _haMgr.scheduleStop(vm, hostId, WorkType.ForceStop, HighAvailabilityManager.ReasonType.HostMaintenance);
                    } else if (isMaintenanceLocalStrategyMigrate()) {
                        migrateAwayVmWithVolumes(host, vm);
                    } else if (!isMaintenanceLocalStrategyDefault()){
                        String logMessage = String.format(
                                "Unsupported host.maintenance.local.storage.strategy: %s. Please set a strategy according to the global settings description: "
                                        + "'Error', 'Migration', or 'ForceStop'.",
                                HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value());
                        logger.error(logMessage);
                        throw new CloudRuntimeException("There are active VMs using the host's local storage pool. Please stop all VMs on this host that use local storage.");
                    }
                } else {
                    logger.info("Maintenance: scheduling migration of {} from {}", vm, host);
                    _haMgr.scheduleMigration(vm, HighAvailabilityManager.ReasonType.HostMaintenance);
                }
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    private boolean isClusterWideMigrationPossible(Host host, List<VMInstanceVO> vms, List<HostVO> hosts) {
        if (MIGRATE_VM_ACROSS_CLUSTERS.valueIn(host.getDataCenterId())) {
            DataCenterVO zone = _dcDao.findById(host.getDataCenterId());
            logger.info("Looking for hosts across different clusters in zone: {}", zone);
            Long podId = null;
            for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
                if (VirtualMachine.systemVMs.contains(vm.getType())) {
                    // SystemVMs can only be migrated to same pod
                    podId = host.getPodId();
                    break;
                }
            }
            hosts.addAll(listAllUpAndEnabledHosts(Host.Type.Routing, null, podId, host.getDataCenterId()));
            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(hosts)) {
                logger.warn("Unable to find a host for vm migration in zone: {}", zone);
                return false;
            }
            logger.info("Found hosts in the zone for vm migration: " + hosts);
            if (HypervisorType.VMware.equals(host.getHypervisorType())) {
                logger.debug("Skipping pool check of volumes on VMware environment because across-cluster vm migration is supported by vMotion");
                return true;
            }
            // Don't migrate vm if it has volumes on cluster-wide pool
            for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
                if (_vmMgr.checkIfVmHasClusterWideVolumes(vm.getId())) {
                    logger.warn(String.format("VM %s cannot be migrated across cluster as it has volumes on cluster-wide pool", vm));
                    return false;
                }
            }
        } else {
            logger.warn(String.format("VMs cannot be migrated across cluster since %s is false for zone ID: %d", MIGRATE_VM_ACROSS_CLUSTERS.key(), host.getDataCenterId()));
            return false;
        }
        return true;
   }

    /**
     * Looks for Hosts able to allocate the VM and migrates the VM with its volume.
     */
    private void migrateAwayVmWithVolumes(HostVO host, VMInstanceVO vm) {
        final DataCenterDeployment plan = new DataCenterDeployment(host.getDataCenterId(), host.getPodId(), host.getClusterId(), null, null, null);
        ServiceOfferingVO offeringVO = serviceOfferingDao.findById(vm.getId(), vm.getServiceOfferingId());
        final VirtualMachineProfile profile = new VirtualMachineProfileImpl(vm, null, offeringVO, null, null);
        plan.setMigrationPlan(true);
        DeployDestination dest = getDeployDestination(vm, profile, plan, host);
        Host destHost = dest.getHost();

        try {
            _vmMgr.migrateWithStorage(vm.getUuid(), host.getId(), destHost.getId(), null);
        } catch (ResourceUnavailableException e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Maintenance failed, could not migrate VM (%s) with local storage from host (%s) to host (%s).",
                            vm, host, destHost), e);
        }
    }

    private DeployDestination getDeployDestination(VMInstanceVO vm, VirtualMachineProfile profile, DataCenterDeployment plan, HostVO hostToAvoid) {
        DeployDestination dest;
        DeploymentPlanner.ExcludeList avoids = new DeploymentPlanner.ExcludeList();
        avoids.addHost(hostToAvoid.getId());
        try {
            dest = deploymentManager.planDeployment(profile, plan, avoids, null);
        } catch (InsufficientServerCapacityException e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Maintenance failed, could not find deployment destination for VM [id=%s, name=%s].", vm.getId(), vm.getInstanceName()),
                    e);
        }
        if (dest == null) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Maintenance failed, could not find deployment destination for VM [id=%s, name=%s], using plan: %s.", vm.getId(), vm.getInstanceName(), plan));
        }
        return dest;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean maintain(final long hostId) throws AgentUnavailableException {
        final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(hostId, ResourceState.Event.AdminAskMaintenance);
        if (result != null) {
            return result;
        }

        return doMaintain(hostId);
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    @ActionEvent(eventType = EventTypes.EVENT_MAINTENANCE_PREPARE, eventDescription = "prepare maintenance for host", async = true)
    public Host maintain(final PrepareForMaintenanceCmd cmd) {
        final Long hostId = cmd.getId();
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);

        if (host == null) {
            logger.debug("Unable to find host " + hostId);
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Unable to find host with ID: " + hostId + ". Please specify a valid host ID.");
        }
        if (!ResourceState.canAttemptMaintenance(host.getResourceState())) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Host is already in state " + host.getResourceState() + ". Cannot recall for maintenance until resolved.");
        }

        if (SET_HOST_DOWN_TO_MAINTENANCE.valueIn(host.getDataCenterId()) && (host.getStatus() == Status.Down)) {
            if (host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Enabled) {
                _hostDao.updateResourceState(ResourceState.Enabled, ResourceState.Event.AdminAskMaintenance, ResourceState.PrepareForMaintenance, host);
                _hostDao.updateResourceState(ResourceState.PrepareForMaintenance, ResourceState.Event.InternalEnterMaintenance, ResourceState.Maintenance, host);
                return _hostDao.findById(hostId);
            } else if (host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.ErrorInMaintenance) {
                _hostDao.updateResourceState(ResourceState.ErrorInMaintenance, ResourceState.Event.InternalEnterMaintenance, ResourceState.Maintenance, host);
                return _hostDao.findById(hostId);
            }
        }

        if (_hostDao.countBy(host.getClusterId(), ResourceState.PrepareForMaintenance, ResourceState.ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance) > 0) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("There are other servers attempting migrations for maintenance. " +
                    "Found hosts in PrepareForMaintenance OR ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance STATUS in cluster %s",
                    _clusterDao.findById(host.getClusterId())));
        }

        if (_storageMgr.isLocalStorageActiveOnHost(host.getId())) {
            if(!isMaintenanceLocalStrategyMigrate() && !isMaintenanceLocalStrategyForceStop()) {
                throw new CloudRuntimeException("There are active VMs using the host's local storage pool. Please stop all VMs on this host that use local storage.");
            }
        }

        List<VMInstanceVO> migratingInVMs = _vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Migrating);

        if (!migratingInVMs.isEmpty()) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Host contains incoming VMs migrating. Please wait for them to complete before putting to maintenance.");
        }

        if (!_vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Starting, State.Stopping).isEmpty()) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Host contains VMs in starting/stopping state. Please wait for them to complete before putting to maintenance.");
        }

        if (!_vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Error, State.Unknown).isEmpty()) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Host contains VMs in error/unknown/shutdown state. Please fix errors to proceed.");
        }

        try {
            processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_BEFORE, hostId);
            if (maintain(hostId)) {
                processResourceEvent(ResourceListener.EVENT_PREPARE_MAINTENANCE_AFTER, hostId);
                return _hostDao.findById(hostId);
            } else {
                throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Unable to prepare for maintenance host %s", host));
            }
        } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Unable to prepare for maintenance host %s", host));
        }
    }

    protected boolean isMaintenanceLocalStrategyMigrate() {
        if(StringUtils.isBlank(HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value())) {
            return false;
        }
        return HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value().equalsIgnoreCase(WorkType.Migration.toString());
    }

    protected boolean isMaintenanceLocalStrategyForceStop() {
        if(StringUtils.isBlank(HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value())) {
            return false;
        }
        return HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value().equalsIgnoreCase(WorkType.ForceStop.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the host.maintenance.local.storage.strategy is the Default: "Error", blank, empty, or null.
     */
    protected boolean isMaintenanceLocalStrategyDefault() {
        return StringUtils.isBlank(HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value())
                || HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY.value().equalsIgnoreCase(State.Error.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Declares host as Degraded. This method is used in critical situations; e.g. if it is not possible to start host, not even via out-of-band.
     */
    @Override
    public Host declareHostAsDegraded(final DeclareHostAsDegradedCmd cmd) throws NoTransitionException {
        Long hostId = cmd.getId();
        HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);

        if (host == null || StringUtils.isBlank(host.getName())) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Host [id:%s] does not exist.", hostId));
        } else if (host.getRemoved() != null){
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Host [id:%s, uuid: %s, name:%s] does not exist or it has been removed.", hostId, host.getUuid(), host.getName()));
        }

        if (host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Degraded) {
            throw new NoTransitionException(String.format("Host (%s) was already marked as Degraded.", host));
        }

        if (host.getStatus() != Status.Alert && host.getStatus() != Status.Disconnected) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Cannot perform declare host (%s) as 'Degraded' when host is in %s status", host, host.getStatus()));
        }

        try {
            resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.DeclareHostDegraded, _nodeId);
            host.setResourceState(ResourceState.Degraded);
        } catch (NoTransitionException e) {
            logger.error("Cannot transmit host [id:{}, uuid: {}, name:{}, state:{}, status:{}] to {} state",
                    host.getId(), host.getUuid(), host.getName(), host.getState(), host.getStatus(), ResourceState.Event.DeclareHostDegraded, e);
            throw e;
        }

        scheduleVmsRestart(host);

        return host;
    }

    /**
     * This method assumes that the host is Degraded; therefore it schedule VMs to be re-started by the HA manager.
     */
    private void scheduleVmsRestart(Host host) {
        List<VMInstanceVO> allVmsOnHost = _vmDao.listByHostId(host.getId());
        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(allVmsOnHost)) {
            logger.debug("Host ({}) was marked as Degraded with no allocated VMs, no need to schedule VM restart", host);
        }

        logger.debug("Host ({}) was marked as Degraded with a total of {} allocated VMs. Triggering HA to start VMs that have HA enabled.", host, allVmsOnHost.size());
        for (VMInstanceVO vm : allVmsOnHost) {
            State vmState = vm.getState();
            if (vmState == State.Starting || vmState == State.Running || vmState == State.Stopping) {
                _haMgr.scheduleRestart(vm, false, HighAvailabilityManager.ReasonType.HostDegraded);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Changes a host from 'Degraded' to 'Enabled' ResourceState.
     */
    @Override
    public Host cancelHostAsDegraded(final CancelHostAsDegradedCmd cmd) throws NoTransitionException {
        Long hostId = cmd.getId();
        HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);

        if (host == null || host.getRemoved() != null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Host (%s) with id %d does not exist", host, hostId));
        }

        if (host.getResourceState() != ResourceState.Degraded) {
            throw new NoTransitionException(
                    String.format("Cannot perform cancelHostAsDegraded on host (%s) when host is in %s state", host, host.getResourceState()));
        }

        try {
            resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.EnableDegradedHost, _nodeId);
            host.setResourceState(ResourceState.Enabled);
        } catch (NoTransitionException e) {
            throw new NoTransitionException(
                    String.format("Cannot transmit host (id=%s, uuid=%s, name=%s, state=%s, status=%s] to %s state", host.getId(), host.getUuid(), host.getName(), host.getResourceState(), host.getStatus(),
                            ResourceState.Enabled));
        }
        return host;
    }

    /**
     * Add VNC details as user VM details for each VM in 'vms' (KVM hosts only)
     */
    protected void setKVMVncAccess(long hostId, List<VMInstanceVO> vms) {
        for (VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
            GetVncPortAnswer vmVncPortAnswer = (GetVncPortAnswer) _agentMgr.easySend(hostId, new GetVncPortCommand(vm.getId(), vm.getInstanceName()));
            if (vmVncPortAnswer != null) {
                userVmDetailsDao.addDetail(vm.getId(), VmDetailConstants.KVM_VNC_ADDRESS, vmVncPortAnswer.getAddress(), true);
                userVmDetailsDao.addDetail(vm.getId(), VmDetailConstants.KVM_VNC_PORT, String.valueOf(vmVncPortAnswer.getPort()), true);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Configure VNC access for host VMs which have failed migrating to another host while trying to enter Maintenance mode
     */
    protected void configureVncAccessForKVMHostFailedMigrations(HostVO host, List<VMInstanceVO> failedMigrations) {
        if (host.getHypervisorType().equals(HypervisorType.KVM)) {
            _agentMgr.pullAgentOutMaintenance(host.getId());
            setKVMVncAccess(host.getId(), failedMigrations);
            _agentMgr.pullAgentToMaintenance(host.getId());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Safely transit host into Maintenance mode
     */
    protected boolean setHostIntoMaintenance(HostVO host) throws NoTransitionException {
        logger.debug("Host {} entering in Maintenance", host);
        resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.InternalEnterMaintenance, _nodeId);
        ActionEventUtils.onCompletedActionEvent(CallContext.current().getCallingUserId(), CallContext.current().getCallingAccountId(),
                EventVO.LEVEL_INFO, EventTypes.EVENT_MAINTENANCE_PREPARE,
                String.format("completed maintenance for host %s", host), host.getId(), null, 0);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Set host into ErrorInMaintenance state, as errors occurred during VM migrations. Do the following:
     * - Cancel scheduled migrations for those which have already failed
     * - Configure VNC access for VMs (KVM hosts only)
     */
    protected boolean setHostIntoErrorInMaintenance(HostVO host, List<VMInstanceVO> errorVms) throws NoTransitionException {
        logger.debug("Unable to migrate / fix errors for {} VM(s) from host {}", errorVms.size(), host);
        _haMgr.cancelScheduledMigrations(host);
        configureVncAccessForKVMHostFailedMigrations(host, errorVms);
        resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.UnableToMaintain, _nodeId);
        return false;
    }

    protected boolean setHostIntoErrorInPrepareForMaintenance(HostVO host, List<VMInstanceVO> errorVms) throws NoTransitionException {
        logger.debug("Host {} entering in PrepareForMaintenanceWithErrors state", host);
        configureVncAccessForKVMHostFailedMigrations(host, errorVms);
        resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.UnableToMigrate, _nodeId);
        return false;
    }

    protected boolean setHostIntoPrepareForMaintenanceAfterErrorsFixed(HostVO host) throws NoTransitionException {
        logger.debug("Host {} entering in PrepareForMaintenance state as any previous corrections have been fixed", host);
        resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.ErrorsCorrected, _nodeId);
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Return true if host goes into Maintenance mode. There are various possibilities for VMs' states
     * on a host. We need to track the various VM states on each run and accordingly transit to the
     * appropriate state.
     * We change states as follows -
     * 1. If there are no VMs in running, migrating, starting, stopping, error, unknown states we can move
     *    to maintenance state. Note that there cannot be incoming migrations as the API Call prepare for
     *    maintenance checks incoming migrations before starting.
     * 2. If there errors (like migrating VMs, error VMs, etc) we mark as ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance but
     *    don't stop remaining migrations/ongoing legitimate operations.
     * 3. If all migration retries, legitimate operations have finished we check for VMs on the host and if
     *    there are still VMs in error state or in running state or failed migrations we mark the VM as
     *    ErrorInMaintenance state.
     * 4. Lastly if there are no errors or failed migrations or running VMs but there are still pending
     *    legitimate operations and the host was in ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance, we push the host back
     *    to PrepareForMaintenance state.
     */
    protected boolean attemptMaintain(HostVO host) throws NoTransitionException {
        final long hostId = host.getId();

        logger.info(String.format("Attempting maintenance for %s", host));

        // Step 0: First gather if VMs have pending HAWork for migration with retries left.
        final List<VMInstanceVO> allVmsOnHost = _vmDao.listByHostId(hostId);
        final boolean hasMigratingAwayVms = CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(_vmDao.listVmsMigratingFromHost(hostId));
        boolean hasPendingMigrationRetries = false;
        for (VMInstanceVO vmInstanceVO : allVmsOnHost) {
            if (_haMgr.hasPendingMigrationsWork(vmInstanceVO.getId())) {
                logger.info(String.format("Attempting maintenance for %s found pending migration for %s.", host, vmInstanceVO));
                hasPendingMigrationRetries = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        // Step 1: If there are no VMs in migrating, running, starting, stopping, error or unknown state we can safely move the host to maintenance.
        if (!hasMigratingAwayVms && CollectionUtils.isEmpty(_vmDao.findByHostInStates(host.getId(),
                State.Migrating, State.Running, State.Starting, State.Stopping, State.Error, State.Unknown))) {
            if (hasPendingMigrationRetries) {
                logger.error("There should not be pending retries VMs for this host as there are no running, migrating," +
                        "starting, stopping, error or unknown states on host " + host);
            }
            return setHostIntoMaintenance(host);
        }

        // Step 2: Gather relevant VMs' states on the host and then based on them we can determine if
        final List<VMInstanceVO> failedMigrations = new ArrayList<>(_vmDao.listNonMigratingVmsByHostEqualsLastHost(hostId));
        final List<VMInstanceVO> errorVms = new ArrayList<>(_vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Unknown, State.Error));
        final boolean hasRunningVms = CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(_vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Running));
        final boolean hasFailedMigrations = CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(failedMigrations);
        final boolean hasVmsInFailureStates = CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(errorVms);
        final boolean hasStoppingVms = CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(_vmDao.findByHostInStates(hostId, State.Stopping));
        errorVms.addAll(failedMigrations);

        // Step 3: If there are no pending migration retries but host still has running VMs or,
        // host has VMs in failure state / failed migrations we move the host to ErrorInMaintenance state.
        if ((!hasPendingMigrationRetries && !hasMigratingAwayVms && hasRunningVms) ||
                (!hasRunningVms && !hasMigratingAwayVms && hasVmsInFailureStates)) {
            return setHostIntoErrorInMaintenance(host, errorVms);
        }

        // Step 4: IF there are pending migrations or ongoing retries left or stopping VMs and there were errors or failed
        // migrations we put the host into ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance
        if ((hasPendingMigrationRetries || hasMigratingAwayVms || hasStoppingVms) && (hasVmsInFailureStates || hasFailedMigrations)) {
            return setHostIntoErrorInPrepareForMaintenance(host, errorVms);
        }

        // Step 5: If there were previously errors found, but not anymore it means the operator has fixed errors and we put
        // the host into PrepareForMaintenance state.
        if (host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance) {
            return setHostIntoPrepareForMaintenanceAfterErrorsFixed(host);
        }

        return false;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean checkAndMaintain(final long hostId) {
        boolean hostInMaintenance = false;
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);

        try {
            if (host.getType() != Host.Type.Storage) {
                hostInMaintenance = attemptMaintain(host);
            }
        } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
            logger.warn(String.format("Cannot transit %s from %s to Maintenance state.", host, host.getResourceState()), e);
        }
        return hostInMaintenance;
    }

    private ResourceState.Event getResourceEventFromAllocationStateString(String allocationState) {
        final ResourceState.Event resourceEvent = ResourceState.Event.toEvent(allocationState);
        if (resourceEvent != ResourceState.Event.Enable && resourceEvent != ResourceState.Event.Disable) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format("Invalid allocation state: %s, " +
                    "only Enable/Disable are allowed", allocationState));
        }
        return resourceEvent;
    }

    private void handleAutoEnableDisableKVMHost(boolean autoEnableDisableKVMSetting,
                                                boolean isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck,
                                                HostVO host, DetailVO hostDetail,
                                                ResourceState.Event resourceEvent) {
        if (autoEnableDisableKVMSetting) {
            if (!isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck && hostDetail != null &&
                    !Boolean.parseBoolean(hostDetail.getValue()) && resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Enable) {
                hostDetail.setValue(Boolean.TRUE.toString());
                _hostDetailsDao.update(hostDetail.getId(), hostDetail);
            } else if (!isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck && hostDetail != null &&
                    Boolean.parseBoolean(hostDetail.getValue()) && resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Disable) {
                logger.info("The setting {} is enabled but {} is manually set into {} state," +
                                "ignoring future auto enabling of the host based on health check results",
                        AgentManager.EnableKVMAutoEnableDisable.key(), host, resourceEvent);
                hostDetail.setValue(Boolean.FALSE.toString());
                _hostDetailsDao.update(hostDetail.getId(), hostDetail);
            } else if (hostDetail == null) {
                String autoEnableValue = !isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck ? Boolean.FALSE.toString() : Boolean.TRUE.toString();
                hostDetail = new DetailVO(host.getId(), ApiConstants.AUTO_ENABLE_KVM_HOST, autoEnableValue);
                _hostDetailsDao.persist(hostDetail);
            }
        }
    }
    private boolean updateHostAllocationState(HostVO host, String allocationState,
                                           boolean isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck) throws NoTransitionException {
        boolean autoEnableDisableKVMSetting = AgentManager.EnableKVMAutoEnableDisable.valueIn(host.getClusterId()) &&
                host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.KVM;
        ResourceState.Event resourceEvent = getResourceEventFromAllocationStateString(allocationState);
        DetailVO hostDetail = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(host.getId(), ApiConstants.AUTO_ENABLE_KVM_HOST);

        if ((host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Enabled && resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Enable) ||
                (host.getResourceState() == ResourceState.Disabled && resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Disable)) {
            logger.info(String.format("The host %s is already on the allocated state", host.getName()));
            return false;
        }

        if (isAutoEnableAttemptForADisabledHost(autoEnableDisableKVMSetting, isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck, hostDetail, resourceEvent)) {
            logger.debug(String.format("The setting '%s' is enabled and the health check succeeds on the host, " +
                            "but the host has been manually disabled previously, ignoring auto enabling",
                    AgentManager.EnableKVMAutoEnableDisable.key()));
            return false;
        }

        handleAutoEnableDisableKVMHost(autoEnableDisableKVMSetting, isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck, host,
                hostDetail, resourceEvent);

        resourceStateTransitTo(host, resourceEvent, _nodeId);
        return true;
    }

    private boolean isAutoEnableAttemptForADisabledHost(boolean autoEnableDisableKVMSetting,
                                                        boolean isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck,
                                                        DetailVO hostDetail, ResourceState.Event resourceEvent) {
        return autoEnableDisableKVMSetting && isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck && hostDetail != null &&
                !Boolean.parseBoolean(hostDetail.getValue()) && resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Enable;
    }

    private void updateHostName(HostVO host, String name) {
        logger.debug("Updating Host name to: " + name);
        host.setName(name);
        _hostDao.update(host.getId(), host);
    }

    private void updateHostGuestOSCategory(Long hostId, Long guestOSCategoryId) {
        // Verify that the guest OS Category exists
        if (!(guestOSCategoryId > 0) || _guestOSCategoryDao.findById(guestOSCategoryId) == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Please specify a valid guest OS category.");
        }

        final GuestOSCategoryVO guestOSCategory = _guestOSCategoryDao.findById(guestOSCategoryId);
        final DetailVO guestOSDetail = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(hostId, "guest.os.category.id");

        if (guestOSCategory != null && !GuestOSCategoryVO.CATEGORY_NONE.equalsIgnoreCase(guestOSCategory.getName())) {
            // Create/Update an entry for guest.os.category.id
            if (guestOSDetail != null) {
                guestOSDetail.setValue(String.valueOf(guestOSCategory.getId()));
                _hostDetailsDao.update(guestOSDetail.getId(), guestOSDetail);
            } else {
                final Map<String, String> detail = new HashMap<>();
                detail.put("guest.os.category.id", String.valueOf(guestOSCategory.getId()));
                _hostDetailsDao.persist(hostId, detail);
            }
        } else {
            // Delete any existing entry for guest.os.category.id
            if (guestOSDetail != null) {
                _hostDetailsDao.remove(guestOSDetail.getId());
            }
        }
    }

    private void updateHostTags(HostVO host, Long hostId, List<String> hostTags, Boolean isTagARule) {
        List<VMInstanceVO> activeVMs =  _vmDao.listByHostId(hostId);
        logger.warn(String.format("The following active VMs [%s] are using the host [%s]. " +
                "Updating the host tags will not affect them.", activeVMs, host));

        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug("Updating Host Tags to :" + hostTags);
        }
        _hostTagsDao.persist(hostId, new ArrayList<>(new HashSet<>(hostTags)), isTagARule);
    }

    @Override
    public Host updateHost(final UpdateHostCmd cmd) throws NoTransitionException {
        managementService.checkJsInterpretationAllowedIfNeededForParameterValue(ApiConstants.IS_TAG_A_RULE,
                Boolean.TRUE.equals(cmd.getIsTagARule()));

        return updateHost(cmd.getId(), cmd.getName(), cmd.getOsCategoryId(),
                cmd.getAllocationState(), cmd.getUrl(), cmd.getHostTags(), cmd.getIsTagARule(), cmd.getAnnotation(), false);
    }

    private Host updateHost(Long hostId, String name, Long guestOSCategoryId, String allocationState,
                            String url, List<String> hostTags, Boolean isTagARule, String annotation, boolean isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck) throws NoTransitionException {
        // Verify that the host exists
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Host with id " + hostId + " doesn't exist");
        }

        boolean isUpdateHostAllocation = false;
        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(allocationState)) {
            isUpdateHostAllocation = updateHostAllocationState(host, allocationState, isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck);
        }

        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(name)) {
            updateHostName(host, name);
        }

        if (guestOSCategoryId != null) {
            updateHostGuestOSCategory(hostId, guestOSCategoryId);
        }

        if (hostTags != null) {
            updateHostTags(host, hostId, hostTags, isTagARule);
        }

        if (url != null) {
            _storageMgr.updateSecondaryStorage(hostId, url);
        }
        try {
            _storageMgr.enableHost(hostId);
        } catch (StorageUnavailableException | StorageConflictException e) {
            logger.error(String.format("Failed to setup host %s when enabled", host));
        }

        final HostVO updatedHost = _hostDao.findById(hostId);

        sendAlertAndAnnotationForAutoEnableDisableKVMHostFeature(host, allocationState,
                isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck, isUpdateHostAllocation, annotation);

        return updatedHost;
    }

    private void sendAlertAndAnnotationForAutoEnableDisableKVMHostFeature(HostVO host, String allocationState,
                                                                          boolean isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck,
                                                                          boolean isUpdateHostAllocation, String annotation) {
        boolean isAutoEnableDisableKVMSettingEnabled = host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.KVM &&
                AgentManager.EnableKVMAutoEnableDisable.valueIn(host.getClusterId());
        if (!isAutoEnableDisableKVMSettingEnabled) {
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(annotation)) {
                annotationService.addAnnotation(annotation, AnnotationService.EntityType.HOST, host.getUuid(), true);
            }
            return;
        }

        if (!isUpdateHostAllocation) {
            return;
        }

        String msg = String.format("The host %s (%s) ", host.getName(), host.getUuid());
        ResourceState.Event resourceEvent = getResourceEventFromAllocationStateString(allocationState);
        boolean isEventEnable = resourceEvent == ResourceState.Event.Enable;

        if (isUpdateFromHostHealthCheck) {
            msg += String.format("is auto-%s after %s health check results",
                    isEventEnable ? "enabled" : "disabled",
                    isEventEnable ? "successful" : "failed");
            alertManager.sendAlert(AlertService.AlertType.ALERT_TYPE_HOST, host.getDataCenterId(),
                    host.getPodId(), msg, msg);
        } else {
            msg += String.format("is %s despite the setting '%s' is enabled for the cluster %s",
                    isEventEnable ? "enabled" : "disabled", AgentManager.EnableKVMAutoEnableDisable.key(),
                    host.getClusterId());
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(annotation)) {
                msg += String.format(", reason: %s", annotation);
            }
        }
        annotationService.addAnnotation(msg, AnnotationService.EntityType.HOST, host.getUuid(), true);
    }

    @Override
    public Host autoUpdateHostAllocationState(Long hostId, ResourceState.Event resourceEvent) throws NoTransitionException {
        return updateHost(hostId, null, null, resourceEvent.toString(), null, null, null, null, true);
    }

    @Override
    public Cluster getCluster(final Long clusterId) {
        return _clusterDao.findById(clusterId);
    }

    @Override
    public DataCenter getZone(Long zoneId) {
        return _dcDao.findById(zoneId);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean configure(final String name, final Map<String, Object> params) throws ConfigurationException {
        _defaultSystemVMHypervisor = HypervisorType.getType(_configDao.getValue(Config.SystemVMDefaultHypervisor.toString()));
        _gson = GsonHelper.getGson();

        _hypervisorsInDC = _hostDao.createSearchBuilder(String.class);
        _hypervisorsInDC.select(null, Func.DISTINCT, _hypervisorsInDC.entity().getHypervisorType());
        _hypervisorsInDC.and("hypervisorType", _hypervisorsInDC.entity().getHypervisorType(), SearchCriteria.Op.NNULL);
        _hypervisorsInDC.and("dataCenter", _hypervisorsInDC.entity().getDataCenterId(), SearchCriteria.Op.EQ);
        _hypervisorsInDC.and("id", _hypervisorsInDC.entity().getId(), SearchCriteria.Op.NEQ);
        _hypervisorsInDC.and("type", _hypervisorsInDC.entity().getType(), SearchCriteria.Op.EQ);
        _hypervisorsInDC.done();

        _gpuAvailability = _hostGpuGroupsDao.createSearchBuilder();
        _gpuAvailability.and("hostId", _gpuAvailability.entity().getHostId(), Op.EQ);
        _gpuAvailability.and("groupName", _gpuAvailability.entity().getGroupName(), Op.EQ);
        final SearchBuilder<VGPUTypesVO> join1 = _vgpuTypesDao.createSearchBuilder();
        join1.and("vgpuType", join1.entity().getVgpuType(), Op.EQ);
        join1.and("remainingCapacity", join1.entity().getRemainingCapacity(), Op.GT);
        _gpuAvailability.join("groupId", join1, _gpuAvailability.entity().getId(), join1.entity().getGpuGroupId(), JoinBuilder.JoinType.INNER);
        _gpuAvailability.done();

        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public List<HypervisorType> getSupportedHypervisorTypes(final long zoneId, final boolean forVirtualRouter, final Long podId) {
        final List<HypervisorType> hypervisorTypes = new ArrayList<>();

        List<ClusterVO> clustersForZone;
        if (podId != null) {
            clustersForZone = _clusterDao.listByPodId(podId);
        } else {
            clustersForZone = _clusterDao.listByZoneId(zoneId);
        }

        for (final ClusterVO cluster : clustersForZone) {
            final HypervisorType hType = cluster.getHypervisorType();
            if (!forVirtualRouter || (hType != HypervisorType.BareMetal && hType != HypervisorType.Ovm)) {
                hypervisorTypes.add(hType);
            }
        }

        return hypervisorTypes;
    }

    @Override
    public HypervisorType getDefaultHypervisor(final long zoneId) {
        HypervisorType defaultHyper = HypervisorType.None;
        if (_defaultSystemVMHypervisor != HypervisorType.None) {
            defaultHyper = _defaultSystemVMHypervisor;
        }

        final DataCenterVO dc = _dcDao.findById(zoneId);
        if (dc == null) {
            return HypervisorType.None;
        }
        _dcDao.loadDetails(dc);
        final String defaultHypervisorInZone = dc.getDetail("defaultSystemVMHypervisorType");
        if (defaultHypervisorInZone != null) {
            defaultHyper = HypervisorType.getType(defaultHypervisorInZone);
        }

        final List<VMTemplateVO> systemTemplates = _templateDao.listAllSystemVMTemplates();
        boolean isValid = false;
        for (final VMTemplateVO template : systemTemplates) {
            if (template.getHypervisorType() == defaultHyper) {
                isValid = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (isValid) {
            final List<ClusterVO> clusters = _clusterDao.listByDcHyType(zoneId, defaultHyper.toString());
            if (clusters.isEmpty()) {
                isValid = false;
            }
        }

        if (isValid) {
            return defaultHyper;
        } else {
            return HypervisorType.None;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public HypervisorType getAvailableHypervisor(final long zoneId) {
        HypervisorType defaultHype = getDefaultHypervisor(zoneId);
        if (defaultHype == HypervisorType.None) {
            final List<HypervisorType> supportedHypes = getSupportedHypervisorTypes(zoneId, false, null);
            if (!supportedHypes.isEmpty()) {
                Collections.shuffle(supportedHypes);
                defaultHype = supportedHypes.get(0);
            }
        }

        if (defaultHype == HypervisorType.None) {
            defaultHype = HypervisorType.Any;
        }
        return defaultHype;
    }

    @Override
    public void registerResourceStateAdapter(final String name, final ResourceStateAdapter adapter) {
        synchronized (_resourceStateAdapters) {
            if (_resourceStateAdapters.get(name) != null) {
                throw new CloudRuntimeException(name + " has registered");
            }
            _resourceStateAdapters.put(name, adapter);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void unregisterResourceStateAdapter(final String name) {
        synchronized (_resourceStateAdapters) {
            _resourceStateAdapters.remove(name);
        }
    }

    private Object dispatchToStateAdapters(final ResourceStateAdapter.Event event, final boolean singleTaker, final Object... args) {
        synchronized (_resourceStateAdapters) {
            final Iterator<Map.Entry<String, ResourceStateAdapter>> it = _resourceStateAdapters.entrySet().iterator();
            Object result = null;
            while (it.hasNext()) {
                final Map.Entry<String, ResourceStateAdapter> item = it.next();
                final ResourceStateAdapter adapter = item.getValue();

                final String msg = "Dispatching resource state event " + event + " to " + item.getKey();
                logger.debug(msg);

                if (event == ResourceStateAdapter.Event.CREATE_HOST_VO_FOR_CONNECTED) {
                    result = adapter.createHostVOForConnectedAgent((HostVO)args[0], (StartupCommand[])args[1]);
                    if (result != null && singleTaker) {
                        break;
                    }
                } else if (event == ResourceStateAdapter.Event.CREATE_HOST_VO_FOR_DIRECT_CONNECT) {
                    result =
                            adapter.createHostVOForDirectConnectAgent((HostVO)args[0], (StartupCommand[])args[1], (ServerResource)args[2], (Map<String, String>)args[3],
                                    (List<String>)args[4]);
                    if (result != null && singleTaker) {
                        break;
                    }
                } else if (event == ResourceStateAdapter.Event.DELETE_HOST) {
                    try {
                        result = adapter.deleteHost((HostVO)args[0], (Boolean)args[1], (Boolean)args[2]);
                        if (result != null) {
                            break;
                        }
                    } catch (final UnableDeleteHostException e) {
                        logger.debug("Adapter " + adapter.getName() + " says unable to delete host", e);
                        result = new ResourceStateAdapter.DeleteHostAnswer(false, true);
                    }
                } else {
                    throw new CloudRuntimeException("Unknown resource state event:" + event);
                }
            }

            return result;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void checkCIDR(final HostPodVO pod, final DataCenterVO dc, final String serverPrivateIP, final String serverPrivateNetmask) throws IllegalArgumentException {
        if (serverPrivateIP == null) {
            return;
        }
        // Get the CIDR address and CIDR size
        final String cidrAddress = pod.getCidrAddress();
        final long cidrSize = pod.getCidrSize();

        // If the server's private IP address is not in the same subnet as the
        // pod's CIDR, return false
        final String cidrSubnet = NetUtils.getCidrSubNet(cidrAddress, cidrSize);
        final String serverSubnet = NetUtils.getSubNet(serverPrivateIP, serverPrivateNetmask);
        if (!cidrSubnet.equals(serverSubnet)) {
            logger.warn("The private ip address of the server (" + serverPrivateIP + ") is not compatible with the CIDR of pod: " + pod.getName() + " and zone: " +
                    dc.getName());
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The private ip address of the server (" + serverPrivateIP + ") is not compatible with the CIDR of pod: " + pod.getName() +
                    " and zone: " + dc.getName());
        }

        // If the server's private netmask is less inclusive than the pod's CIDR
        // netmask, return false
        final String cidrNetmask = NetUtils.getCidrSubNet("255.255.255.255", cidrSize);
        final long cidrNetmaskNumeric = NetUtils.ip2Long(cidrNetmask);
        final long serverNetmaskNumeric = NetUtils.ip2Long(serverPrivateNetmask);
        if (serverNetmaskNumeric > cidrNetmaskNumeric) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The private ip address of the server (" + serverPrivateIP + ") is not compatible with the CIDR of pod: " + pod.getName() +
                    " and zone: " + dc.getName());
        }

    }

    private boolean checkCIDR(final HostPodVO pod, final String serverPrivateIP, final String serverPrivateNetmask) {
        if (serverPrivateIP == null) {
            return true;
        }
        // Get the CIDR address and CIDR size
        final String cidrAddress = pod.getCidrAddress();
        final long cidrSize = pod.getCidrSize();

        // If the server's private IP address is not in the same subnet as the
        // pod's CIDR, return false
        final String cidrSubnet = NetUtils.getCidrSubNet(cidrAddress, cidrSize);
        final String serverSubnet = NetUtils.getSubNet(serverPrivateIP, serverPrivateNetmask);
        if (!cidrSubnet.equals(serverSubnet)) {
            return false;
        }

        // If the server's private netmask is less inclusive than the pod's CIDR
        // netmask, return false
        final String cidrNetmask = NetUtils.getCidrSubNet("255.255.255.255", cidrSize);
        final long cidrNetmaskNumeric = NetUtils.ip2Long(cidrNetmask);
        final long serverNetmaskNumeric = NetUtils.ip2Long(serverPrivateNetmask);
        return serverNetmaskNumeric <= cidrNetmaskNumeric;
    }

    private HostVO getNewHost(StartupCommand[] startupCommands) {
        StartupCommand startupCommand = startupCommands[0];

        String fullGuid = startupCommand.getGuid();
        logger.debug(String.format("Trying to find Host by guid %s", fullGuid));
        HostVO host = findHostByGuid(fullGuid);

        if (host != null) {
            logger.debug(String.format("Found Host by guid %s: %s", fullGuid, host));
            return host;
        }

        String guidPrefix = startupCommand.getGuidWithoutResource();
        logger.debug(String.format("Trying to find Host by guid prefix %s", guidPrefix));
        host = findHostByGuidPrefix(guidPrefix);

        if (host != null) {
            logger.debug(String.format("Found Host by guid prefix %s: %s", guidPrefix, host));
            return host;
        }

        logger.debug(String.format("Could not find Host by guid %s", fullGuid));
        return null;
    }

    protected void validateExistingHostLocationImmutable(final HostVO host, final boolean newHost,
            final long dcId, final Long podId, final Long clusterId, final StartupCommand startup) {
        if (newHost || host == null || host.getType() != Host.Type.Routing) {
            return;
        }
        final long existingDcId = host.getDataCenterId();
        final Long existingPodId = host.getPodId();
        final Long existingClusterId = host.getClusterId();
        if (existingPodId == null || existingClusterId == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (existingDcId == dcId && Objects.equals(existingPodId, podId) && Objects.equals(existingClusterId, clusterId)) {
            return;
        }
        final String identity = Objects.toString(host.getUuid(), host.getGuid());
        final String ip = startup != null ? startup.getPrivateIpAddress() : "unknown";
        throw new InvalidParameterValueException(
                String.format("Host %s (ip: %s) is already registered in [zone: %s, pod: %s, cluster: %s] and cannot " +
                                "be re-added or reconnected with [zone: %s, pod: %s, cluster: %s]. Zone, pod and " +
                                "cluster of an existing host are immutable.",
                        identity, ip, existingDcId, existingPodId, existingClusterId, dcId, podId, clusterId));
    }

    protected HostVO createHostVO(final StartupCommand[] cmds, final ServerResource resource, final Map<String, String> details, List<String> hostTags,
            final ResourceStateAdapter.Event stateEvent) {
        boolean newHost = false;
        StartupCommand startup = cmds[0];

        HostVO host = getNewHost(cmds);

        if (host == null) {
            host = new HostVO(startup.getGuid());

            newHost = true;
        }

        String dataCenter = startup.getDataCenter();
        String pod = startup.getPod();
        final String cluster = startup.getCluster();

        if (pod != null && dataCenter != null && pod.equalsIgnoreCase("default") && dataCenter.equalsIgnoreCase("default")) {
            final List<HostPodVO> pods = _podDao.listAllIncludingRemoved();
            for (final HostPodVO hpv : pods) {
                if (checkCIDR(hpv, startup.getPrivateIpAddress(), startup.getPrivateNetmask())) {
                    pod = hpv.getName();
                    dataCenter = _dcDao.findById(hpv.getDataCenterId()).getName();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        long dcId;
        DataCenterVO dc = _dcDao.findByName(dataCenter);
        if (dc == null) {
            try {
                dcId = Long.parseLong(dataCenter != null ? dataCenter : "-1");
                dc = _dcDao.findById(dcId);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException e) {
                logger.debug("Cannot parse " + dataCenter + " into Long.");
            }
        }
        if (dc == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host " + startup.getPrivateIpAddress() + " sent incorrect data center: " + dataCenter);
        }
        dcId = dc.getId();

        HostPodVO p = _podDao.findByName(pod, dcId);
        if (p == null) {
            try {
                final long podId = Long.parseLong(pod != null ? pod : "-1");
                p = _podDao.findById(podId);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException e) {
                logger.debug("Cannot parse " + pod + " into Long.");
            }
        }
        /*
         * ResourceStateAdapter is responsible for throwing Exception if Pod is
         * null and non-null is required. for example, XcpServerDiscoever.
         * Others, like PxeServer, ExternalFireware don't require Pod
         */
        final Long podId = p == null ? null : p.getId();

        Long clusterId = null;
        if (cluster != null) {
            try {
                clusterId = Long.valueOf(cluster);
            } catch (final NumberFormatException e) {
                if (podId != null) {
                    ClusterVO c = _clusterDao.findBy(cluster, podId);
                    if (c == null) {
                        c = new ClusterVO(dcId, podId, cluster);
                        c = _clusterDao.persist(c);
                    }
                    clusterId = c.getId();
                }
            }
        }

        validateExistingHostLocationImmutable(host, newHost, dcId, podId, clusterId, startup);

        host.setDataCenterId(dc.getId());
        host.setPodId(podId);
        host.setClusterId(clusterId);
        host.setPrivateIpAddress(startup.getPrivateIpAddress());
        host.setPrivateNetmask(startup.getPrivateNetmask());
        host.setPrivateMacAddress(startup.getPrivateMacAddress());
        host.setPublicIpAddress(startup.getPublicIpAddress());
        host.setPublicMacAddress(startup.getPublicMacAddress());
        host.setPublicNetmask(startup.getPublicNetmask());
        host.setStorageIpAddress(startup.getStorageIpAddress());
        host.setStorageMacAddress(startup.getStorageMacAddress());
        host.setStorageNetmask(startup.getStorageNetmask());
        host.setVersion(startup.getVersion());
        host.setName(startup.getName());
        host.setManagementServerId(_nodeId);
        host.setStorageUrl(startup.getIqn());
        host.setLastPinged(System.currentTimeMillis() >> 10);
        host.setHostTags(hostTags, false);
        host.setDetails(details);
        host.setArch(CPU.CPUArch.fromType(startup.getArch()));
        if (startup.getStorageIpAddressDeux() != null) {
            host.setStorageIpAddressDeux(startup.getStorageIpAddressDeux());
            host.setStorageMacAddressDeux(startup.getStorageMacAddressDeux());
            host.setStorageNetmaskDeux(startup.getStorageNetmaskDeux());
        }
        if (resource != null) {
            /* null when agent is connected agent */
            host.setResource(resource.getClass().getName());
        }

        host = (HostVO)dispatchToStateAdapters(stateEvent, true, host, cmds, resource, details, hostTags);
        if (host == null) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("No resource state adapter response");
        }

        if (newHost) {
            host = _hostDao.persist(host);
        } else {
            _hostDao.update(host.getId(), host);
        }

        if (startup instanceof StartupRoutingCommand) {
            final StartupRoutingCommand ssCmd = (StartupRoutingCommand)startup;
            _hostTagsDao.updateImplicitTags(host.getId(), ssCmd.getHostTags());

            updateSupportsClonedVolumes(host, ssCmd.getSupportsClonedVolumes());
        }

        try {
            resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.InternalCreated, _nodeId);
            /* Agent goes to Connecting status */
            _agentMgr.agentStatusTransitTo(host, Status.Event.AgentConnected, _nodeId);
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            logger.debug(String.format("Cannot transit %s to Creating state", host), e);
            _agentMgr.agentStatusTransitTo(host, Status.Event.Error, _nodeId);
            try {
                resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.Error, _nodeId);
            } catch (final NoTransitionException e1) {
                logger.debug(String.format("Cannot transit %s to Error state", host), e);
            }
        }

        return host;
    }

    private void updateSupportsClonedVolumes(HostVO host, boolean supportsClonedVolumes) {
        final String name = "supportsResign";

        DetailVO hostDetail = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(host.getId(), name);

        if (hostDetail != null) {
            if (supportsClonedVolumes) {
                hostDetail.setValue(Boolean.TRUE.toString());

                _hostDetailsDao.update(hostDetail.getId(), hostDetail);
            }
            else {
                _hostDetailsDao.remove(hostDetail.getId());
            }
        }
        else {
            if (supportsClonedVolumes) {
                hostDetail = new DetailVO(host.getId(), name, Boolean.TRUE.toString());

                _hostDetailsDao.persist(hostDetail);
            }
        }

        boolean clusterSupportsResigning = true;

        List<Long> hostIds = _hostDao.listIdsByClusterId(host.getClusterId());

        for (Long hostId : hostIds) {
            DetailVO hostDetailVO = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(hostId, name);

            if (hostDetailVO == null || !Boolean.parseBoolean(hostDetailVO.getValue())) {
                clusterSupportsResigning = false;

                break;
            }
        }

        ClusterDetailsVO clusterDetailsVO = _clusterDetailsDao.findDetail(host.getClusterId(), name);

        if (clusterDetailsVO != null) {
            if (clusterSupportsResigning) {
                clusterDetailsVO.setValue(Boolean.TRUE.toString());

                _clusterDetailsDao.update(clusterDetailsVO.getId(), clusterDetailsVO);
            }
            else {
                _clusterDetailsDao.remove(clusterDetailsVO.getId());
            }
        }
        else {
            if (clusterSupportsResigning) {
                clusterDetailsVO = new ClusterDetailsVO(host.getClusterId(), name, Boolean.TRUE.toString());

                _clusterDetailsDao.persist(clusterDetailsVO);
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean isFirstHostInCluster(final HostVO host) {
        boolean isFirstHost = true;
        if (host.getClusterId() != null) {
            final SearchBuilder<HostVO> sb = _hostDao.createSearchBuilder();
            sb.and("removed", sb.entity().getRemoved(), SearchCriteria.Op.NULL);
            sb.and("cluster", sb.entity().getClusterId(), SearchCriteria.Op.EQ);
            sb.done();
            final SearchCriteria<HostVO> sc = sb.create();
            sc.setParameters("cluster", host.getClusterId());

            final List<HostVO> hosts = _hostDao.search(sc, null);
            if (hosts != null && hosts.size() > 1) {
                isFirstHost = false;
            }
        }
        return isFirstHost;
    }

    private void markHostAsDisconnected(HostVO host, final StartupCommand[] cmds) {
        if (host == null) { // in case host is null due to some errors, try
            // reloading the host from db
            if (cmds != null) {
                final StartupCommand firstCmd = cmds[0];
                host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuid());
                if (host == null) {
                    host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuidWithoutResource());
                }
            }
        }

        if (host != null) {
            // Change agent status to Alert, so that host is considered for
            // reconnection next time
            _agentMgr.agentStatusTransitTo(host, Status.Event.AgentDisconnected, _nodeId);
        }
    }

    private Host createHostAndAgent(final ServerResource resource, final Map<String, String> details, final boolean old, final List<String> hostTags, final boolean forRebalance) {
        HostVO host = null;
        StartupCommand[] cmds = null;
        boolean hostExists = false;
        boolean created = false;

        try {
            cmds = resource.initialize();
            if (cmds == null) {
                logger.info("Unable to fully initialize the agent because no StartupCommands are returned");
                return null;
            }

            /* Generate a random version in a dev setup situation */
            if (this.getClass().getPackage().getImplementationVersion() == null) {
                for (final StartupCommand cmd : cmds) {
                    if (cmd.getVersion() == null) {
                        cmd.setVersion(Long.toString(System.currentTimeMillis()));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                new Request(-1L, -1L, cmds, true, false).logD("Startup request from directly connected host: ", true);
            }

            if (old) {
                final StartupCommand firstCmd = cmds[0];
                host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuid());
                if (host == null) {
                    host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuidWithoutResource());
                }
                if (host != null && host.getRemoved() == null) { // host already added, no need to add again
                    logger.debug(String.format("Found %s by guid: %s, old host reconnected as new", host, firstCmd.getGuid()));
                    hostExists = true; // ensures that host status is left unchanged in case of adding same one again
                    return null;
                }
            }

            // find out if the host we want to connect to is new (so we can send an event)
            boolean newHost = getNewHost(cmds) == null;

            host = createHostVO(cmds, resource, details, hostTags, ResourceStateAdapter.Event.CREATE_HOST_VO_FOR_DIRECT_CONNECT);

            if (host != null) {
                created = _agentMgr.handleDirectConnectAgent(host, cmds, resource, forRebalance, newHost);
                /* reload myself from database */
                host = _hostDao.findById(host.getId());
            }
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            logger.warn("Unable to connect due to ", e);
        } finally {
            if (hostExists) {
                if (cmds != null) {
                    resource.disconnected();
                }
            } else {
                if (!created) {
                    if (cmds != null) {
                        resource.disconnected();
                    }
                    markHostAsDisconnected(host, cmds);
                }
            }
        }

        return host;
    }

    void checkForDuplicateHost(final String url) {
        String hostIpOrName = null;
        String ipAddress = null;
        try {
            hostIpOrName = new URI(UriUtils.encodeURIComponent(url)).getHost();
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(hostIpOrName)) {
                return;
            }
            InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getByName(hostIpOrName);
            ipAddress = ip.getHostAddress();
        } catch (final URISyntaxException | UnknownHostException ignore) {
            // unparseable URL or unknown host - discoverer will reject it shortly anyway
            return;
        }

        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(ipAddress)) {
            final HostVO existingByIp = _hostDao.findByIp(ipAddress);
            // findByIp matches hosts of any type; only a Routing host is a duplicate for addHost
            if (existingByIp != null && Host.Type.Routing.equals(existingByIp.getType())) {
                throw new InvalidParameterValueException(String.format(
                        "A host with IP address '%s' (%s) already exists (id: %s). Remove it before adding again.",
                        ipAddress, hostIpOrName, existingByIp.getUuid()));
            }
        }
    }

    private Host createHostAndAgentDeferred(final ServerResource resource, final Map<String, String> details, final boolean old, final List<String> hostTags, final boolean forRebalance) {
        HostVO host = null;
        StartupCommand[] cmds = null;
        boolean hostExists = false;
        boolean deferAgentCreation = true;
        boolean created = false;

        try {
            cmds = resource.initialize();
            if (cmds == null) {
                logger.info("Unable to fully initialize the agent because no StartupCommands are returned");
                return null;
            }

            /* Generate a random version in a dev setup situation */
            if (this.getClass().getPackage().getImplementationVersion() == null) {
                for (final StartupCommand cmd : cmds) {
                    if (cmd.getVersion() == null) {
                        cmd.setVersion(Long.toString(System.currentTimeMillis()));
                    }
                }
            }

            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                new Request(-1L, -1L, cmds, true, false).logD("Startup request from directly connected host: ", true);
            }

            if (old) {
                final StartupCommand firstCmd = cmds[0];
                host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuid());
                if (host == null) {
                    host = findHostByGuid(firstCmd.getGuidWithoutResource());
                }
                if (host != null && host.getRemoved() == null) { // host already
                    // added, no
                    // need to add
                    // again
                    logger.debug(String.format("Found %s by guid %s, old host reconnected as new.", host, firstCmd.getGuid()));
                    hostExists = true; // ensures that host status is left
                    // unchanged in case of adding same one
                    // again
                    return null;
                }
            }

            host = null;
            boolean newHost = false;

            final GlobalLock addHostLock = GlobalLock.getInternLock("AddHostLock");

            try {
                if (addHostLock.lock(ACQUIRE_GLOBAL_LOCK_TIMEOUT_FOR_COOPERATION)) {
                    // to safely determine first host in cluster in multi-MS scenario
                    try {
                        // find out if the host we want to connect to is new (so we can send an event)
                        newHost = getNewHost(cmds) == null;

                        host = createHostVO(cmds, resource, details, hostTags, ResourceStateAdapter.Event.CREATE_HOST_VO_FOR_DIRECT_CONNECT);

                        if (host != null) {
                            // if first host in cluster no need to defer agent creation
                            deferAgentCreation = !isFirstHostInCluster(host);
                        }
                    } finally {
                        addHostLock.unlock();
                    }
                }
            } finally {
                addHostLock.releaseRef();
            }

            if (host != null) {
                if (!deferAgentCreation) { // if first host in cluster then
                    created = _agentMgr.handleDirectConnectAgent(host, cmds, resource, forRebalance, newHost);
                    host = _hostDao.findById(host.getId()); // reload
                } else {
                    host = _hostDao.findById(host.getId()); // reload
                    // force host status to 'Alert' so that it is loaded for
                    // connection during next scan task
                    _agentMgr.agentStatusTransitTo(host, Status.Event.AgentDisconnected, _nodeId);

                    host = _hostDao.findById(host.getId()); // reload
                    host.setLastPinged(0); // so that scan task can pick it up
                    _hostDao.update(host.getId(), host);

                }
            }
        } catch (final Exception e) {
            logger.warn("Unable to connect due to ", e);
        } finally {
            if (hostExists) {
                if (cmds != null) {
                    resource.disconnected();
                }
            } else {
                if (!deferAgentCreation && !created) {
                    if (cmds != null) {
                        resource.disconnected();
                    }
                    markHostAsDisconnected(host, cmds);
                }
            }
        }

        return host;
    }

    @Override
    public Host createHostAndAgent(final Long hostId, final ServerResource resource, final Map<String, String> details, final boolean old, final List<String> hostTags, final boolean forRebalance) {
        return createHostAndAgent(resource, details, old, hostTags, forRebalance);
    }

    @Override
    public Host addHost(final long zoneId, final ServerResource resource, final Type hostType, final Map<String, String> hostDetails) {
        // Check if the zone exists in the system
        if (_dcDao.findById(zoneId) == null) {
            throw new InvalidParameterValueException("Can't find zone with id " + zoneId);
        }

        final String guid = hostDetails.get("guid");
        final List<HostVO> currentHosts = listAllUpAndEnabledHostsInOneZoneByType(hostType, zoneId);
        for (final HostVO currentHost : currentHosts) {
            if (currentHost.getGuid().equals(guid)) {
                return currentHost;
            }
        }

        return createHostAndAgent(resource, hostDetails, true, null, false);
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO createHostVOForConnectedAgent(final StartupCommand[] cmds) {
        return createHostVO(cmds, null, null, null, ResourceStateAdapter.Event.CREATE_HOST_VO_FOR_CONNECTED);
    }

    private void checkIPConflicts(final HostPodVO pod, final DataCenterVO dc, final String serverPrivateIP, final String serverPublicIP) {
        // If the server's private IP is the same as is public IP, this host has
        // a host-only private network. Don't check for conflicts with the
        // private IP address table.
        if (!ObjectUtils.equals(serverPrivateIP, serverPublicIP)) {
            if (!_privateIPAddressDao.mark(dc.getId(), pod.getId(), serverPrivateIP)) {
                // If the server's private IP address is already in the
                // database, return false
                final List<DataCenterIpAddressVO> existingPrivateIPs = _privateIPAddressDao.listByPodIdDcIdIpAddress(pod.getId(), dc.getId(), serverPrivateIP);

                assert existingPrivateIPs.size() <= 1 : " How can we get more than one ip address with " + serverPrivateIP;
                if (existingPrivateIPs.size() > 1) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("The private ip address of the server (" + serverPrivateIP + ") is already in use in pod: " + pod.getName() +
                            " and zone: " + dc.getName());
                }
                if (existingPrivateIPs.size() == 1) {
                    final DataCenterIpAddressVO vo = existingPrivateIPs.get(0);
                    if (vo.getNicId() != null) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The private ip address of the server (" + serverPrivateIP + ") is already in use in pod: " + pod.getName() +
                                " and zone: " + dc.getName());
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if (serverPublicIP != null && !_publicIPAddressDao.mark(dc.getId(), new Ip(serverPublicIP))) {
            // If the server's public IP address is already in the database,
            // return false
            final List<IPAddressVO> existingPublicIPs = _publicIPAddressDao.listByDcIdIpAddress(dc.getId(), serverPublicIP);
            if (!existingPublicIPs.isEmpty()) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("The public ip address of the server (" + serverPublicIP + ") is already in use in zone: " + dc.getName());
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO fillRoutingHostVO(final HostVO host, final StartupRoutingCommand ssCmd, final HypervisorType hyType, Map<String, String> details, final List<String> hostTags) {
        if (host.getPodId() == null) {
            logger.error("Host " + ssCmd.getPrivateIpAddress() + " sent incorrect pod, pod id is null");
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host " + ssCmd.getPrivateIpAddress() + " sent incorrect pod, pod id is null");
        }

        final ClusterVO clusterVO = _clusterDao.findById(host.getClusterId());
        if (clusterVO.getHypervisorType() != hyType) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Can't add host whose hypervisor type is: %s into cluster: %s whose hypervisor type is: %s",
                    hyType, clusterVO, clusterVO.getHypervisorType()));
        }
        CPU.CPUArch hostCpuArch = CPU.CPUArch.fromType(ssCmd.getCpuArch());
        if (hostCpuArch != null && clusterVO.getArch() != null && hostCpuArch != clusterVO.getArch()) {
            String msg = String.format("Can't add a host whose arch is: %s into cluster of arch type: %s",
                    hostCpuArch.getType(), clusterVO.getArch().getType());
            logger.error(msg);
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(msg);
        }

        final Map<String, String> hostDetails = ssCmd.getHostDetails();
        if (hostDetails != null) {
            if (details != null) {
                details.putAll(hostDetails);
            } else {
                details = hostDetails;
            }
        }

        final HostPodVO pod = _podDao.findById(host.getPodId());
        final DataCenterVO dc = _dcDao.findById(host.getDataCenterId());
        checkIPConflicts(pod, dc, ssCmd.getPrivateIpAddress(), ssCmd.getPublicIpAddress());
        host.setType(com.cloud.host.Host.Type.Routing);
        host.setDetails(details);
        host.setCaps(ssCmd.getCapabilities());
        host.setCpuSockets(ssCmd.getCpuSockets());
        host.setCpus(ssCmd.getCpus());
        host.setArch(hostCpuArch);
        host.setTotalMemory(ssCmd.getMemory());
        host.setSpeed(ssCmd.getSpeed());
        host.setHypervisorType(hyType);
        host.setHypervisorVersion(ssCmd.getHypervisorVersion());
        host.setGpuGroups(ssCmd.getGpuGroupDetails());
        return host;
    }

    @Override
    public void deleteRoutingHost(final HostVO host, final boolean isForced, final boolean forceDestroyStorage) throws UnableDeleteHostException {
        if (host.getType() != Host.Type.Routing) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Non-Routing host (%s) gets in deleteRoutingHost", host));
        }

        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug(String.format("Deleting %s", host));
        }

        final StoragePoolVO storagePool = _storageMgr.findLocalStorageOnHost(host.getId());
        if (forceDestroyStorage && storagePool != null) {
            // put local storage into maintenance mode, will set all the VMs on
            // this local storage into stopped state
            if (storagePool.getStatus() == StoragePoolStatus.Up || storagePool.getStatus() == StoragePoolStatus.ErrorInMaintenance) {
                try {
                    final StoragePool pool = _storageSvr.preparePrimaryStorageForMaintenance(storagePool.getId());
                    if (pool == null) {
                        logger.debug("Failed to set primary storage into maintenance mode");

                        throw new UnableDeleteHostException("Failed to set primary storage into maintenance mode");
                    }
                } catch (final Exception e) {
                    logger.debug("Failed to set primary storage into maintenance mode", e);
                    throw new UnableDeleteHostException("Failed to set primary storage into maintenance mode, due to: " + e);
                }
            }

            final List<VMInstanceVO> vmsOnLocalStorage = _storageMgr.listByStoragePool(storagePool.getId());
            for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vmsOnLocalStorage) {
                try {
                    _vmMgr.destroy(vm.getUuid(), false);
                } catch (final Exception e) {
                    String errorMsg = String.format("There was an error when destroying %s as a part of hostDelete for %s", vm, host);
                    logger.debug(errorMsg, e);
                    throw new UnableDeleteHostException(errorMsg + "," + e.getMessage());
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Check if there are vms running/starting/stopping on this host
            final List<VMInstanceVO> vms = _vmDao.listByHostId(host.getId());
            if (!vms.isEmpty()) {
                if (isForced) {
                    // Stop HA disabled vms and HA enabled vms in Stopping state
                    // Restart HA enabled vms
                    try {
                        resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.DeleteHost, host.getId());
                    } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
                        logger.debug("Cannot transmit host {} to Disabled state", host, e);
                    }
                    for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
                        if ((!HighAvailabilityManager.ForceHA.value() && !vm.isHaEnabled()) || vm.getState() == State.Stopping) {
                            logger.debug(String.format("Stopping %s as a part of hostDelete for %s",vm, host));
                            try {
                                _haMgr.scheduleStop(vm, host.getId(), WorkType.Stop);
                            } catch (final Exception e) {
                                final String errorMsg = String.format("There was an error stopping the %s as a part of hostDelete for %s", vm, host);
                                logger.debug(errorMsg, e);
                                throw new UnableDeleteHostException(errorMsg + "," + e.getMessage());
                            }
                        } else if ((HighAvailabilityManager.ForceHA.value() || vm.isHaEnabled()) && (vm.getState() == State.Running || vm.getState() == State.Starting)) {
                            logger.debug(String.format("Scheduling restart for %s, state: %s on host: %s.", vm, vm.getState(), host));
                            _haMgr.scheduleRestart(vm, false);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    throw new UnableDeleteHostException("Unable to delete the host as there are Instances in " + vms.get(0).getState() +
                            " state using this host and isForced=false specified");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private boolean doCancelMaintenance(final long hostId) {
        HostVO host;
        host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null || host.getRemoved() != null) {
            logger.warn("Unable to find host " + hostId);
            return true;
        }

        /*
         * TODO: think twice about returning true or throwing out exception, I
         * really prefer to exception that always exposes bugs
         */
        if (!ResourceState.isMaintenanceState(host.getResourceState())) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Cannot perform cancelMaintenance when resource state is %s, host = %s", host.getResourceState(), host));
        }

        /* TODO: move to listener */
        _haMgr.cancelScheduledMigrations(host);

        boolean vms_migrating = false;
        final List<VMInstanceVO> vms = _haMgr.findTakenMigrationWork();
        for (final VMInstanceVO vm : vms) {
            if (vm.getHostId() != null && vm.getHostId() == hostId) {
                logger.warn("Unable to cancel migration because the vm is being migrated: {}, host {}", vm, host);
                vms_migrating = true;
            }
        }

        handleAgentIfNotConnected(host, vms_migrating);

        try {
            resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.AdminCancelMaintenance, _nodeId);
            _agentMgr.pullAgentOutMaintenance(hostId);
        } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
            logger.debug(String.format("Cannot transit %s to Enabled state", host), e);
            return false;
        }

        return true;

    }

    /**
     * Handle agent (if available) if its not connected before cancelling maintenance.
     * Agent must be connected before cancelling maintenance.
     * If the host status is not Up:
     * - If kvm.ssh.to.agent is true, then SSH into the host and restart the agent.
     * - If kvm.shh.to.agent is false, then fail cancelling maintenance
     */
    protected void handleAgentIfNotConnected(HostVO host, boolean vmsMigrating) {
        final boolean isAgentOnHost = host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.KVM ||
                host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.LXC;
        if (!isAgentOnHost || vmsMigrating || host.getStatus() == Status.Up) {
            return;
        }
        if (KvmSshToAgentEnabled.value()) {
            Ternary<String, String, String> credentials = getHostCredentials(host);
            connectAndRestartAgentOnHost(host, credentials.first(), credentials.second(), credentials.third());
        } else {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("SSH access is disabled, cannot cancel maintenance mode as " +
                    "host agent is not connected");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get host credentials
     * @throws CloudRuntimeException if username or password are not found
     */
    protected Ternary<String, String, String> getHostCredentials(HostVO host) {
        _hostDao.loadDetails(host);
        final String password = host.getDetail("password");
        final String username = host.getDetail("username");
        final String privateKey = _configDao.getValue("ssh.privatekey");
        if ((password == null && privateKey == null) || username == null) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("SSH to agent is enabled, but username and password or private key are not found");
        }
        return new Ternary<>(username, password, privateKey);
    }

    /**
     * True if agent is restarted via SSH. Assumes kvm.ssh.to.agent = true and host status is not Up
     */
    protected void connectAndRestartAgentOnHost(HostVO host, String username, String password, String privateKey) {
        final com.trilead.ssh2.Connection connection = SSHCmdHelper.acquireAuthorizedConnection(
                host.getPrivateIpAddress(), _agentMgr.getHostSshPort(host), username, password, privateKey);
        if (connection == null) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("SSH to agent is enabled, but failed to connect to %s via IP address [%s].", host, host.getPrivateIpAddress()));
        }
        try {
            SSHCmdHelper.SSHCmdResult result = SSHCmdHelper.sshExecuteCmdOneShot(
                    connection, "service cloudstack-agent restart");
            if (result.getReturnCode() != 0) {
                throw new CloudRuntimeException(String.format("Could not restart agent on %s due to: %s", host, result.getStdErr()));
            }
            logger.debug("cloudstack-agent restart result: {}", result);
        } catch (final SshException e) {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("SSH to agent is enabled, but agent restart failed", e);
        }
    }

    public boolean cancelMaintenance(final long hostId) {
        try {
            final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(hostId, ResourceState.Event.AdminCancelMaintenance);

            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
        } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
            return false;
        }

        return doCancelMaintenance(hostId);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean executeUserRequest(final long hostId, final ResourceState.Event event) {
        if (event == ResourceState.Event.AdminAskMaintenance) {
            return doMaintain(hostId);
        } else if (event == ResourceState.Event.AdminCancelMaintenance) {
            return doCancelMaintenance(hostId);
        } else if (event == ResourceState.Event.DeleteHost) {
            return doDeleteHost(hostId, false, false);
        } else if (event == ResourceState.Event.Unmanaged) {
            return doUmanageHost(hostId);
        } else if (event == ResourceState.Event.UpdatePassword) {
            return doUpdateHostPassword(hostId);
        } else {
            throw new CloudRuntimeException("Received an resource event we are not handling now, " + event);
        }
    }

    private boolean doUmanageHost(final long hostId) {
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            logger.debug("Cannot find host " + hostId + ", assuming it has been deleted, skip umanage");
            return true;
        }

        if (host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.KVM || host.getHypervisorType() == HypervisorType.LXC) {
            _agentMgr.easySend(hostId, new MaintainCommand());
        }

        _agentMgr.disconnectWithoutInvestigation(hostId, Event.ShutdownRequested);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean umanageHost(final long hostId) {
        try {
            final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(hostId, ResourceState.Event.Unmanaged);

            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
        } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
            return false;
        }

        return doUmanageHost(hostId);
    }

    private boolean doUpdateHostPassword(final long hostId) {
        if (!_agentMgr.isAgentAttached(hostId)) {
            return false;
        }

        DetailVO nv = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(hostId, ApiConstants.USERNAME);
        final String username = nv.getValue();
        nv = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(hostId, ApiConstants.PASSWORD);
        final String password = nv.getValue();


        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        final String hostIpAddress = host.getPrivateIpAddress();

        final UpdateHostPasswordCommand cmd = new UpdateHostPasswordCommand(username, password, hostIpAddress);
        final Answer answer = _agentMgr.easySend(hostId, cmd);

        logger.info("Result returned from update host password ==> " + answer.getDetails());
        return answer.getResult();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean updateClusterPassword(final UpdateHostPasswordCmd command) {
        final boolean shouldUpdateHostPasswd = command.getUpdatePasswdOnHost();
        // get agents for the cluster
        final List<Long> hostIds = _hostDao.listIdsByClusterId(command.getClusterId());
        for (final Long hostId : hostIds) {
            try {
                final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(hostId, ResourceState.Event.UpdatePassword);
                if (result != null) {
                    return result;
                }
            } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
                logger.error("Agent is not available!", e);
            }

            if (shouldUpdateHostPasswd) {
                final boolean isUpdated = doUpdateHostPassword(hostId);
                if (!isUpdated) {
                    HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
                    throw new CloudRuntimeException(
                            String.format("CloudStack failed to update the password of %s. Please make sure you are still able to connect to your hosts.", host));
                }
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean updateHostPassword(final UpdateHostPasswordCmd command) {
        // update agent attache password
        try {
            final Boolean result = propagateResourceEvent(command.getHostId(), ResourceState.Event.UpdatePassword);
            if (result != null) {
                return result;
            }
        } catch (final AgentUnavailableException e) {
            logger.error("Agent is not available!", e);
        }

        final boolean shouldUpdateHostPasswd = command.getUpdatePasswdOnHost();
        // If shouldUpdateHostPasswd has been set to false, the method doUpdateHostPassword() won't be called.
        return shouldUpdateHostPasswd && doUpdateHostPassword(command.getHostId());
    }

    public String getPeerName(final long agentHostId) {

        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(agentHostId);
        if (host != null && host.getManagementServerId() != null) {
            if (_clusterMgr.getSelfPeerName().equals(Long.toString(host.getManagementServerId()))) {
                return null;
            }

            return Long.toString(host.getManagementServerId());
        }
        return null;
    }

    public Boolean propagateResourceEvent(final long agentId, final ResourceState.Event event) throws AgentUnavailableException {
        final String msPeer = getPeerName(agentId);
        if (msPeer == null) {
            return null;
        }

        logger.debug("Propagating resource request event:" + event.toString() + " to agent:" + agentId);
        final Command[] cmds = new Command[1];
        cmds[0] = new PropagateResourceEventCommand(agentId, event);

        final String AnsStr = _clusterMgr.execute(msPeer, agentId, _gson.toJson(cmds), true);
        if (AnsStr == null) {
            throw new AgentUnavailableException(agentId);
        }

        final Answer[] answers = _gson.fromJson(AnsStr, Answer[].class);

        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
            logger.debug("Result for agent change is " + answers[0].getResult());
        }

        return answers[0].getResult();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean migrateAwayFailed(final long hostId, final long vmId) {
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug("Cant not find host " + hostId);
            }
            return false;
        } else {
            try {
                logger.warn("Migration of VM {} failed from host {}. Emitting event UnableToMigrate.", _vmDao.findById(vmId), host);
                return resourceStateTransitTo(host, ResourceState.Event.UnableToMigrate, _nodeId);
            } catch (final NoTransitionException e) {
                logger.debug(String.format("No next resource state for %s while current state is [%s] with event %s", host, host.getResourceState(), ResourceState.Event.UnableToMigrate), e);
                return false;
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> findDirectlyConnectedHosts() {
        /* The resource column is not null for direct connected resource */
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResource(), Op.NNULL);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.NIN, ResourceState.Disabled);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpAndEnabledHosts(final Type type, final Long clusterId, final Long podId, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        if (type != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        }
        if (clusterId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.EQ, clusterId);
        }
        if (podId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getPodId(), Op.EQ, podId);
        }
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.EQ, ResourceState.Enabled);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHosts(final Type type, final Long clusterId, final Long podId, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        if (type != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        }
        if (clusterId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.EQ, clusterId);
        }
        if (podId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getPodId(), Op.EQ, podId);
        }
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpHosts(Type type, Long clusterId, Long podId, long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        if (type != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        }
        if (clusterId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.EQ, clusterId);
        }
        if (podId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getPodId(), Op.EQ, podId);
        }
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpAndEnabledNonHAHosts(final Type type, final Long clusterId, final Long podId, final long dcId) {
        final String haTag = _haMgr.getHaTag();
        return _hostDao.listAllUpAndEnabledNonHAHosts(type, clusterId, podId, dcId, haTag);
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> findHostByGuid(final long dcId, final String guid) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getGuid(), Op.EQ, guid);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHostsInCluster(final long clusterId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.EQ, clusterId);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listHostsInClusterByStatus(final long clusterId, final Status status) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.EQ, clusterId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, status);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpAndEnabledHostsInOneZoneByType(final Type type, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.EQ, ResourceState.Enabled);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllNotInMaintenanceHostsInOneZone(final Type type, final Long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        if (dcId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        }
        sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.NIN,
                ResourceState.Maintenance,
                ResourceState.ErrorInMaintenance,
                ResourceState.ErrorInPrepareForMaintenance,
                ResourceState.PrepareForMaintenance,
                ResourceState.Error);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHostsInOneZoneByType(final Type type, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHostsInAllZonesByType(final Type type) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getType(), Op.EQ, type);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HypervisorType> listAvailHypervisorInZone(final Long zoneId) {
        final SearchCriteria<String> sc = _hypervisorsInDC.create();
        if (zoneId != null) {
            sc.setParameters("dataCenter", zoneId);
        }
        sc.setParameters("type", Host.Type.Routing);

        return _hostDao.customSearch(sc, null).stream()
                // The search is not able to return list of enums, so getting
                // list of hypervisors as strings and then converting them to enum
                .map(HypervisorType::getType).collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO findHostByGuid(final String guid) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getGuid(), Op.EQ, guid);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getRemoved(), Op.NULL);
        return sc.find();
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO findHostByGuidPrefix(String guid) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getGuid(), Op.LIKE, guid + "%");
        sc.and(sc.entity().getRemoved(), Op.NULL);
        return sc.find();
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO findHostByName(final String name) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getName(), Op.EQ, name);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getRemoved(), Op.NULL);
        return sc.find();
    }

    @Override
    public HostStats getHostStatistics(final Host host) {
        final Answer answer = _agentMgr.easySend(host.getId(), new GetHostStatsCommand(host.getGuid(), host.getName(), host.getId()));

        if (answer instanceof UnsupportedAnswer) {
            return null;
        }

        if (answer == null || !answer.getResult()) {
            logger.warn("Unable to obtain {} statistics.", host);
            return null;
        } else {

            // now construct the result object
            if (answer instanceof GetHostStatsAnswer) {
                return ((GetHostStatsAnswer)answer).getHostStats();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public Long getGuestOSCategoryId(final long hostId) {
        final HostVO host = _hostDao.findById(hostId);
        if (host == null) {
            return null;
        } else {
            _hostDao.loadDetails(host);
            final DetailVO detail = _hostDetailsDao.findDetail(hostId, "guest.os.category.id");
            if (detail == null) {
                return null;
            } else {
                return Long.parseLong(detail.getValue());
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String getHostTags(final long hostId) {
        final List<String> hostTags = _hostTagsDao.getHostTags(hostId).parallelStream().map(HostTagVO::getTag).collect(Collectors.toList());
        return StringUtils.listToCsvTags(hostTags);
    }

    @Override
    public List<PodCluster> listByDataCenter(final long dcId) {
        final List<HostPodVO> pods = _podDao.listByDataCenterId(dcId);
        final ArrayList<PodCluster> pcs = new ArrayList<>();
        for (final HostPodVO pod : pods) {
            final List<ClusterVO> clusters = _clusterDao.listByPodId(pod.getId());
            if (clusters.isEmpty()) {
                pcs.add(new PodCluster(pod, null));
            } else {
                for (final ClusterVO cluster : clusters) {
                    pcs.add(new PodCluster(pod, cluster));
                }
            }
        }
        return pcs;
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpAndEnabledHostsInOneZoneByHypervisor(final HypervisorType type, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getHypervisorType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.EQ, ResourceState.Enabled);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpHostsInOneZoneByHypervisor(final HypervisorType type, final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getHypervisorType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllUpAndEnabledHostsInOneZone(final long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);

        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.EQ, ResourceState.Enabled);

        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isHostGpuEnabled(final long hostId) {
        final SearchCriteria<HostGpuGroupsVO> sc = _gpuAvailability.create();
        sc.setParameters("hostId", hostId);
        return !_hostGpuGroupsDao.customSearch(sc, null).isEmpty();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostGpuGroupsVO> listAvailableGPUDevice(final long hostId, final String groupName, final String vgpuType) {
        Filter searchFilter = new Filter(null, null);
        searchFilter.addOrderBy(VGPUTypesVO.class, "remainingCapacity", false, "groupId");
        final SearchCriteria<HostGpuGroupsVO> sc = _gpuAvailability.create();
        sc.setParameters("hostId", hostId);
        sc.setParameters("groupName", groupName);
        sc.setJoinParameters("groupId", "vgpuType", vgpuType);
        sc.setJoinParameters("groupId", "remainingCapacity", 0);
        return _hostGpuGroupsDao.customSearch(sc, searchFilter);
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHostsInOneZoneNotInClusterByHypervisor(final HypervisorType type, final long dcId, final long clusterId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getHypervisorType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.NEQ, clusterId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public List<HostVO> listAllHostsInOneZoneNotInClusterByHypervisors(List<HypervisorType> types, final long dcId, final long clusterId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getHypervisorType(), Op.IN, types);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getClusterId(), Op.NEQ, clusterId);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        return sc.list();
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isGPUDeviceAvailable(final Host host, final String groupName, final String vgpuType) {
        if(!listAvailableGPUDevice(host.getId(), groupName, vgpuType).isEmpty()) {
            return true;
        } else {
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug("Host: {} does not have GPU device available", host);
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public GPUDeviceTO getGPUDevice(final long hostId, final String groupName, final String vgpuType) {
        final List<HostGpuGroupsVO> gpuDeviceList = listAvailableGPUDevice(hostId, groupName, vgpuType);

        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(gpuDeviceList)) {
            final String errorMsg = String.format("Host %s does not have required GPU device or out of capacity. GPU group: %s, vGPU Type: %s", _hostDao.findById(hostId), groupName, vgpuType);
            logger.error(errorMsg);
            throw new CloudRuntimeException(errorMsg);
        }

        return new GPUDeviceTO(gpuDeviceList.get(0).getGroupName(), vgpuType, null);
    }

    @Override
    public void updateGPUDetails(final long hostId, final HashMap<String, HashMap<String, VgpuTypesInfo>> groupDetails) {
        // Update GPU group capacity
        final TransactionLegacy txn = TransactionLegacy.currentTxn();
        txn.start();
        _hostGpuGroupsDao.persist(hostId, new ArrayList<>(groupDetails.keySet()));
        _vgpuTypesDao.persist(hostId, groupDetails);
        txn.commit();
    }

    @Override
    public HashMap<String, HashMap<String, VgpuTypesInfo>> getGPUStatistics(final HostVO host) {
        final Answer answer = _agentMgr.easySend(host.getId(), new GetGPUStatsCommand(host.getGuid(), host.getName()));
        if (answer instanceof UnsupportedAnswer) {
            return null;
        }
        if (answer == null || !answer.getResult()) {
            final String msg = String.format("Unable to obtain GPU stats for %s", host);
            logger.warn(msg);
            return null;
        } else {
            // now construct the result object
            if (answer instanceof GetGPUStatsAnswer) {
                return ((GetGPUStatsAnswer)answer).getGroupDetails();
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    @Override
    public HostVO findOneRandomRunningHostByHypervisor(final HypervisorType type, final Long dcId) {
        final QueryBuilder<HostVO> sc = QueryBuilder.create(HostVO.class);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getHypervisorType(), Op.EQ, type);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getType(),Op.EQ, Type.Routing);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getStatus(), Op.EQ, Status.Up);
        sc.and(sc.entity().getResourceState(), Op.EQ, ResourceState.Enabled);
        if (dcId != null) {
            sc.and(sc.entity().getDataCenterId(), Op.EQ, dcId);
        }
        sc.and(sc.entity().getRemoved(), Op.NULL);
        List<HostVO> hosts = sc.list();
        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(hosts)) {
            return null;
        } else {
            Collections.shuffle(hosts, new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()));
            return hosts.get(0);
        }
    }

    @Override
    @DB
    @ActionEvent(eventType = EventTypes.EVENT_HOST_RESERVATION_RELEASE, eventDescription = "releasing host reservation", async = true)
    public boolean releaseHostReservation(final Long hostId) {
        try {
            return Transaction.execute(new TransactionCallback<>() {
                @Override
                public Boolean doInTransaction(final TransactionStatus status) {
                    final PlannerHostReservationVO reservationEntry = _plannerHostReserveDao.findByHostId(hostId);
                    if (reservationEntry != null) {
                        final long id = reservationEntry.getId();
                        final PlannerHostReservationVO hostReservation = _plannerHostReserveDao.lockRow(id, true);
                        if (hostReservation == null) {
                            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                                logger.debug("Host reservation for host: {} does not even exist.  Release reservartion call is ignored.", () -> _hostDao.findById(hostId));
                            }
                            return false;
                        }
                        hostReservation.setResourceUsage(null);
                        _plannerHostReserveDao.persist(hostReservation);
                        return true;
                    }

                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                        logger.debug("Host reservation for host: {} does not even exist.  Release reservartion call is ignored.", () -> _hostDao.findById(hostId));
                    }

                    return false;
                }
            });
        } catch (final CloudRuntimeException e) {
            throw e;
        } catch (final Throwable t) {
            logger.error("Unable to release host reservation for host: {}", _hostDao.findById(hostId), t);
            return false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String getConfigComponentName() {
        return ResourceManagerImpl.class.getSimpleName();
    }

    @Override
    public ConfigKey<?>[] getConfigKeys() {
        return new ConfigKey<?>[] {
                KvmSshToAgentEnabled,
                HOST_MAINTENANCE_LOCAL_STRATEGY,
                SystemVmPreferredArchitecture
        };
    }
}