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| <div class="section" id="data-types"> |
| <span id="id1"></span><h1>Data Types<a class="headerlink" href="#data-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>CQL is a typed language and supports a rich set of data types, including <a class="reference internal" href="#native-types"><span class="std std-ref">native types</span></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#collections"><span class="std std-ref">collection types</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#udts"><span class="std std-ref">user-defined types</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#tuples"><span class="std std-ref">tuple types</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#custom-types"><span class="std std-ref">custom |
| types</span></a>:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-cql-type">cql_type</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-native-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native_type</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-collection-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collection_type</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-user-defined-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user_defined_type</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-tuple-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple_type</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-custom-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">custom_type</span></code></a> |
| </pre> |
| <div class="section" id="native-types"> |
| <span id="id2"></span><h2>Native Types<a class="headerlink" href="#native-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The native types supported by CQL are:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-native-type">native_type</strong> ::= ASCII |
| | BIGINT |
| | BLOB |
| | BOOLEAN |
| | COUNTER |
| | DATE |
| | DECIMAL |
| | DOUBLE |
| | DURATION |
| | FLOAT |
| | INET |
| | INT |
| | SMALLINT |
| | TEXT |
| | TIME |
| | TIMESTAMP |
| | TIMEUUID |
| | TINYINT |
| | UUID |
| | VARCHAR |
| | VARINT |
| </pre> |
| <p>The following table gives additional informations on the native data types, and on which kind of <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#constants"><span class="std std-ref">constants</span></a> each type supports:</p> |
| <table border="1" class="docutils"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col width="13%" /> |
| <col width="18%" /> |
| <col width="69%" /> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead valign="bottom"> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">type</th> |
| <th class="head">constants supported</th> |
| <th class="head">description</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody valign="top"> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>ASCII character string</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>64-bit signed long</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-blob"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Arbitrary bytes (no validation)</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boolean</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-boolean"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boolean</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">false</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Counter column (64-bit signed value). See <a class="reference internal" href="#counters"><span class="std std-ref">Counters</span></a> for details</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>A date (with no corresponding time value). See <a class="reference internal" href="#dates"><span class="std std-ref">Working with dates</span></a> below for details</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-float"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Variable-precision decimal</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-float"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>64-bit IEEE-754 floating point</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">duration</span></code></td> |
| <td><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">duration</span></code>,</td> |
| <td>A duration with nanosecond precision. See <a class="reference internal" href="#durations"><span class="std std-ref">Working with durations</span></a> below for details</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-float"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>32-bit IEEE-754 floating point</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inet</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>An IP address, either IPv4 (4 bytes long) or IPv6 (16 bytes long). Note that |
| there is no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inet</span></code> constant, IP address should be input as strings</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>32-bit signed int</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>16-bit signed int</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>UTF8 encoded string</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>A time (with no corresponding date value) with nanosecond precision. See |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#times"><span class="std std-ref">Working with times</span></a> below for details</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>A timestamp (date and time) with millisecond precision. See <a class="reference internal" href="#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">Working with timestamps</span></a> |
| below for details</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-uuid"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Version 1 <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a>, generally used as a “conflict-free” timestamp. Also see |
| <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#timeuuid-functions"><span class="std std-ref">Timeuuid functions</span></a></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>8-bit signed int</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-uuid"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>A <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a> (of any version)</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>UTF8 encoded string</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code></td> |
| <td><a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a></td> |
| <td>Arbitrary-precision integer</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="section" id="counters"> |
| <span id="id3"></span><h3>Counters<a class="headerlink" href="#counters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter</span></code> type is used to define <em>counter columns</em>. A counter column is a column whose value is a 64-bit signed |
| integer and on which 2 operations are supported: incrementing and decrementing (see the <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#update-statement"><span class="std std-ref">UPDATE statement</span></a> for syntax). Note that the value of a counter cannot be set: a counter does not exist until first |
| incremented/decremented, and that first increment/decrement is made as if the prior value was 0.</p> |
| <p id="counter-limitations">Counters have a number of important limitations:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>They cannot be used for columns part of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> of a table.</li> |
| <li>A table that contains a counter can only contain counters. In other words, either all the columns of a table outside |
| the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> have the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter</span></code> type, or none of them have it.</li> |
| <li>Counters do not support <span class="xref std std-ref">expiration</span>.</li> |
| <li>The deletion of counters is supported, but is only guaranteed to work the first time you delete a counter. In other |
| words, you should not re-update a counter that you have deleted (if you do, proper behavior is not guaranteed).</li> |
| <li>Counter updates are, by nature, not <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence">idemptotent</a>. An important |
| consequence is that if a counter update fails unexpectedly (timeout or loss of connection to the coordinator node), |
| the client has no way to know if the update has been applied or not. In particular, replaying the update may or may |
| not lead to an over count.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="working-with-timestamps"> |
| <span id="timestamps"></span><h2>Working with timestamps<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-timestamps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Values of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> type are encoded as 64-bit signed integers representing a number of milliseconds since the |
| standard base time known as <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">the epoch</a>: January 1 1970 at 00:00:00 GMT.</p> |
| <p>Timestamps can be input in CQL either using their value as an <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a>, or using a <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> that |
| represents an <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601">ISO 8601</a> date. For instance, all of the values below are |
| valid <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> values for Mar 2, 2011, at 04:05:00 AM, GMT:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1299038700000</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03</span> <span class="pre">04:05+0000'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03</span> <span class="pre">04:05:00+0000'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03</span> <span class="pre">04:05:00.000+0000'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03T04:05+0000'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03T04:05:00+0000'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03T04:05:00.000+0000'</span></code></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+0000</span></code> above is an RFC 822 4-digit time zone specification; <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+0000</span></code> refers to GMT. US Pacific Standard Time is |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-0800</span></code>. The time zone may be omitted if desired (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03</span> <span class="pre">04:05:00'</span></code>), and if so, the date will be interpreted |
| as being in the time zone under which the coordinating Cassandra node is configured. There are however difficulties |
| inherent in relying on the time zone configuration being as expected, so it is recommended that the time zone always be |
| specified for timestamps when feasible.</p> |
| <p>The time of day may also be omitted (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03+0000'</span></code>), in which case the time of day will |
| default to 00:00:00 in the specified or default time zone. However, if only the date part is relevant, consider using |
| the <a class="reference internal" href="#dates"><span class="std std-ref">date</span></a> type.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="working-with-dates"> |
| <span id="dates"></span><h2>Working with dates<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-dates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Values of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> type are encoded as 32-bit unsigned integers representing a number of days with “the epoch” at |
| the center of the range (2^31). Epoch is January 1st, 1970</p> |
| <p>As for <a class="reference internal" href="#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">timestamp</span></a>, a date can be input either as an <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> or using a date |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a>. In the later case, the format should be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yyyy-mm-dd</span></code> (so <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2011-02-03'</span></code> for instance).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="working-with-times"> |
| <span id="times"></span><h2>Working with times<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Values of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> type are encoded as 64-bit signed integers representing the number of nanoseconds since midnight.</p> |
| <p>As for <a class="reference internal" href="#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">timestamp</span></a>, a time can be input either as an <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-integer"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">integer</span></code></a> or using a <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> |
| representing the time. In the later case, the format should be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hh:mm:ss[.fffffffff]</span></code> (where the sub-second precision |
| is optional and if provided, can be less than the nanosecond). So for instance, the following are valid inputs for a |
| time:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'08:12:54'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'08:12:54.123'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'08:12:54.123456'</span></code></li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'08:12:54.123456789'</span></code></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="working-with-durations"> |
| <span id="durations"></span><h2>Working with durations<a class="headerlink" href="#working-with-durations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Values of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">duration</span></code> type are encoded as 3 signed integer of variable lengths. The first integer represents the |
| number of months, the second the number of days and the third the number of nanoseconds. This is due to the fact that |
| the number of days in a month can change, and a day can have 23 or 25 hours depending on the daylight saving. |
| Internally, the number of months and days are decoded as 32 bits integers whereas the number of nanoseconds is decoded |
| as a 64 bits integer.</p> |
| <p>A duration can be input as:</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <div><ol class="arabic"> |
| <li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(quantity</span> <span class="pre">unit)+</span></code> like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">12h30m</span></code> where the unit can be:</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <div><ul class="simple"> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code>: years (12 months)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mo</span></code>: months (1 month)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code>: weeks (7 days)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">d</span></code>: days (1 day)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">h</span></code>: hours (3,600,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code>: minutes (60,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code>: seconds (1,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ms</span></code>: milliseconds (1,000,000 nanoseconds)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">us</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">µs</span></code> : microseconds (1000 nanoseconds)</li> |
| <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ns</span></code>: nanoseconds (1 nanosecond)</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div></blockquote> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">ISO 8601 format: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">P[n]Y[n]M[n]DT[n]H[n]M[n]S</span> <span class="pre">or</span> <span class="pre">P[n]W</span></code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">ISO 8601 alternative format: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">P[YYYY]-[MM]-[DD]T[hh]:[mm]:[ss]</span></code></p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div></blockquote> |
| <p>For example:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">RiderResults</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rider</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">race</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Christopher Froome'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Tour de France'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">89</span><span class="n">h4m48s</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">RiderResults</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rider</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">race</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'BARDET Romain'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Tour de France'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PT89H8M53S</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">RiderResults</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rider</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">race</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'QUINTANA Nairo'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Tour de France'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">P0000</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">00</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">00</span><span class="n">T89</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mf">09</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mf">09</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p id="duration-limitation">Duration columns cannot be used in a table’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRIMARY</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code>. This limitation is due to the fact that |
| durations cannot be ordered. It is effectively not possible to know if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1mo</span></code> is greater than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">29d</span></code> without a date |
| context.</p> |
| <p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1d</span></code> duration is not equals to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">24h</span></code> one as the duration type has been created to be able to support daylight |
| saving.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="collections"> |
| <span id="id4"></span><h2>Collections<a class="headerlink" href="#collections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CQL supports 3 kind of collections: <a class="reference internal" href="#maps"><span class="std std-ref">Maps</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#sets"><span class="std std-ref">Sets</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#lists"><span class="std std-ref">Lists</span></a>. The types of those collections is defined |
| by:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-collection-type">collection_type</strong> ::= MAP '<' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> '>' |
| | SET '<' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> '>' |
| | LIST '<' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> '>' |
| </pre> |
| <p>and their values can be inputd using collection literals:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-collection-literal">collection_literal</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-map-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map_literal</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-set-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set_literal</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-list-literal"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list_literal</span></code></a> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-map-literal">map_literal </strong> ::= '{' [ <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ':' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> (',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> : <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a>)* ] '}' |
| <strong id="grammar-token-set-literal">set_literal </strong> ::= '{' [ <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> (',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a>)* ] '}' |
| <strong id="grammar-token-list-literal">list_literal </strong> ::= '[' [ <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> (',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a>)* ] ']' |
| </pre> |
| <p>Note however that neither <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-bind-marker"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bind_marker</span></code></a> nor <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> are supported inside collection literals.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="noteworthy-characteristics"> |
| <h3>Noteworthy characteristics<a class="headerlink" href="#noteworthy-characteristics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Collections are meant for storing/denormalizing relatively small amount of data. They work well for things like “the |
| phone numbers of a given user”, “labels applied to an email”, etc. But when items are expected to grow unbounded (“all |
| messages sent by a user”, “events registered by a sensor”…), then collections are not appropriate and a specific table |
| (with clustering columns) should be used. Concretely, (non-frozen) collections have the following noteworthy |
| characteristics and limitations:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>Individual collections are not indexed internally. Which means that even to access a single element of a collection, |
| the while collection has to be read (and reading one is not paged internally).</li> |
| <li>While insertion operations on sets and maps never incur a read-before-write internally, some operations on lists do. |
| Further, some lists operations are not idempotent by nature (see the section on <a class="reference internal" href="#lists"><span class="std std-ref">lists</span></a> below for |
| details), making their retry in case of timeout problematic. It is thus advised to prefer sets over lists when |
| possible.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Please note that while some of those limitations may or may not be removed/improved upon in the future, it is a |
| anti-pattern to use a (single) collection to store large amounts of data.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="maps"> |
| <span id="id5"></span><h3>Maps<a class="headerlink" href="#maps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map</span></code> is a (sorted) set of key-value pairs, where keys are unique and the map is sorted by its keys. You can define |
| and insert a map with:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="k">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="c1">// A map of text keys, and text values</span> |
| <span class="p">);</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">favs</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'John Smith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'fruit'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Apple'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'band'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Beatles'</span> <span class="p">});</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// Replace the existing map entirely.</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'fruit'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Banana'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Further, maps support:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><p class="first">Updating or inserting one or more elements:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">favs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'author'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Ed Poe'</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'movie'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Cassablanca'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'band'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'ZZ Top'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">Removing one or more element (if an element doesn’t exist, removing it is a no-op but no error is thrown):</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">favs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'author'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">favs</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'movie'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'band'</span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Note that for removing multiple elements in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">map</span></code>, you remove from it a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> of keys.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Lastly, TTLs are allowed for both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, but in both case the TTL set only apply to the newly |
| inserted/updated elements. In other words:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="k">TTL</span> <span class="mf">10</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">favs</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'color'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'green'</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>will only apply the TTL to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{</span> <span class="pre">'color'</span> <span class="pre">:</span> <span class="pre">'green'</span> <span class="pre">}</span></code> record, the rest of the map remaining unaffected.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="sets"> |
| <span id="id6"></span><h3>Sets<a class="headerlink" href="#sets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> is a (sorted) collection of unique values. You can define and insert a map with:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">owner</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="c1">// A set of text values</span> |
| <span class="p">);</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">owner</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tags</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'cat.jpg'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'jsmith'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'pet'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'cute'</span> <span class="p">});</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// Replace the existing set entirely</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'kitten'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'cat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'lol'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'cat.jpg'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Further, sets support:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><p class="first">Adding one or multiple elements (as this is a set, inserting an already existing element is a no-op):</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'gray'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'cuddly'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'cat.jpg'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">Removing one or multiple elements (if an element doesn’t exist, removing it is a no-op but no error is thrown):</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">images</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'cat'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'cat.jpg'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Lastly, as for <a class="reference internal" href="#maps"><span class="std std-ref">maps</span></a>, TTLs if used only apply to the newly inserted values.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="lists"> |
| <span id="id7"></span><h3>Lists<a class="headerlink" href="#lists" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p class="last">As mentioned above and further discussed at the end of this section, lists have limitations and specific |
| performance considerations that you should take into account before using them. In general, if you can use a |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#sets"><span class="std std-ref">set</span></a> instead of list, always prefer a set.</p> |
| </div> |
| <p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code> is a (sorted) collection of non-unique values where elements are ordered by there position in the list. You |
| can define and insert a list with:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">game</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">players</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="k">list</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="c1">// A list of integers</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">game</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">players</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scores</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'quake'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">17</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">]);</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// Replace the existing list entirely</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Further, lists support:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><p class="first">Appending and prepending values to a list:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">players</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="mf">14</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">21</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">players</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="mf">3</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">Setting the value at a particular position in the list. This imply that the list has a pre-existing element for that |
| position or an error will be thrown that the list is too small:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">scores</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">7</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">Removing an element by its position in the list. This imply that the list has a pre-existing element for that position |
| or an error will be thrown that the list is too small. Further, as the operation removes an element from the list, the |
| list size will be diminished by 1, shifting the position of all the elements following the one deleted:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="n">scores</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li><p class="first">Deleting <em>all</em> the occurrences of particular values in the list (if a particular element doesn’t occur at all in the |
| list, it is simply ignored and no error is thrown):</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">scores</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="mf">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">21</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'123-afde'</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <div class="admonition warning"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> |
| <p class="last">The append and prepend operations are not idempotent by nature. So in particular, if one of these operation |
| timeout, then retrying the operation is not safe and it may (or may not) lead to appending/prepending the value |
| twice.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonition warning"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p> |
| <p class="last">Setting and removing an element by position and removing occurences of particular values incur an internal |
| <em>read-before-write</em>. They will thus run more slowly and take more ressources than usual updates (with the exclusion |
| of conditional write that have their own cost).</p> |
| </div> |
| <p>Lastly, as for <a class="reference internal" href="#maps"><span class="std std-ref">maps</span></a>, TTLs when used only apply to the newly inserted values.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="user-defined-types"> |
| <span id="udts"></span><h2>User-Defined Types<a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CQL support the definition of user-defined types (UDT for short). Such a type can be created, modified and removed using |
| the <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-create-type-statement"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">create_type_statement</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-alter-type-statement"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_type_statement</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-drop-type-statement"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop_type_statement</span></code></a> described below. But |
| once created, a UDT is simply referred to by its name:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-user-defined-type">user_defined_type</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udt-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_name</span></code></a> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-udt-name">udt_name </strong> ::= [ <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> '.' ] <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> |
| </pre> |
| <div class="section" id="creating-a-udt"> |
| <h3>Creating a UDT<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-udt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Creating a new user-defined type is done using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span></code> statement defined by:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-create-type-statement">create_type_statement</strong> ::= CREATE TYPE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udt-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_name</span></code></a> |
| '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-field-definition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_definition</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-field-definition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_definition</span></code></a> )* ')' |
| <strong id="grammar-token-field-definition">field_definition </strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> |
| </pre> |
| <p>A UDT has a name (used to declared columns of that type) and is a set of named and typed fields. Fields name can be any |
| type, including collections or other UDT. For instance:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">phone</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">country_code</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">number</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">address</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">street</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">city</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">zip</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">phones</span> <span class="k">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">phone</span><span class="o">></span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="k">user</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">addresses</span> <span class="k">map</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">frozen</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">address</span><span class="o">>></span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Note that:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>Attempting to create an already existing type will result in an error unless the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> option is used. If |
| it is used, the statement will be a no-op if the type already exists.</li> |
| <li>A type is intrinsically bound to the keyspace in which it is created, and can only be used in that keyspace. At |
| creation, if the type name is prefixed by a keyspace name, it is created in that keyspace. Otherwise, it is created in |
| the current keyspace.</li> |
| <li>As of Cassandra 3.11.7, UDT have to be frozen in most cases, hence the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozen<address></span></code> in the table definition |
| above. Please see the section on <span class="xref std std-ref">frozen</span> for more details.</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="udt-literals"> |
| <h3>UDT literals<a class="headerlink" href="#udt-literals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Once a used-defined type has been created, value can be input using a UDT literal:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-udt-literal">udt_literal</strong> ::= '{' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> ':' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> ':' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> )* '}' |
| </pre> |
| <p>In other words, a UDT literal is like a <a class="reference internal" href="#maps"><span class="std std-ref">map</span></a> literal but its keys are the names of the fields of the type. |
| For instance, one could insert into the table define in the previous section using:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="k">user</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addresses</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'z3 Pr3z1den7'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="s1">'home'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="n">street</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Washington'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">zip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'20500'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">phones</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'cell'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">country_code</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'202 456-1111'</span> <span class="p">},</span> |
| <span class="s1">'landline'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">country_code</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'...'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">},</span> |
| <span class="s1">'work'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="n">street</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Washington'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">zip</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'20500'</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">phones</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="s1">'fax'</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">country_code</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'...'</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">})</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>To be valid, a UDT literal should only include fields defined by the type it is a literal of, but it can omit some field |
| (in which case those will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="altering-a-udt"> |
| <h3>Altering a UDT<a class="headerlink" href="#altering-a-udt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>An existing user-defined type can be modified using an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span></code> statement:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-alter-type-statement">alter_type_statement </strong> ::= ALTER TYPE <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udt-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_name</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-alter-type-modification"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">alter_type_modification</span></code></a> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-alter-type-modification">alter_type_modification</strong> ::= ADD <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-field-definition"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">field_definition</span></code></a> |
| | RENAME <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> TO <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> ( <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> TO <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> )* |
| </pre> |
| <p>You can:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>add a new field to the type (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span> <span class="pre">address</span> <span class="pre">ADD</span> <span class="pre">country</span> <span class="pre">text</span></code>). That new field will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> for any values |
| of the type created before the addition.</li> |
| <li>rename the fields of the type (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span> <span class="pre">address</span> <span class="pre">RENAME</span> <span class="pre">zip</span> <span class="pre">TO</span> <span class="pre">zipcode</span></code>).</li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="dropping-a-udt"> |
| <h3>Dropping a UDT<a class="headerlink" href="#dropping-a-udt" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>You can drop an existing user-defined type using a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">TYPE</span></code> statement:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-drop-type-statement">drop_type_statement</strong> ::= DROP TYPE [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-udt-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udt_name</span></code></a> |
| </pre> |
| <p>Dropping a type results in the immediate, irreversible removal of that type. However, attempting to drop a type that is |
| still in use by another type, table or function will result in an error.</p> |
| <p>If the type dropped does not exist, an error will be returned unless <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> is used, in which case the operation |
| is a no-op.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="tuples"> |
| <span id="id8"></span><h2>Tuples<a class="headerlink" href="#tuples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>CQL also support tuples and tuple types (where the elements can be of different types). Functionally, tuples can be |
| though as anonymous UDT with anonymous fields. Tuple types and tuple literals are defined by:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-tuple-type">tuple_type </strong> ::= TUPLE '<' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> )* '>' |
| <strong id="grammar-token-tuple-literal">tuple_literal</strong> ::= '(' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> )* ')' |
| </pre> |
| <p>and can be used thusly:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">durations</span> <span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">event</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">duration</span> <span class="k">tuple</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="o">></span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">durations</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">event</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">duration</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'ev1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'hours'</span><span class="p">));</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Unlike other “composed” types (collections and UDT), a tuple is always <span class="xref std std-ref">frozen</span> (without the need of the |
| <cite>frozen</cite> keyword) and it is not possible to update only some elements of a tuple (without updating the whole tuple). |
| Also, a tuple literal should always have the same number of value than declared in the type it is a tuple of (some of |
| those values can be null but they need to be explicitly declared as so).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="custom-types"> |
| <span id="id9"></span><h2>Custom Types<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="admonition note"> |
| <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p> |
| <p class="last">Custom types exists mostly for backward compatiliby purposes and their usage is discouraged. Their usage is |
| complex, not user friendly and the other provided types, particularly <a class="reference internal" href="#udts"><span class="std std-ref">user-defined types</span></a>, should almost |
| always be enough.</p> |
| </div> |
| <p>A custom type is defined by:</p> |
| <pre> |
| <strong id="grammar-token-custom-type">custom_type</strong> ::= <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> |
| </pre> |
| <p>A custom type is a <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a> that contains the name of Java class that extends the server side <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AbstractType</span></code> |
| class and that can be loaded by Cassandra (it should thus be in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CLASSPATH</span></code> of every node running Cassandra). That |
| class will define what values are valid for the type and how the time sorts when used for a clustering column. For any |
| other purpose, a value of a custom type is the same than that of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>, and can in particular be input using the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-blob"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code></a> literal syntax.</p> |
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