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   <span class="target" id="cql-functions"></span><div class="section" id="functions">
 <span id="native-functions"></span><span id="udfs"></span><h1>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
 <p>CQL supports 2 main categories of functions:</p>
 <ul class="simple">
 <li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#scalar-functions"><span class="std std-ref">scalar functions</span></a>, which simply take a number of values and produce an output with it.</li>
 <li>the <a class="reference internal" href="#aggregate-functions"><span class="std std-ref">aggregate functions</span></a>, which are used to aggregate multiple rows results from a
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>In both cases, CQL provides a number of native “hard-coded” functions as well as the ability to create new user-defined
 functions.</p>
 <div class="admonition note">
 <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
 <p class="last">By default, the use of user-defined functions is disabled by default for security concerns (even when
 enabled, the execution of user-defined functions is sandboxed and a “rogue” function should not be allowed to do
 evil, but no sandbox is perfect so using user-defined functions is opt-in). See the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_user_defined_functions</span></code>
 in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cassandra.yaml</span></code> to enable them.</p>
 </div>
 <p>A function is identifier by its name:</p>
 <pre>
 <strong id="grammar-token-function-name">function_name</strong> ::=  [ <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-keyspace-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyspace_name</span></code></a> '.' ] <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#grammar-token-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></a>
 </pre>
 <div class="section" id="scalar-functions">
 <span id="id1"></span><h2>Scalar functions<a class="headerlink" href="#scalar-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <div class="section" id="scalar-native-functions">
 <span id="id2"></span><h3>Native functions<a class="headerlink" href="#scalar-native-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
 <div class="section" id="cast">
 <h4>Cast<a class="headerlink" href="#cast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cast</span></code> function can be used to converts one native datatype to another.</p>
 <p>The following table describes the conversions supported by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cast</span></code> function. Cassandra will silently ignore any
 cast converting a datatype into its own datatype.</p>
 <table border="1" class="docutils">
 <colgroup>
 <col width="13%" />
 <col width="87%" />
 </colgroup>
 <thead valign="bottom">
 <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">From</th>
 <th class="head">To</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody valign="top">
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ascii</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boolean</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">counter</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inet</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">double</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code>,
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varchar</span></code></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <p>The conversions rely strictly on Java’s semantics. For example, the double value 1 will be converted to the text value
 ‘1.0’. For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">avg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">cast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">count</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nb">double</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="token">
 <h4>Token<a class="headerlink" href="#token" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> function allows to compute the token for a given partition key. The exact signature of the token function
 depends on the table concerned and of the partitioner used by the cluster.</p>
 <p>The type of the arguments of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> depend on the type of the partition key columns. The return type depend on
 the partitioner in use:</p>
 <ul class="simple">
 <li>For Murmur3Partitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>.</li>
 <li>For RandomPartitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">varint</span></code>.</li>
 <li>For ByteOrderedPartitioner, the return type is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>For instance, in a cluster using the default Murmur3Partitioner, if a table is defined by:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="k">users</span> <span class="p">(</span>
     <span class="n">userid</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
     <span class="n">username</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span>
 <span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>then the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> function will take a single argument of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">text</span></code> (in that case, the partition key is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">userid</span></code>
 (there is no clustering columns so the partition key is the same than the primary key)), and the return type will be
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="uuid">
 <h4>Uuid<a class="headerlink" href="#uuid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> function takes no parameters and generates a random type 4 uuid suitable for use in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> or
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="timeuuid-functions">
 <span id="id3"></span><h4>Timeuuid functions<a class="headerlink" href="#timeuuid-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <div class="section" id="now">
 <h5><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#now" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now</span></code> function takes no arguments and generates, on the coordinator node, a new unique timeuuid (at the time where
 the statement using it is executed). Note that this method is useful for insertion but is largely non-sensical in
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clauses. For instance, a query of the form:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">now</span><span class="p">()</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>will never return any result by design, since the value returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now()</span></code> is guaranteed to be unique.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="mintimeuuid-and-maxtimeuuid">
 <h5><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#mintimeuuid-and-maxtimeuuid" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> (resp. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code>) function takes a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code> (which can be <cite>either a timestamp
 or a date string &lt;timestamps&gt;</cite>) and return a <em>fake</em> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> corresponding to the <em>smallest</em> (resp. <em>biggest</em>)
 possible <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> having for timestamp <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code>. So for instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">myTable</span>
  <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">maxTimeuuid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2013-01-01 00:05+0000&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">minTimeuuid</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;2013-02-02 10:00+0000&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>will select all rows where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> column <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span></code> is strictly older than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000'</span></code> but strictly
 younger than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'2013-02-02</span> <span class="pre">10:00+0000'</span></code>. Please note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">maxTimeuuid('2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000')</span></code> would still
 <em>not</em> select a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> generated exactly at ‘2013-01-01 00:05+0000’ and is essentially equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t</span> <span class="pre">&gt;</span>
 <span class="pre">maxTimeuuid('2013-01-01</span> <span class="pre">00:05+0000')</span></code>.</p>
 <div class="admonition note">
 <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
 <p class="last">We called the values generated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code> <em>fake</em> UUID because they do no respect
 the Time-Based UUID generation process specified by the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt">RFC 4122</a>. In
 particular, the value returned by these 2 methods will not be unique. This means you should only use those methods
 for querying (as in the example above). Inserting the result of those methods is almost certainly <em>a bad idea</em>.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="time-conversion-functions">
 <h4>Time conversion functions<a class="headerlink" href="#time-conversion-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>A number of functions are provided to “convert” a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> into another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">native</span></code>
 type.</p>
 <table border="1" class="docutils">
 <colgroup>
 <col width="20%" />
 <col width="15%" />
 <col width="65%" />
 </colgroup>
 <thead valign="bottom">
 <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Function name</th>
 <th class="head">Input type</th>
 <th class="head">Description</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody valign="top">
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toDate</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> type</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toDate</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> type</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> type</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> type</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timestamp</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code></td>
 <td>Converts the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">date</span></code> argument into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigInt</span></code> raw value</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td>Similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toTimestamp(timeuuid)</span></code> (DEPRECATED)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code></td>
 <td><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code></td>
 <td>Similar to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">toUnixTimestamp(timeuuid)</span></code> (DEPRECATED)</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="blob-conversion-functions">
 <h4>Blob conversion functions<a class="headerlink" href="#blob-conversion-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>A number of functions are provided to “convert” the native types into binary data (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>). For every
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;native-type&gt;</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> supported by CQL (a notable exceptions is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>, for obvious reasons), the function
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">typeAsBlob</span></code> takes a argument of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> and return it as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code>. Conversely, the function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blobAsType</span></code>
 takes a 64-bit <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blob</span></code> argument and convert it to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigint</span></code> value. And so for instance, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bigintAsBlob(3)</span></code> is
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0x0000000000000003</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">blobAsBigint(0x0000000000000003)</span></code> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">3</span></code>.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="user-defined-functions">
 <span id="user-defined-scalar-functions"></span><h3>User-defined functions<a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
 <p>User-defined functions allow execution of user-provided code in Cassandra. By default, Cassandra supports defining
 functions in <em>Java</em> and <em>JavaScript</em>. Support for other JSR 223 compliant scripting languages (such as Python, Ruby, and
 Scala) can be added by adding a JAR to the classpath.</p>
 <p>UDFs are part of the Cassandra schema. As such, they are automatically propagated to all nodes in the cluster.</p>
 <p>UDFs can be <em>overloaded</em> - i.e. multiple UDFs with different argument types but the same function name. Example:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>User-defined functions are susceptible to all of the normal problems with the chosen programming language. Accordingly,
 implementations should be safe against null pointer exceptions, illegal arguments, or any other potential source of
 exceptions. An exception during function execution will result in the entire statement failing.</p>
 <p>It is valid to use <em>complex</em> types like collections, tuple types and user-defined types as argument and return types.
 Tuple types and user-defined types are handled by the conversion functions of the DataStax Java Driver. Please see the
 documentation of the Java Driver for details on handling tuple types and user-defined types.</p>
 <p>Arguments for functions can be literals or terms. Prepared statement placeholders can be used, too.</p>
 <p>Note that you can use the double-quoted string syntax to enclose the UDF source code. For example:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">some_function</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">arg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">col</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">some_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">?</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="mf">...</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">fct_using_udt</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">udtarg</span> <span class="k">frozen</span> <span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">udtarg</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;txt&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>User-defined functions can be used in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements.</p>
 <p>The implicitly available <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">udfContext</span></code> field (or binding for script UDFs) provides the necessary functionality to
 create new UDT and tuple values:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">txt</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">fct</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">_using</span><span class="err">\</span><span class="n">_udt</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">somearg</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="n">custom_type</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
         <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="n">udt</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">udfContext</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">newReturnUDTValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
         <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;txt&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;some string&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
         <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;i&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">);</span>
         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">udt</span><span class="p">;</span>
     <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>The definition of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDFContext</span></code> interface can be found in the Apache Cassandra source code for
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDFContext</span></code>.</p>
 <div class="highlight-java notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">UDFContext</span>
 <span class="p">{</span>
     <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">argName</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argNum</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newReturnUDTValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
     <span class="n">UDTValue</span> <span class="nf">newUDTValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">udtName</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">argName</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newArgTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argNum</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newReturnTupleValue</span><span class="p">();</span>
     <span class="n">TupleValue</span> <span class="nf">newTupleValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">cqlDefinition</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="p">}</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>Java UDFs already have some imports for common interfaces and classes defined. These imports are:</p>
 <div class="highlight-java notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.nio.ByteBuffer</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.List</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.Map</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">java.util.Set</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.UDFContext</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.TypeCodec</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.TupleValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.datastax.driver.core.UDTValue</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>Please note, that these convenience imports are not available for script UDFs.</p>
 <div class="section" id="create-function">
 <span id="create-function-statement"></span><h4>CREATE FUNCTION<a class="headerlink" href="#create-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>Creating a new user-defined function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> statement:</p>
 <pre>
 <strong id="grammar-token-create-function-statement">create_function_statement</strong> ::=  CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION [ IF NOT EXISTS]
                                    <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-declaration"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_declaration</span></code></a> ')'
                                    [ CALLED | RETURNS NULL ] ON NULL INPUT
                                    RETURNS <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a>
                                    LANGUAGE <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a>
                                    AS <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-string"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code></a>
 <strong id="grammar-token-arguments-declaration">arguments_declaration    </strong> ::=  <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-identifier"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">identifier</span></code></a> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> )*
 </pre>
 <p>For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">somefunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">somearg</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">anotherarg</span> <span class="nb">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">complexarg</span> <span class="k">frozen</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">someUDT</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">listarg</span> <span class="k">list</span><span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
         <span class="c1">// some Java code</span>
     <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="k">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">akeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">fname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">someArg</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">text</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
         <span class="c1">// some Java code</span>
     <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> keywords either creates a function or replaces an existing one with
 the same signature. A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> fails if a function with the same signature already
 exists.</p>
 <p>If the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords are used, the function will
 only be created if another function with the same signature does not
 exist.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> cannot be used together.</p>
 <p>Behavior on invocation with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> values must be defined for each
 function. There are two options:</p>
 <ol class="arabic simple">
 <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> declares that the function will always
 return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code> if any of the input arguments is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</li>
 <li><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CALLED</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> declares that the function will always be
 executed.</li>
 </ol>
 <div class="section" id="function-signature">
 <h5>Function Signature<a class="headerlink" href="#function-signature" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h5>
 <p>Signatures are used to distinguish individual functions. The signature consists of:</p>
 <ol class="arabic simple">
 <li>The fully qualified function name - i.e <em>keyspace</em> plus <em>function-name</em></li>
 <li>The concatenated list of all argument types</li>
 </ol>
 <p>Note that keyspace names, function names and argument types are subject to the default naming conventions and
 case-sensitivity rules.</p>
 <p>Functions belong to a keyspace. If no keyspace is specified in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;function-name&gt;</span></code>, the current keyspace is used (i.e.
 the keyspace specified using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code> statement). It is not possible to create a user-defined function in one of the
 system keyspaces.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="drop-function">
 <span id="drop-function-statement"></span><h4>DROP FUNCTION<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>Dropping a function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> statement:</p>
 <pre>
 <strong id="grammar-token-drop-function-statement">drop_function_statement</strong> ::=  DROP FUNCTION [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> [ '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')' ]
 <strong id="grammar-token-arguments-signature">arguments_signature    </strong> ::=  <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> ( ',' <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a> )*
 </pre>
 <p>For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">myfunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">mykeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">afunction</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">afunction</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">afunction</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">);</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>You must specify the argument types (<a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref std std-token docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a>) of the function to drop if there are multiple
 functions with the same name but a different signature (overloaded functions).</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">FUNCTION</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords drops a function if it exists, but does not throw an error if
 it doesn’t</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="aggregate-functions">
 <span id="id4"></span><h2>Aggregate functions<a class="headerlink" href="#aggregate-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
 <p>Aggregate functions work on a set of rows. They receive values for each row and returns one value for the whole set.</p>
 <p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normal</span></code> columns, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scalar</span> <span class="pre">functions</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UDT</span></code> fields, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">writetime</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ttl</span></code> are selected together with
 aggregate functions, the values returned for them will be the ones of the first row matching the query.</p>
 <div class="section" id="native-aggregates">
 <h3>Native aggregates<a class="headerlink" href="#native-aggregates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
 <div class="section" id="count">
 <span id="count-function"></span><h4>Count<a class="headerlink" href="#count" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">count</span></code> function can be used to count the rows returned by a query. Example:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>It also can be used to count the non null value of a given column:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">COUNT</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">scores</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="max-and-min">
 <h4>Max and Min<a class="headerlink" href="#max-and-min" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min</span></code> functions can be used to compute the maximum and the minimum value returned by a query for a
 given column. For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">MIN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">MAX</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">game</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;quake&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="sum">
 <h4>Sum<a class="headerlink" href="#sum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sum</span></code> function can be used to sum up all the values returned by a query for a given column. For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">SUM</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="avg">
 <h4>Avg<a class="headerlink" href="#avg" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">avg</span></code> function can be used to compute the average of all the values returned by a query for a given column. For
 instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">AVG</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">players</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">plays</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="user-defined-aggregates">
 <span id="user-defined-aggregates-functions"></span><h3>User-Defined Aggregates<a class="headerlink" href="#user-defined-aggregates" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
 <p>User-defined aggregates allow the creation of custom aggregate functions. Common examples of aggregate functions are
 <em>count</em>, <em>min</em>, and <em>max</em>.</p>
 <p>Each aggregate requires an <em>initial state</em> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code>, which defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>) of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The first
 argument of the state function must have type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The remaining arguments of the state function must match the
 types of the user-defined aggregate arguments. The state function is called once for each row, and the value returned by
 the state function becomes the new state. After all rows are processed, the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is executed with last
 state value as its argument.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code> is mandatory in order to be able to distinguish possibly overloaded versions of the state and/or final
 function (since the overload can appear after creation of the aggregate).</p>
 <p>User-defined aggregates can be used in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement.</p>
 <p>A complete working example for user-defined aggregates (assuming that a keyspace has been selected using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USE</span></code>
 statement):</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">averageState</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="k">tuple</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">bigint</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="k">tuple</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
             <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
             <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">setLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">intValue</span><span class="p">());</span>
         <span class="p">}</span>
         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">;</span>
     <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">averageFinal</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span> <span class="k">tuple</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">bigint</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">CALLED</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="k">INPUT</span>
     <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="nb">double</span>
     <span class="k">LANGUAGE</span> <span class="n">java</span>
     <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s">$$</span>
         <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
         <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">;</span>
         <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getLong</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
         <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">/=</span> <span class="n">state</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getInt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">);</span>
         <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Double</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">valueOf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">);</span>
     <span class="s">$$</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span>
     <span class="k">SFUNC</span> <span class="n">averageState</span>
     <span class="k">STYPE</span> <span class="k">tuple</span>
     <span class="k">FINALFUNC</span> <span class="n">averageFinal</span>
     <span class="k">INITCOND</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0</span><span class="p">);</span>

 <span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span>
     <span class="n">pk</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span><span class="p">,</span>
     <span class="n">val</span> <span class="nb">int</span>
 <span class="p">);</span>

 <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">2</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">atable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pk</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">4</span><span class="p">);</span>

 <span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">atable</span><span class="p">;</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="create-aggregate">
 <span id="create-aggregate-statement"></span><h4>CREATE AGGREGATE<a class="headerlink" href="#create-aggregate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>Creating (or replacing) a user-defined aggregate function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement:</p>
 <pre>
 <strong id="grammar-token-create-aggregate-statement">create_aggregate_statement</strong> ::=  CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] AGGREGATE [ IF NOT EXISTS ]
                                     <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')'
                                     SFUNC <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a>
                                     STYPE <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#grammar-token-cql-type"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cql_type</span></code></a>
                                     [ FINALFUNC <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> ]
                                     [ INITCOND <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#grammar-token-term"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">term</span></code></a> ]
 </pre>
 <p>See above for a complete example.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> keywords either creates an aggregate or replaces an existing one
 with the same signature. A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> fails if an aggregate with the same signature
 already exists.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords either creates an aggregate if it does not already
 exist.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OR</span> <span class="pre">REPLACE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> cannot be used together.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code> defines the type of the state value and must be specified.</p>
 <p>The optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code> defines the initial state value for the aggregate. It defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>. A non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>
 <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">INITCOND</span></code> must be specified for state functions that are declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code>.</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SFUNC</span></code> references an existing function to be used as the state modifying function. The type of first argument of the
 state function must match <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The remaining argument types of the state function must match the argument types of
 the aggregate function. State is not updated for state functions declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> and called
 with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</p>
 <p>The optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is called just before the aggregate result is returned. It must take only one argument with
 type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. The return type of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> may be a different type. A final function declared with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RETURNS</span>
 <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">NULL</span> <span class="pre">INPUT</span></code> means that the aggregate’s return value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>, if the last state is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">null</span></code>.</p>
 <p>If no <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is defined, the overall return type of the aggregate function is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">STYPE</span></code>. If a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FINALFUNC</span></code> is
 defined, it is the return type of that function.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="drop-aggregate">
 <span id="drop-aggregate-statement"></span><h4>DROP AGGREGATE<a class="headerlink" href="#drop-aggregate" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
 <p>Dropping an user-defined aggregate function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement:</p>
 <pre>
 <strong id="grammar-token-drop-aggregate-statement">drop_aggregate_statement</strong> ::=  DROP AGGREGATE [ IF EXISTS ] <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-function-name"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function_name</span></code></a> [ '(' <a class="reference internal" href="#grammar-token-arguments-signature"><code class="xref docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arguments_signature</span></code></a> ')' ]
 </pre>
 <p>For instance:</p>
 <div class="highlight-cql notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">myAggregate</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">myKeyspace</span><span class="mf">.</span><span class="n">anAggregate</span><span class="p">;</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">someAggregate</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="p">);</span>
 <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">AGGREGATE</span> <span class="n">someAggregate</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nb">text</span> <span class="p">);</span>
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 <p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> statement removes an aggregate created using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code>. You must specify the argument
 types of the aggregate to drop if there are multiple aggregates with the same name but a different signature (overloaded
 aggregates).</p>
 <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">AGGREGATE</span></code> with the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> keywords drops an aggregate if it exists, and does nothing if a
 function with the signature does not exist.</p>
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