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<h1>SQL language</h1>
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<p>The page describes the SQL dialect recognized by Calcite’s default SQL parser.</p>
<h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2>
<p>SQL grammar in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form">BNF</a>-like
form.</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">statement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">setStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">resetStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">explain</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">describe</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">insert</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">update</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">merge</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">delete</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="n">statementList</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">statement</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">';'</span> <span class="k">statement</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">';'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">setStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">SYSTEM</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">SESSION</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">identifier</span> <span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
<span class="n">resetStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">SYSTEM</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">SESSION</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">RESET</span> <span class="n">identifier</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">SYSTEM</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">SESSION</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">RESET</span> <span class="k">ALL</span>
<span class="k">explain</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">EXPLAIN</span> <span class="n">PLAN</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="k">IMPLEMENTATION</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">WITHOUT</span> <span class="k">IMPLEMENTATION</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">EXCLUDING</span> <span class="n">ATTRIBUTES</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">INCLUDING</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">ATTRIBUTES</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">JSON</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">XML</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">FOR</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">insert</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">update</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">merge</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">delete</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">describe</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="k">DATABASE</span> <span class="n">databaseName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="k">CATALOG</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">databaseName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">catalogName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="k">SCHEMA</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">databaseName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">catalogName</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="n">schemaName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">databaseName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">catalogName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">schemaName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">tableName</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESCRIBE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">STATEMENT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">insert</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">update</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">merge</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">delete</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">insert</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">UPSERT</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">query</span>
<span class="k">update</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span>
<span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">assign</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">assign</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">assign</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">identifier</span> <span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
<span class="n">merge</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">MERGE</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">alias</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">USING</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span>
<span class="k">ON</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WHEN</span> <span class="n">MATCHED</span> <span class="k">THEN</span> <span class="k">UPDATE</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">assign</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">assign</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WHEN</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="n">MATCHED</span> <span class="k">THEN</span> <span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">delete</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DELETE</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">alias</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">query</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">values</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">withItem</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">withItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="err">{</span>
<span class="k">select</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">selectWithoutFrom</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="k">UNION</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="k">EXCEPT</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="n">MINUS</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="k">INTERSECT</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">LIMIT</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">count</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OFFSET</span> <span class="k">start</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">FETCH</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">FIRST</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NEXT</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">count</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="k">ONLY</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">withItem</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">name</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">orderItem</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ASC</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESC</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="k">FIRST</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="k">LAST</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">select</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">STREAM</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="err">{</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">projectItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">projectItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="err">}</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="n">groupItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">groupItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">WINDOW</span> <span class="n">windowName</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">windowSpec</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">windowName</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">windowSpec</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">selectWithoutFrom</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="err">{</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">projectItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">projectItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="err">}</span>
<span class="n">projectItem</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">columnAlias</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tableAlias</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">tableExpression</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">tableReference</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">tableReference</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NATURAL</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">LEFT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">RIGHT</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">FULL</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OUTER</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">JOIN</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">joinCondition</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="k">CROSS</span> <span class="k">JOIN</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">CROSS</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">OUTER</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">APPLY</span> <span class="n">tableExpression</span>
<span class="n">joinCondition</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">ON</span> <span class="n">booleanExpression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">column</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">tableReference</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">tablePrimary</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">FOR</span> <span class="n">SYSTEM_TIME</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">OF</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">matchRecognize</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">alias</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnAlias</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnAlias</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">tablePrimary</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">catalogName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">schemaName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">tableName</span>
<span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">catalogName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">schemaName</span> <span class="p">.</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">tableName</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tablePrimary</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">EXTEND</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnDecl</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnDecl</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">LATERAL</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">UNNEST</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="k">ORDINALITY</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">LATERAL</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">SPECIFIC</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">functionName</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">columnDecl</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">column</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">values</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">groupItem</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">expression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">CUBE</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROLLUP</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">GROUPING</span> <span class="k">SETS</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">groupItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">groupItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">window</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">windowName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">windowSpec</span>
<span class="n">windowSpec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="s1">'('</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">windowName</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">RANGE</span> <span class="n">numericOrIntervalExpression</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="n">PRECEDING</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FOLLOWING</span> <span class="err">}</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span> <span class="n">numericExpression</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="n">PRECEDING</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FOLLOWING</span> <span class="err">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="s1">')'</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>In <em>insert</em>, if the INSERT or UPSERT statement does not specify a
list of target columns, the query must have the same number of
columns as the target table, except in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isInsertSubsetColumnsAllowed--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<p>In <em>merge</em>, at least one of the WHEN MATCHED and WHEN NOT MATCHED clauses must
be present.</p>
<p><em>tablePrimary</em> may only contain an EXTEND clause in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#allowExtend--">conformance levels</a>;
in those same conformance levels, any <em>column</em> in <em>insert</em> may be replaced by
<em>columnDecl</em>, which has a similar effect to including it in an EXTEND clause.</p>
<p>In <em>orderItem</em>, if <em>expression</em> is a positive integer <em>n</em>, it denotes
the <em>n</em>th item in the SELECT clause.</p>
<p>In <em>query</em>, <em>count</em> and <em>start</em> may each be either an unsigned integer literal
or a dynamic parameter whose value is an integer.</p>
<p>An aggregate query is a query that contains a GROUP BY or a HAVING
clause, or aggregate functions in the SELECT clause. In the SELECT,
HAVING and ORDER BY clauses of an aggregate query, all expressions
must be constant within the current group (that is, grouping constants
as defined by the GROUP BY clause, or constants), or aggregate
functions, or a combination of constants and aggregate
functions. Aggregate and grouping functions may only appear in an
aggregate query, and only in a SELECT, HAVING or ORDER BY clause.</p>
<p>A scalar sub-query is a sub-query used as an expression.
If the sub-query returns no rows, the value is NULL; if it
returns more than one row, it is an error.</p>
<p>IN, EXISTS and scalar sub-queries can occur
in any place where an expression can occur (such as the SELECT clause,
WHERE clause, ON clause of a JOIN, or as an argument to an aggregate
function).</p>
<p>An IN, EXISTS or scalar sub-query may be correlated; that is, it
may refer to tables in the FROM clause of an enclosing query.</p>
<p><em>selectWithoutFrom</em> is equivalent to VALUES,
but is not standard SQL and is only allowed in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isFromRequired--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<p>MINUS is equivalent to EXCEPT,
but is not standard SQL and is only allowed in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isMinusAllowed--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<p>CROSS APPLY and OUTER APPLY are only allowed in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isApplyAllowed--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<p>“LIMIT start, count” is equivalent to “LIMIT count OFFSET start”
but is only allowed in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isLimitStartCountAllowed--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<h2 id="keywords">Keywords</h2>
<p>The following is a list of SQL keywords.
Reserved keywords are <strong>bold</strong>.</p>
<p>A,
<strong>ABS</strong>,
ABSENT,
ABSOLUTE,
ACTION,
ADA,
ADD,
ADMIN,
AFTER,
<strong>ALL</strong>,
<strong>ALLOCATE</strong>,
<strong>ALLOW</strong>,
<strong>ALTER</strong>,
ALWAYS,
<strong>AND</strong>,
<strong>ANY</strong>,
APPLY,
<strong>ARE</strong>,
<strong>ARRAY</strong>,
<strong>ARRAY_MAX_CARDINALITY</strong>,
<strong>AS</strong>,
ASC,
<strong>ASENSITIVE</strong>,
ASSERTION,
ASSIGNMENT,
<strong>ASYMMETRIC</strong>,
<strong>AT</strong>,
<strong>ATOMIC</strong>,
ATTRIBUTE,
ATTRIBUTES,
<strong>AUTHORIZATION</strong>,
<strong>AVG</strong>,
BEFORE,
<strong>BEGIN</strong>,
<strong>BEGIN_FRAME</strong>,
<strong>BEGIN_PARTITION</strong>,
BERNOULLI,
<strong>BETWEEN</strong>,
<strong>BIGINT</strong>,
<strong>BINARY</strong>,
<strong>BIT</strong>,
<strong>BLOB</strong>,
<strong>BOOLEAN</strong>,
<strong>BOTH</strong>,
BREADTH,
<strong>BY</strong>,
C,
<strong>CALL</strong>,
<strong>CALLED</strong>,
<strong>CARDINALITY</strong>,
CASCADE,
<strong>CASCADED</strong>,
<strong>CASE</strong>,
<strong>CAST</strong>,
CATALOG,
CATALOG_NAME,
<strong>CEIL</strong>,
<strong>CEILING</strong>,
CENTURY,
CHAIN,
<strong>CHAR</strong>,
<strong>CHARACTER</strong>,
CHARACTERISTICS,
CHARACTERS,
<strong>CHARACTER_LENGTH</strong>,
CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG,
CHARACTER_SET_NAME,
CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA,
<strong>CHAR_LENGTH</strong>,
<strong>CHECK</strong>,
<strong>CLASSIFIER</strong>,
CLASS_ORIGIN,
<strong>CLOB</strong>,
<strong>CLOSE</strong>,
<strong>COALESCE</strong>,
COBOL,
<strong>COLLATE</strong>,
COLLATION,
COLLATION_CATALOG,
COLLATION_NAME,
COLLATION_SCHEMA,
<strong>COLLECT</strong>,
<strong>COLUMN</strong>,
COLUMN_NAME,
COMMAND_FUNCTION,
COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE,
<strong>COMMIT</strong>,
COMMITTED,
<strong>CONDITION</strong>,
CONDITIONAL,
CONDITION_NUMBER,
<strong>CONNECT</strong>,
CONNECTION,
CONNECTION_NAME,
<strong>CONSTRAINT</strong>,
CONSTRAINTS,
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG,
CONSTRAINT_NAME,
CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
CONSTRUCTOR,
<strong>CONTAINS</strong>,
CONTINUE,
<strong>CONVERT</strong>,
<strong>CORR</strong>,
<strong>CORRESPONDING</strong>,
<strong>COUNT</strong>,
<strong>COVAR_POP</strong>,
<strong>COVAR_SAMP</strong>,
<strong>CREATE</strong>,
<strong>CROSS</strong>,
<strong>CUBE</strong>,
<strong>CUME_DIST</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_CATALOG</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_DATE</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_PATH</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_ROLE</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_ROW</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_SCHEMA</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_TIME</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE</strong>,
<strong>CURRENT_USER</strong>,
<strong>CURSOR</strong>,
CURSOR_NAME,
<strong>CYCLE</strong>,
DATA,
DATABASE,
<strong>DATE</strong>,
DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE,
DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION,
<strong>DAY</strong>,
<strong>DEALLOCATE</strong>,
<strong>DEC</strong>,
DECADE,
<strong>DECIMAL</strong>,
<strong>DECLARE</strong>,
<strong>DEFAULT</strong>,
DEFAULTS,
DEFERRABLE,
DEFERRED,
<strong>DEFINE</strong>,
DEFINED,
DEFINER,
DEGREE,
<strong>DELETE</strong>,
<strong>DENSE_RANK</strong>,
DEPTH,
<strong>DEREF</strong>,
DERIVED,
DESC,
<strong>DESCRIBE</strong>,
DESCRIPTION,
DESCRIPTOR,
<strong>DETERMINISTIC</strong>,
DIAGNOSTICS,
<strong>DISALLOW</strong>,
<strong>DISCONNECT</strong>,
DISPATCH,
<strong>DISTINCT</strong>,
DOMAIN,
<strong>DOUBLE</strong>,
DOW,
DOY,
<strong>DROP</strong>,
<strong>DYNAMIC</strong>,
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION,
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE,
<strong>EACH</strong>,
<strong>ELEMENT</strong>,
<strong>ELSE</strong>,
<strong>EMPTY</strong>,
ENCODING,
<strong>END</strong>,
<strong>END-EXEC</strong>,
<strong>END_FRAME</strong>,
<strong>END_PARTITION</strong>,
EPOCH,
<strong>EQUALS</strong>,
ERROR,
<strong>ESCAPE</strong>,
<strong>EVERY</strong>,
<strong>EXCEPT</strong>,
EXCEPTION,
EXCLUDE,
EXCLUDING,
<strong>EXEC</strong>,
<strong>EXECUTE</strong>,
<strong>EXISTS</strong>,
<strong>EXP</strong>,
<strong>EXPLAIN</strong>,
<strong>EXTEND</strong>,
<strong>EXTERNAL</strong>,
<strong>EXTRACT</strong>,
<strong>FALSE</strong>,
<strong>FETCH</strong>,
<strong>FILTER</strong>,
FINAL,
FIRST,
<strong>FIRST_VALUE</strong>,
<strong>FLOAT</strong>,
<strong>FLOOR</strong>,
FOLLOWING,
<strong>FOR</strong>,
<strong>FOREIGN</strong>,
FORMAT,
FORTRAN,
FOUND,
FRAC_SECOND,
<strong>FRAME_ROW</strong>,
<strong>FREE</strong>,
<strong>FROM</strong>,
<strong>FULL</strong>,
<strong>FUNCTION</strong>,
<strong>FUSION</strong>,
G,
GENERAL,
GENERATED,
GEOMETRY,
<strong>GET</strong>,
<strong>GLOBAL</strong>,
GO,
GOTO,
<strong>GRANT</strong>,
GRANTED,
<strong>GROUP</strong>,
<strong>GROUPING</strong>,
<strong>GROUPS</strong>,
<strong>HAVING</strong>,
HIERARCHY,
<strong>HOLD</strong>,
<strong>HOUR</strong>,
<strong>IDENTITY</strong>,
IGNORE,
IMMEDIATE,
IMMEDIATELY,
IMPLEMENTATION,
<strong>IMPORT</strong>,
<strong>IN</strong>,
INCLUDING,
INCREMENT,
<strong>INDICATOR</strong>,
<strong>INITIAL</strong>,
INITIALLY,
<strong>INNER</strong>,
<strong>INOUT</strong>,
INPUT,
<strong>INSENSITIVE</strong>,
<strong>INSERT</strong>,
INSTANCE,
INSTANTIABLE,
<strong>INT</strong>,
<strong>INTEGER</strong>,
<strong>INTERSECT</strong>,
<strong>INTERSECTION</strong>,
<strong>INTERVAL</strong>,
<strong>INTO</strong>,
INVOKER,
<strong>IS</strong>,
ISODOW,
ISOLATION,
ISOYEAR,
JAVA,
<strong>JOIN</strong>,
JSON,
<strong>JSON_ARRAY</strong>,
<strong>JSON_ARRAYAGG</strong>,
<strong>JSON_EXISTS</strong>,
<strong>JSON_OBJECT</strong>,
<strong>JSON_OBJECTAGG</strong>,
<strong>JSON_QUERY</strong>,
<strong>JSON_VALUE</strong>,
K,
KEY,
KEY_MEMBER,
KEY_TYPE,
LABEL,
<strong>LAG</strong>,
<strong>LANGUAGE</strong>,
<strong>LARGE</strong>,
LAST,
<strong>LAST_VALUE</strong>,
<strong>LATERAL</strong>,
<strong>LEAD</strong>,
<strong>LEADING</strong>,
<strong>LEFT</strong>,
LENGTH,
LEVEL,
LIBRARY,
<strong>LIKE</strong>,
<strong>LIKE_REGEX</strong>,
<strong>LIMIT</strong>,
<strong>LN</strong>,
<strong>LOCAL</strong>,
<strong>LOCALTIME</strong>,
<strong>LOCALTIMESTAMP</strong>,
LOCATOR,
<strong>LOWER</strong>,
M,
MAP,
<strong>MATCH</strong>,
MATCHED,
<strong>MATCHES</strong>,
<strong>MATCH_NUMBER</strong>,
<strong>MATCH_RECOGNIZE</strong>,
<strong>MAX</strong>,
MAXVALUE,
<strong>MEASURES</strong>,
<strong>MEMBER</strong>,
<strong>MERGE</strong>,
MESSAGE_LENGTH,
MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH,
MESSAGE_TEXT,
<strong>METHOD</strong>,
MICROSECOND,
MILLENNIUM,
MILLISECOND,
<strong>MIN</strong>,
<strong>MINUS</strong>,
<strong>MINUTE</strong>,
MINVALUE,
<strong>MOD</strong>,
<strong>MODIFIES</strong>,
<strong>MODULE</strong>,
<strong>MONTH</strong>,
MORE,
<strong>MULTISET</strong>,
MUMPS,
NAME,
NAMES,
NANOSECOND,
<strong>NATIONAL</strong>,
<strong>NATURAL</strong>,
<strong>NCHAR</strong>,
<strong>NCLOB</strong>,
NESTING,
<strong>NEW</strong>,
<strong>NEXT</strong>,
<strong>NO</strong>,
<strong>NONE</strong>,
<strong>NORMALIZE</strong>,
NORMALIZED,
<strong>NOT</strong>,
<strong>NTH_VALUE</strong>,
<strong>NTILE</strong>,
<strong>NULL</strong>,
NULLABLE,
<strong>NULLIF</strong>,
NULLS,
NUMBER,
<strong>NUMERIC</strong>,
OBJECT,
<strong>OCCURRENCES_REGEX</strong>,
OCTETS,
<strong>OCTET_LENGTH</strong>,
<strong>OF</strong>,
<strong>OFFSET</strong>,
<strong>OLD</strong>,
<strong>OMIT</strong>,
<strong>ON</strong>,
<strong>ONE</strong>,
<strong>ONLY</strong>,
<strong>OPEN</strong>,
OPTION,
OPTIONS,
<strong>OR</strong>,
<strong>ORDER</strong>,
ORDERING,
ORDINALITY,
OTHERS,
<strong>OUT</strong>,
<strong>OUTER</strong>,
OUTPUT,
<strong>OVER</strong>,
<strong>OVERLAPS</strong>,
<strong>OVERLAY</strong>,
OVERRIDING,
PAD,
<strong>PARAMETER</strong>,
PARAMETER_MODE,
PARAMETER_NAME,
PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION,
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG,
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME,
PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA,
PARTIAL,
<strong>PARTITION</strong>,
PASCAL,
PASSING,
PASSTHROUGH,
PAST,
PATH,
<strong>PATTERN</strong>,
<strong>PER</strong>,
<strong>PERCENT</strong>,
<strong>PERCENTILE_CONT</strong>,
<strong>PERCENTILE_DISC</strong>,
<strong>PERCENT_RANK</strong>,
<strong>PERIOD</strong>,
<strong>PERMUTE</strong>,
PLACING,
PLAN,
PLI,
<strong>PORTION</strong>,
<strong>POSITION</strong>,
<strong>POSITION_REGEX</strong>,
<strong>POWER</strong>,
<strong>PRECEDES</strong>,
PRECEDING,
<strong>PRECISION</strong>,
<strong>PREPARE</strong>,
PRESERVE,
<strong>PREV</strong>,
<strong>PRIMARY</strong>,
PRIOR,
PRIVILEGES,
<strong>PROCEDURE</strong>,
PUBLIC,
QUARTER,
<strong>RANGE</strong>,
<strong>RANK</strong>,
READ,
<strong>READS</strong>,
<strong>REAL</strong>,
<strong>RECURSIVE</strong>,
<strong>REF</strong>,
<strong>REFERENCES</strong>,
<strong>REFERENCING</strong>,
<strong>REGR_AVGX</strong>,
<strong>REGR_AVGY</strong>,
<strong>REGR_COUNT</strong>,
<strong>REGR_INTERCEPT</strong>,
<strong>REGR_R2</strong>,
<strong>REGR_SLOPE</strong>,
<strong>REGR_SXX</strong>,
<strong>REGR_SXY</strong>,
<strong>REGR_SYY</strong>,
RELATIVE,
<strong>RELEASE</strong>,
REPEATABLE,
REPLACE,
<strong>RESET</strong>,
RESPECT,
RESTART,
RESTRICT,
<strong>RESULT</strong>,
<strong>RETURN</strong>,
RETURNED_CARDINALITY,
RETURNED_LENGTH,
RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH,
RETURNED_SQLSTATE,
RETURNING,
<strong>RETURNS</strong>,
<strong>REVOKE</strong>,
<strong>RIGHT</strong>,
ROLE,
<strong>ROLLBACK</strong>,
<strong>ROLLUP</strong>,
ROUTINE,
ROUTINE_CATALOG,
ROUTINE_NAME,
ROUTINE_SCHEMA,
<strong>ROW</strong>,
<strong>ROWS</strong>,
ROW_COUNT,
<strong>ROW_NUMBER</strong>,
<strong>RUNNING</strong>,
<strong>SAVEPOINT</strong>,
SCALAR,
SCALE,
SCHEMA,
SCHEMA_NAME,
<strong>SCOPE</strong>,
SCOPE_CATALOGS,
SCOPE_NAME,
SCOPE_SCHEMA,
<strong>SCROLL</strong>,
<strong>SEARCH</strong>,
<strong>SECOND</strong>,
SECTION,
SECURITY,
<strong>SEEK</strong>,
<strong>SELECT</strong>,
SELF,
<strong>SENSITIVE</strong>,
SEQUENCE,
SERIALIZABLE,
SERVER,
SERVER_NAME,
SESSION,
<strong>SESSION_USER</strong>,
<strong>SET</strong>,
SETS,
<strong>SHOW</strong>,
<strong>SIMILAR</strong>,
SIMPLE,
SIZE,
<strong>SKIP</strong>,
<strong>SMALLINT</strong>,
<strong>SOME</strong>,
SOURCE,
SPACE,
<strong>SPECIFIC</strong>,
<strong>SPECIFICTYPE</strong>,
SPECIFIC_NAME,
<strong>SQL</strong>,
<strong>SQLEXCEPTION</strong>,
<strong>SQLSTATE</strong>,
<strong>SQLWARNING</strong>,
SQL_BIGINT,
SQL_BINARY,
SQL_BIT,
SQL_BLOB,
SQL_BOOLEAN,
SQL_CHAR,
SQL_CLOB,
SQL_DATE,
SQL_DECIMAL,
SQL_DOUBLE,
SQL_FLOAT,
SQL_INTEGER,
SQL_INTERVAL_DAY,
SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_HOUR,
SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_MINUTE,
SQL_INTERVAL_DAY_TO_SECOND,
SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR,
SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_MINUTE,
SQL_INTERVAL_HOUR_TO_SECOND,
SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE,
SQL_INTERVAL_MINUTE_TO_SECOND,
SQL_INTERVAL_MONTH,
SQL_INTERVAL_SECOND,
SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR,
SQL_INTERVAL_YEAR_TO_MONTH,
SQL_LONGVARBINARY,
SQL_LONGVARCHAR,
SQL_LONGVARNCHAR,
SQL_NCHAR,
SQL_NCLOB,
SQL_NUMERIC,
SQL_NVARCHAR,
SQL_REAL,
SQL_SMALLINT,
SQL_TIME,
SQL_TIMESTAMP,
SQL_TINYINT,
SQL_TSI_DAY,
SQL_TSI_FRAC_SECOND,
SQL_TSI_HOUR,
SQL_TSI_MICROSECOND,
SQL_TSI_MINUTE,
SQL_TSI_MONTH,
SQL_TSI_QUARTER,
SQL_TSI_SECOND,
SQL_TSI_WEEK,
SQL_TSI_YEAR,
SQL_VARBINARY,
SQL_VARCHAR,
<strong>SQRT</strong>,
<strong>START</strong>,
STATE,
STATEMENT,
<strong>STATIC</strong>,
<strong>STDDEV_POP</strong>,
<strong>STDDEV_SAMP</strong>,
<strong>STREAM</strong>,
STRUCTURE,
STYLE,
SUBCLASS_ORIGIN,
<strong>SUBMULTISET</strong>,
<strong>SUBSET</strong>,
SUBSTITUTE,
<strong>SUBSTRING</strong>,
<strong>SUBSTRING_REGEX</strong>,
<strong>SUCCEEDS</strong>,
<strong>SUM</strong>,
<strong>SYMMETRIC</strong>,
<strong>SYSTEM</strong>,
<strong>SYSTEM_TIME</strong>,
<strong>SYSTEM_USER</strong>,
<strong>TABLE</strong>,
<strong>TABLESAMPLE</strong>,
TABLE_NAME,
TEMPORARY,
<strong>THEN</strong>,
TIES,
<strong>TIME</strong>,
<strong>TIMESTAMP</strong>,
TIMESTAMPADD,
TIMESTAMPDIFF,
<strong>TIMEZONE_HOUR</strong>,
<strong>TIMEZONE_MINUTE</strong>,
<strong>TINYINT</strong>,
<strong>TO</strong>,
TOP_LEVEL_COUNT,
<strong>TRAILING</strong>,
TRANSACTION,
TRANSACTIONS_ACTIVE,
TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED,
TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK,
TRANSFORM,
TRANSFORMS,
<strong>TRANSLATE</strong>,
<strong>TRANSLATE_REGEX</strong>,
<strong>TRANSLATION</strong>,
<strong>TREAT</strong>,
<strong>TRIGGER</strong>,
TRIGGER_CATALOG,
TRIGGER_NAME,
TRIGGER_SCHEMA,
<strong>TRIM</strong>,
<strong>TRIM_ARRAY</strong>,
<strong>TRUE</strong>,
<strong>TRUNCATE</strong>,
TYPE,
<strong>UESCAPE</strong>,
UNBOUNDED,
UNCOMMITTED,
UNCONDITIONAL,
UNDER,
<strong>UNION</strong>,
<strong>UNIQUE</strong>,
<strong>UNKNOWN</strong>,
UNNAMED,
<strong>UNNEST</strong>,
<strong>UPDATE</strong>,
<strong>UPPER</strong>,
<strong>UPSERT</strong>,
USAGE,
<strong>USER</strong>,
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG,
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE,
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME,
USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA,
<strong>USING</strong>,
UTF16,
UTF32,
UTF8,
<strong>VALUE</strong>,
<strong>VALUES</strong>,
<strong>VALUE_OF</strong>,
<strong>VARBINARY</strong>,
<strong>VARCHAR</strong>,
<strong>VARYING</strong>,
<strong>VAR_POP</strong>,
<strong>VAR_SAMP</strong>,
VERSION,
<strong>VERSIONING</strong>,
VIEW,
WEEK,
<strong>WHEN</strong>,
<strong>WHENEVER</strong>,
<strong>WHERE</strong>,
<strong>WIDTH_BUCKET</strong>,
<strong>WINDOW</strong>,
<strong>WITH</strong>,
<strong>WITHIN</strong>,
<strong>WITHOUT</strong>,
WORK,
WRAPPER,
WRITE,
XML,
<strong>YEAR</strong>,
ZONE.</p>
<h2 id="identifiers">Identifiers</h2>
<p>Identifiers are the names of tables, columns and other metadata
elements used in a SQL query.</p>
<p>Unquoted identifiers, such as emp, must start with a letter and can
only contain letters, digits, and underscores. They are implicitly
converted to upper case.</p>
<p>Quoted identifiers, such as <code class="highlighter-rouge">"Employee Name"</code>, start and end with
double quotes. They may contain virtually any character, including
spaces and other punctuation. If you wish to include a double quote
in an identifier, use another double quote to escape it, like this:
<code class="highlighter-rouge">"An employee called ""Fred""."</code>.</p>
<p>In Calcite, matching identifiers to the name of the referenced object is
case-sensitive. But remember that unquoted identifiers are implicitly
converted to upper case before matching, and if the object it refers
to was created using an unquoted identifier for its name, then its
name will have been converted to upper case also.</p>
<h2 id="data-types">Data types</h2>
<h3 id="scalar-types">Scalar types</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Data type</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Range and example literals</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BOOLEAN</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Logical values</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Values: TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TINYINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">1 byte signed integer</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Range is -128 to 127</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SMALLINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">2 byte signed integer</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Range is -32768 to 32767</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">INTEGER, INT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">4 byte signed integer</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Range is -2147483648 to 2147483647</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BIGINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">8 byte signed integer</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Range is -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DECIMAL(p, s)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Fixed point</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: 123.45 is a DECIMAL(5, 2) value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NUMERIC</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Fixed point</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">REAL, FLOAT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">4 byte floating point</td>
<td style="text-align: left">6 decimal digits precision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DOUBLE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">8 byte floating point</td>
<td style="text-align: left">15 decimal digits precision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CHAR(n), CHARACTER(n)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Fixed-width character string</td>
<td style="text-align: left">‘Hello’, ‘’ (empty string), _latin1’Hello’, n’Hello’, _UTF16’Hello’, ‘Hello’ ‘there’ (literal split into multiple parts)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">VARCHAR(n), CHARACTER VARYING(n)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Variable-length character string</td>
<td style="text-align: left">As CHAR(n)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BINARY(n)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Fixed-width binary string</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x’45F0AB’, x’’ (empty binary string), x’AB’ ‘CD’ (multi-part binary string literal)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">VARBINARY(n), BINARY VARYING(n)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Variable-length binary string</td>
<td style="text-align: left">As BINARY(n)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DATE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Date</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: DATE ‘1969-07-20’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIME</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Time of day</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: TIME ‘20:17:40’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMP [ WITHOUT TIME ZONE ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Date and time</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Date and time with local time zone</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40 America/Los Angeles’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Date and time with time zone</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: TIMESTAMP ‘1969-07-20 20:17:40 America/Los Angeles’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">INTERVAL timeUnit [ TO timeUnit ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Date time interval</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Examples: INTERVAL ‘1-5’ YEAR TO MONTH, INTERVAL ‘45’ DAY, INTERVAL ‘1 2:34:56.789’ DAY TO SECOND</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GEOMETRY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Geometry</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Examples: ST_GeomFromText(‘POINT (30 10)’)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Where:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">timeUnit</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">MILLENNIUM</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">CENTURY</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DECADE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">YEAR</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">QUARTER</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">MONTH</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">WEEK</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DOY</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DOW</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DAY</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">HOUR</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">MINUTE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">SECOND</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">EPOCH</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>DATE, TIME and TIMESTAMP have no time zone. For those types, there is not
even an implicit time zone, such as UTC (as in Java) or the local time zone.
It is left to the user or application to supply a time zone. In turn,
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE does not store the time zone internally, but
it will rely on the supplied time zone to provide correct semantics.</li>
<li>GEOMETRY is allowed only in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#allowGeometry--">conformance levels</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="non-scalar-types">Non-scalar types</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Type</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Example literals</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ANY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">A value of an unknown type</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ROW</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Row with 1 or more columns</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: Row(f0 int null, f1 varchar)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MAP</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Collection of keys mapped to values</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTISET</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Unordered collection that may contain duplicates</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: int multiset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ARRAY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Ordered, contiguous collection that may contain duplicates</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Example: varchar(10) array</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURSOR</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Cursor over the result of executing a query</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>Every <code class="highlighter-rouge">ROW</code> column type can have an optional [ NULL | NOT NULL ] suffix
to indicate if this column type is nullable, default is not nullable.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="spatial-types">Spatial types</h3>
<p>Spatial data is represented as character strings encoded as
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text">well-known text (WKT)</a>
or binary strings encoded as
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_binary">well-known binary (WKB)</a>.</p>
<p>Where you would use a literal, apply the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_GeomFromText</code> function,
for example <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_GeomFromText('POINT (30 10)')</code>.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Data type</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Type code</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Examples in WKT</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GEOMETRY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">0</td>
<td style="text-align: left">generalization of Point, Curve, Surface, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">1</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'POINT (30 10)')</code> is a point in 2D space; <code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'POINT Z(30 10 2)')</code> is point in 3D space</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURVE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">13</td>
<td style="text-align: left">generalization of LINESTRING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LINESTRING</td>
<td style="text-align: left">2</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'LINESTRING (30 10, 10 30, 40 40)')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SURFACE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">14</td>
<td style="text-align: left">generalization of Polygon, PolyhedralSurface</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POLYGON</td>
<td style="text-align: left">3</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'POLYGON ((30 10, 40 40, 20 40, 10 20, 30 10))')</code> is a pentagon; <code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'POLYGON ((35 10, 45 45, 15 40, 10 20, 35 10), (20 30, 35 35, 30 20, 20 30))')</code> is a pentagon with a quadrilateral hole</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POLYHEDRALSURFACE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">15</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</td>
<td style="text-align: left">7</td>
<td style="text-align: left">a collection of zero or more GEOMETRY instances; a generalization of MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING, MULTIPOLYGON</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTIPOINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">4</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'MULTIPOINT ((10 40), (40 30), (20 20), (30 10))')</code> is equivalent to <code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'MULTIPOINT (10 40, 40 30, 20 20, 30 10)')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTICURVE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">-</td>
<td style="text-align: left">generalization of MULTILINESTRING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTILINESTRING</td>
<td style="text-align: left">5</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'MULTILINESTRING ((10 10, 20 20, 10 40), (40 40, 30 30, 40 20, 30 10))')</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTISURFACE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">-</td>
<td style="text-align: left">generalization of MULTIPOLYGON</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MULTIPOLYGON</td>
<td style="text-align: left">6</td>
<td style="text-align: left"><code>ST_GeomFromText(&#8203;'MULTIPOLYGON (((30 20, 45 40, 10 40, 30 20)), ((15 5, 40 10, 10 20, 5 10, 15 5)))')</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="operators-and-functions">Operators and functions</h2>
<h3 id="operator-precedence">Operator precedence</h3>
<p>The operator precedence and associativity, highest to lowest.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Associativity</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">.</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">::</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">[ ] (array element)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">+ - (unary plus, minus)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">* / % ||</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">+ -</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, SIMILAR, OVERLAPS, CONTAINS etc.</td>
<td style="text-align: left">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">&lt; &gt; = &lt;= &gt;= &lt;&gt; !=</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">IS NULL, IS FALSE, IS NOT TRUE etc.</td>
<td style="text-align: left">-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NOT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">AND</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">OR</td>
<td style="text-align: left">left</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note that <code class="highlighter-rouge">::</code> is dialect-specific, but is shown in this table for
completeness.</p>
<h3 id="comparison-operators">Comparison operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 = value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 &lt;&gt; value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Not equal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 != value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Not equal (only available at some conformance levels)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 &gt; value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Greater than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 &gt;= value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Greater than or equal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 &lt; value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Less than</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 &lt;= value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Less than or equal</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value IS NULL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is null</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value IS NOT NULL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is not null</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 IS DISTINCT FROM value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether two values are not equal, treating null values as the same</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 IS NOT DISTINCT FROM value2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether two values are equal, treating null values as the same</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 BETWEEN value2 AND value3</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value1</em> is greater than or equal to <em>value2</em> and less than or equal to <em>value3</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value1 NOT BETWEEN value2 AND value3</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value1</em> is less than <em>value2</em> or greater than <em>value3</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">string1 LIKE string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>string1</em> matches pattern <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">string1 NOT LIKE string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>string1</em> does not match pattern <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">string1 SIMILAR TO string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>string1</em> matches regular expression <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">string1 NOT SIMILAR TO string2 [ ESCAPE string3 ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>string1</em> does not match regular expression <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value IN (value [, value]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is equal to a value in a list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value NOT IN (value [, value]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is not equal to every value in a list</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value IN (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is equal to a row returned by <em>sub-query</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value NOT IN (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> is not equal to every row returned by <em>sub-query</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value comparison SOME (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> <em>comparison</em> at least one row returned by <em>sub-query</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value comparison ANY (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Synonym for SOME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value comparison ALL (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>value</em> <em>comparison</em> every row returned by <em>sub-query</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">EXISTS (sub-query)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>sub-query</em> returns at least one row</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">comp</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">=</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">&lt;&gt;</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="logical-operators">Logical operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean1 OR boolean2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean1</em> is TRUE or <em>boolean2</em> is TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean1 AND boolean2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean1</em> and <em>boolean2</em> are both TRUE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NOT boolean</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is not TRUE; returns UNKNOWN if <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS FALSE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is FALSE; returns FALSE if <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS NOT FALSE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is not FALSE; returns TRUE if <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS TRUE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is TRUE; returns FALSE if <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS NOT TRUE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is not TRUE; returns TRUE if <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS UNKNOWN</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">boolean IS NOT UNKNOWN</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>boolean</em> is not UNKNOWN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="arithmetic-operators-and-functions">Arithmetic operators and functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">+ numeric</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">- numeric</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns negative <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">numeric1 + numeric2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> plus <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">numeric1 - numeric2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> minus <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">numeric1 * numeric2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> multiplied by <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">numeric1 / numeric2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> divided by <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">numeric1 % numeric2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">As <em>MOD(numeric1, numeric2)</em> (only in certain <a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#isPercentRemainderAllowed--">conformance levels</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POWER(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> raised to the power of <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ABS(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the absolute value of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MOD(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the remainder (modulus) of <em>numeric1</em> divided by <em>numeric2</em>. The result is negative only if <em>numeric1</em> is negative</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SQRT(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the square root of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the natural logarithm (base <em>e</em>) of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOG10(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the base 10 logarithm of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">EXP(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>e</em> raised to the power of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CEIL(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric</em> up, returning the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">FLOOR(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric</em> down, returning the largest integer that is less than or equal to <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">RAND([seed])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Generates a random double between 0 and 1 inclusive, optionally initializing the random number generator with <em>seed</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">RAND_INTEGER([seed, ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Generates a random integer between 0 and <em>numeric</em> - 1 inclusive, optionally initializing the random number generator with <em>seed</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ACOS(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc cosine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ASIN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc sine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ATAN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc tangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ATAN2(numeric, numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc tangent of the <em>numeric</em> coordinates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COS(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the cosine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COT(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the cotangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DEGREES(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>numeric</em> from radians to degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">PI()</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a value that is closer than any other value to <em>pi</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">RADIANS(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>numeric</em> from degrees to radians</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ROUND(numeric1 [, numeric2])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric1</em> to optionally <em>numeric2</em> (if not specified 0) places right to the decimal point</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SIGN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the signum of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SIN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TAN(numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the tangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TRUNCATE(numeric1 [, numeric2])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Truncates <em>numeric1</em> to optionally <em>numeric2</em> (if not specified 0) places right to the decimal point</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="character-string-operators-and-functions">Character string operators and functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">string || string</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Concatenates two character strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CHAR_LENGTH(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of characters in a character string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CHARACTER_LENGTH(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">As CHAR_LENGTH(<em>string</em>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">UPPER(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a character string converted to upper case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOWER(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a character string converted to lower case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POSITION(string1 IN string2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the position of the first occurrence of <em>string1</em> in <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POSITION(string1 IN string2 FROM integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the position of the first occurrence of <em>string1</em> in <em>string2</em> starting at a given point (not standard SQL)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TRIM( { BOTH | LEADING | TRAILING } string1 FROM string2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Removes the longest string containing only the characters in <em>string1</em> from the start/end/both ends of <em>string1</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">OVERLAY(string1 PLACING string2 FROM integer [ FOR integer2 ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Replaces a substring of <em>string1</em> with <em>string2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUBSTRING(string FROM integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a substring of a character string starting at a given point</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUBSTRING(string FROM integer FOR integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a substring of a character string starting at a given point with a given length</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">INITCAP(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with the first letter of each word converter to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>SUBSTRING(string FROM regexp FOR regexp)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="binary-string-operators-and-functions">Binary string operators and functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">binary || binary</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Concatenates two binary strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POSITION(binary1 IN binary2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the position of the first occurrence of <em>binary1</em> in <em>binary2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">POSITION(binary1 IN binary2 FROM integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the position of the first occurrence of <em>binary1</em> in <em>binary2</em> starting at a given point (not standard SQL)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">OVERLAY(binary1 PLACING binary2 FROM integer [ FOR integer2 ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Replaces a substring of <em>binary1</em> with <em>binary2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUBSTRING(binary FROM integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a substring of <em>binary</em> starting at a given point</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUBSTRING(binary FROM integer FOR integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a substring of <em>binary</em> starting at a given point with a given length</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="datetime-functions">Date/time functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOCALTIME</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIME</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOCALTIME(precision)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIME, with <em>precision</em> digits of precision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOCALTIMESTAMP</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LOCALTIMESTAMP(precision)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date and time in the session time zone in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP, with <em>precision</em> digits of precision</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_TIME</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current time in the session time zone, in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_DATE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date in the session time zone, in a value of datatype DATE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current date and time in the session time zone, in a value of datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">EXTRACT(timeUnit FROM datetime)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Extracts and returns the value of a specified datetime field from a datetime value expression</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">FLOOR(datetime TO timeUnit)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>datetime</em> down to <em>timeUnit</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CEIL(datetime TO timeUnit)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>datetime</em> up to <em>timeUnit</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">YEAR(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">QUARTER(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 4.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MONTH(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 12.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">WEEK(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(WEEK FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 53.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DAYOFYEAR(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DOY FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 366.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DAYOFMONTH(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DAY FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 31.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DAYOFWEEK(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DOW FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 7.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">HOUR(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(HOUR FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 23.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MINUTE(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 59.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SECOND(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(SECOND FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 59.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMPADD(timeUnit, integer, datetime)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>datetime</em> with an interval of (signed) <em>integer</em> <em>timeUnit</em>s added. Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">datetime + INTERVAL 'integer' timeUnit</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMPDIFF(timeUnit, datetime, datetime2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the (signed) number of <em>timeUnit</em> intervals between <em>datetime</em> and <em>datetime2</em>. Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">(datetime2 - datetime) timeUnit</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LAST_DAY(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the date of the last day of the month in a value of datatype DATE; For example, it returns DATE’2020-02-29’ for both DATE’2020-02-10’ and TIMESTAMP’2020-02-10 10:10:10’</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Calls to niladic functions such as <code class="highlighter-rouge">CURRENT_DATE</code> do not accept parentheses in
standard SQL. Calls with parentheses, such as <code class="highlighter-rouge">CURRENT_DATE()</code> are accepted in certain
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/validate/SqlConformance.html#allowNiladicParentheses--">conformance levels</a>.</p>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>CEIL(interval)</li>
<li>FLOOR(interval)</li>
<li>+ interval</li>
<li>- interval</li>
<li>interval + interval</li>
<li>interval - interval</li>
<li>interval / interval</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="system-functions">System functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">USER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to CURRENT_USER</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_USER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">User name of current execution context</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SESSION_USER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Session user name</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SYSTEM_USER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the name of the current data store user as identified by the operating system</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_PATH</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a character string representing the current lookup scope for references to user-defined routines and types</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_ROLE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current active role</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CURRENT_SCHEMA</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the current schema</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="conditional-functions-and-operators">Conditional functions and operators</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CASE value<br />WHEN value1 [, value11 ]* THEN result1<br />[ WHEN valueN [, valueN1 ]* THEN resultN ]*<br />[ ELSE resultZ ]<br /> END</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Simple case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CASE<br />WHEN condition1 THEN result1<br />[ WHEN conditionN THEN resultN ]*<br />[ ELSE resultZ ]<br />END</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Searched case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NULLIF(value, value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns NULL if the values are the same.<br /><br />For example, <code>NULLIF(5, 5)</code> returns NULL; <code>NULLIF(5, 0)</code> returns 5.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COALESCE(value, value [, value ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Provides a value if the first value is null.<br /><br />For example, <code>COALESCE(NULL, 5)</code> returns 5.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="type-conversion">Type conversion</h3>
<p>Generally an expression cannot contain values of different datatypes. For example, an expression cannot multiply 5 by 10 and then add ‘JULIAN’.
However, Calcite supports both implicit and explicit conversion of values from one datatype to another.</p>
<h4 id="implicit-and-explicit-type-conversion">Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion</h4>
<p>Calcite recommends that you specify explicit conversions, rather than rely on implicit or automatic conversions, for these reasons:</p>
<ul>
<li>SQL statements are easier to understand when you use explicit datatype conversion functions.</li>
<li>Implicit datatype conversion can have a negative impact on performance, especially if the datatype of a column value is converted to that of a constant rather than the other way around.</li>
<li>Implicit conversion depends on the context in which it occurs and may not work the same way in every case. For example, implicit conversion from a datetime value to a VARCHAR value may return an unexpected format.</li>
</ul>
<p>Algorithms for implicit conversion are subject to change across Calcite releases. Behavior of explicit conversions is more predictable.</p>
<h4 id="explicit-type-conversion">Explicit Type Conversion</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CAST(value AS type)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts a value to a given type.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Supported data types syntax:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">type</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">typeName</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">collectionsTypeName</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">typeName</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">sqlTypeName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">rowTypeName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">compoundIdentifier</span>
<span class="n">sqlTypeName</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">char</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">charSet</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">varchar</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">charSet</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DATE</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">time</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">timestamp</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">GEOMETRY</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">decimal</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">scale</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">BOOLEAN</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">integer</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">BINARY</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">varbinary</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">TINYINT</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SMALLINT</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">BIGINT</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">REAL</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">double</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FLOAT</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ANY</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">scale</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">collectionsTypeName</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">ARRAY</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">MULTISET</span>
<span class="n">rowTypeName</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="s1">'('</span>
<span class="n">fieldName1</span> <span class="n">fieldType1</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fieldName2</span> <span class="n">fieldType2</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">char</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">CHARACTER</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">CHAR</span>
<span class="n">varchar</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">char</span> <span class="n">VARYING</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">VARCHAR</span>
<span class="n">decimal</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">DECIMAL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DEC</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">NUMERIC</span>
<span class="n">integer</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">INT</span>
<span class="n">varbinary</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">BINARY</span> <span class="n">VARYING</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">VARBINARY</span>
<span class="n">double</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">DOUBLE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">PRECISION</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">time</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">TIME</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">timeZone</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">timestamp</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">TIMESTAMP</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">precision</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">timeZone</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">charSet</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">CHARACTER</span> <span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">charSetName</span>
<span class="n">timeZone</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">WITHOUT</span> <span class="n">TIME</span> <span class="k">ZONE</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="k">LOCAL</span> <span class="n">TIME</span> <span class="k">ZONE</span></code></pre></figure>
<h4 id="implicit-type-conversion">Implicit Type Conversion</h4>
<p>Calcite automatically converts a value from one datatype to another
when such a conversion makes sense. The table below is a matrix of
Calcite type conversions. The table shows all possible conversions,
without regard to the context in which it is made. The rules governing
these details follow the table.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">FROM - TO</th>
<th style="text-align: left">NULL</th>
<th style="text-align: left">BOOLEAN</th>
<th style="text-align: left">TINYINT</th>
<th style="text-align: left">SMALLINT</th>
<th style="text-align: left">INT</th>
<th style="text-align: left">BIGINT</th>
<th style="text-align: left">DECIMAL</th>
<th style="text-align: left">FLOAT or REAL</th>
<th style="text-align: left">DOUBLE</th>
<th style="text-align: left">INTERVAL</th>
<th style="text-align: left">DATE</th>
<th style="text-align: left">TIME</th>
<th style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMP</th>
<th style="text-align: left">CHAR or VARCHAR</th>
<th style="text-align: left">BINARY or VARBINARY</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NULL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BOOLEAN</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TINYINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SMALLINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">INT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BIGINT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DECIMAL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">FLOAT/REAL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DOUBLE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">INTERVAL</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DATE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIME</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TIMESTAMP</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CHAR or VARCHAR</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BINARY or VARBINARY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">x</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">e</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
<td style="text-align: left">i</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>i: implicit cast / e: explicit cast / x: not allowed</p>
<h5 id="conversion-contexts-and-strategies">Conversion Contexts and Strategies</h5>
<ul>
<li>Set operation (<code class="highlighter-rouge">UNION</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXCEPT</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTERSECT</code>): Compare every branch
row data type and find the common type of each fields pair;</li>
<li>Binary arithmetic expression (<code class="highlighter-rouge">+</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">-</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&amp;</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">^</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">/</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">%</code>): promote
string operand to data type of the other numeric operand;</li>
<li>Binary comparison (<code class="highlighter-rouge">=</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;=</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;&gt;</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&gt;</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">&gt;=</code>):
if operands are <code class="highlighter-rouge">STRING</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">TIMESTAMP</code>, promote to <code class="highlighter-rouge">TIMESTAMP</code>;
make <code class="highlighter-rouge">1 = true</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">0 = false</code> always evaluate to <code class="highlighter-rouge">TRUE</code>;
if there is numeric type operand, find common type for both operands.</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">IN</code> sub-query: compare type of LHS and RHS, and find the common type;
if it is struct type, find wider type for every field;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">IN</code> expression list: compare every expression to find the common type;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">CASE WHEN</code> expression or <code class="highlighter-rouge">COALESCE</code>: find the common wider type of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">THEN</code>
and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ELSE</code> operands;</li>
<li>Character + <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTERVAL</code> or character - <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTERVAL</code>: Promote character to
<code class="highlighter-rouge">TIMESTAMP</code>;</li>
<li>Built-in function: Look up the type families registered in the checker,
find the family default type if checker rules allow it;</li>
<li>User-defined function (UDF): Coerce based on the declared argument types
of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval()</code> method.</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="strategies-for-finding-common-type">Strategies for Finding Common Type</h5>
<ul>
<li>If the operator has expected data types, just take them as the
desired one. (e.g. the UDF would have <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval()</code> method which has
reflection argument types);</li>
<li>If there is no expected data type but the data type families are
registered, try to coerce the arguments to the family’s default data
type, i.e. the String family will have a <code class="highlighter-rouge">VARCHAR</code> type;</li>
<li>If neither expected data type nor families are specified, try to
find the tightest common type of the node types, i.e. <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTEGER</code> and
<code class="highlighter-rouge">DOUBLE</code> will return <code class="highlighter-rouge">DOUBLE</code>, the numeric precision does not lose
for this case;</li>
<li>If no tightest common type is found, try to find a wider type,
i.e. <code class="highlighter-rouge">VARCHAR</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTEGER</code> will return <code class="highlighter-rouge">INTEGER</code>,
we allow some precision loss when widening decimal to fractional,
or promote to <code class="highlighter-rouge">VARCHAR</code> type.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="value-constructors">Value constructors</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ROW (value [, value ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Creates a row from a list of values.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">(value [, value ]* )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Creates a row from a list of values.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">map ‘[’ key ‘]’</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the element of a map with a particular key.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">array ‘[’ index ‘]’</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the element at a particular location in an array.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ARRAY ‘[’ value [, value ]* ‘]’</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Creates an array from a list of values.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MAP ‘[’ key, value [, key, value ]* ‘]’</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Creates a map from a list of key-value pairs.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="collection-functions">Collection functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ELEMENT(value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sole element of an array or multiset; null if the collection is empty; throws if it has more than one element.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">CARDINALITY(value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of elements in an array or multiset.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">value MEMBER OF multiset</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether the <em>value</em> is a member of <em>multiset</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset IS A SET</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> is a set (has no duplicates).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset IS NOT A SET</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> is not a set (has duplicates).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset IS EMPTY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> contains zero elements.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset IS NOT EMPTY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> contains one or more elements.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset SUBMULTISET OF multiset2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> is a submultiset of <em>multiset2</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset NOT SUBMULTISET OF multiset2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>multiset</em> is not a submultiset of <em>multiset2</em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the union <em>multiset</em> and <em>multiset2</em>, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the intersection of <em>multiset</em> and <em>multiset2</em>, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">multiset MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] multiset2</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the difference of <em>multiset</em> and <em>multiset2</em>, eliminating duplicates if DISTINCT is specified (ALL is the default).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See also: the UNNEST relational operator converts a collection to a relation.</p>
<h3 id="period-predicates">Period predicates</h3>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Operator syntax</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 CONTAINS datetime</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r2"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 CONTAINS period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r24"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r13"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r35"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 OVERLAPS period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r24"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r13"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r35"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r24"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r13"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r35"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r24"></div><div class="r13"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r13"></div><div class="r24"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 EQUALS period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r15"></div><div class="r15"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 PRECEDES period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r12"></div><div class="r35"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r13"></div><div class="r35"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 IMMEDIATELY PRECEDES period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r13"></div><div class="r35"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 SUCCEEDS period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r35"></div><div class="r12"></div></div>
<div class="gray"><div class="r35"></div><div class="r13"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>period1 IMMEDIATELY SUCCEEDS period2</td>
<td>
<div class="container">
<div class="gray"><div class="r35"></div><div class="r13"></div></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Where <em>period1</em> and <em>period2</em> are period expressions:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">period</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">interval</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">PERIOD</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">PERIOD</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">interval</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></figure>
<h3 id="jdbc-function-escape">JDBC function escape</h3>
<h4 id="numeric">Numeric</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ABS(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the absolute value of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ACOS(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc cosine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ASIN(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc sine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ATAN(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc tangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ATAN2(numeric, numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the arc tangent of the <em>numeric</em> coordinates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn CEILING(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric</em> up, and returns the smallest number that is greater than or equal to <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn COS(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the cosine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn COT(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the cotangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn DEGREES(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>numeric</em> from radians to degrees</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn EXP(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>e</em> raised to the power of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn FLOOR(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric</em> down, and returns the largest number that is less than or equal to <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LOG(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the natural logarithm (base <em>e</em>) of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LOG10(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the base-10 logarithm of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn MOD(numeric1, numeric2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the remainder (modulus) of <em>numeric1</em> divided by <em>numeric2</em>. The result is negative only if <em>numeric1</em> is negative</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn PI()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a value that is closer than any other value to <em>pi</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn POWER(numeric1, numeric2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>numeric1</em> raised to the power of <em>numeric2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn RADIANS(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>numeric</em> from degrees to radians</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn RAND(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a random double using <em>numeric</em> as the seed value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ROUND(numeric1, numeric2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Rounds <em>numeric1</em> to <em>numeric2</em> places right to the decimal point</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn SIGN(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the signum of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn SIN(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sine of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn SQRT(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the square root of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn TAN(numeric)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the tangent of <em>numeric</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn TRUNCATE(numeric1, numeric2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Truncates <em>numeric1</em> to <em>numeric2</em> places right to the decimal point</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="string">String</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn ASCII(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the ASCII code of the first character of <em>string</em>; if the first character is a non-ASCII character, returns its Unicode code point; returns 0 if <em>string</em> is empty</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn CONCAT(character, character)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the concatenation of character strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn INSERT(string1, start, length, string2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Inserts <em>string2</em> into a slot in <em>string1</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LCASE(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string in which all alphabetic characters in <em>string</em> have been converted to lower case</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LENGTH(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of characters in a string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LOCATE(string1, string2 [, integer])}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the position in <em>string2</em> of the first occurrence of <em>string1</em>. Searches from the beginning of <em>string2</em>, unless <em>integer</em> is specified.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LEFT(string, length)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the leftmost <em>length</em> characters from <em>string</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn LTRIM(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with leading space characters removed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn REPLACE(string, search, replacement)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string in which all the occurrences of <em>search</em> in <em>string</em> are replaced with <em>replacement</em>; if <em>replacement</em> is the empty string, the occurrences of <em>search</em> are removed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn REVERSE(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with the order of the characters reversed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn RIGHT(string, integer)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the rightmost <em>length</em> characters from <em>string</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn RTRIM(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with trailing space characters removed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn SUBSTRING(string, offset, length)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a character string that consists of <em>length</em> characters from <em>string</em> starting at the <em>offset</em> position</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn UCASE(string)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string in which all alphabetic characters in <em>string</em> have been converted to upper case</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>{fn CHAR(string)}</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="datetime">Date/time</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn CURDATE()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">CURRENT_DATE</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn CURTIME()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">LOCALTIME</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn NOW()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">LOCALTIMESTAMP</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn YEAR(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(YEAR FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn QUARTER(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(QUARTER FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 4.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn MONTH(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(MONTH FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 12.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn WEEK(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(WEEK FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 53.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn DAYOFYEAR(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DOY FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 366.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn DAYOFMONTH(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DAY FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 31.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn DAYOFWEEK(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(DOW FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 1 and 7.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn HOUR(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(HOUR FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 23.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn MINUTE(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(MINUTE FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 59.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn SECOND(date)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">EXTRACT(SECOND FROM date)</code>. Returns an integer between 0 and 59.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn TIMESTAMPADD(timeUnit, count, datetime)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Adds an interval of <em>count</em> <em>timeUnit</em>s to a datetime</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn TIMESTAMPDIFF(timeUnit, timestamp1, timestamp2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Subtracts <em>timestamp1</em> from <em>timestamp2</em> and returns the result in <em>timeUnit</em>s</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="system">System</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn DATABASE()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">CURRENT_CATALOG</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn IFNULL(value1, value2)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns value2 if value1 is null</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn USER()}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">CURRENT_USER</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="conversion">Conversion</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">{fn CONVERT(value, type)}</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Cast <em>value</em> into <em>type</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="aggregate-functions">Aggregate functions</h3>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">aggregateCall</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">WITHIN</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">FILTER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">FILTER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>where <em>agg</em> is one of the operators in the following table, or a user-defined
aggregate function.</p>
<p>If <code class="highlighter-rouge">FILTER</code> is present, the aggregate function only considers rows for which
<em>condition</em> evaluates to TRUE.</p>
<p>If <code class="highlighter-rouge">DISTINCT</code> is present, duplicate argument values are eliminated before being
passed to the aggregate function.</p>
<p>If <code class="highlighter-rouge">WITHIN GROUP</code> is present, the aggregate function sorts the input rows
according to the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ORDER BY</code> clause inside <code class="highlighter-rouge">WITHIN GROUP</code> before aggregating
values. <code class="highlighter-rouge">WITHIN GROUP</code> is only allowed for hypothetical set functions (<code class="highlighter-rouge">RANK</code>,
<code class="highlighter-rouge">DENSE_RANK</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">PERCENT_RANK</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">CUME_DIST</code>), inverse distribution functions
(<code class="highlighter-rouge">PERCENTILE_CONT</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">PERCENTILE_DISC</code>) and collection functions (<code class="highlighter-rouge">COLLECT</code>
and <code class="highlighter-rouge">LISTAGG</code>).</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COLLECT( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a multiset of the values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LISTAGG( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value [, separator])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns values concatenated into a string, delimited by separator (default ‘,’)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COUNT( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value [, value ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of input rows for which <em>value</em> is not null (wholly not null if <em>value</em> is composite)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COUNT(*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of input rows</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">FUSION(multiset)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the multiset union of <em>multiset</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(value [, value ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the approximate number of distinct values of <em>value</em>; the database is allowed to use an approximation but is not required to</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">AVG( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUM( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sum of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MAX( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the maximum value of <em>value</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MIN( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the minimum value of <em>value</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ANY_VALUE( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns one of the values of <em>value</em> across all input values; this is NOT specified in the SQL standard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BIT_AND( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the bitwise AND of all non-null input values, or null if none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">BIT_OR( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the bitwise OR of all non-null input values, or null if none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">STDDEV_POP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the population standard deviation of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">STDDEV_SAMP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sample standard deviation of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">STDDEV( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Synonym for <code class="highlighter-rouge">STDDEV_SAMP</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">VAR_POP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] value)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the population variance (square of the population standard deviation) of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">VAR_SAMP( [ ALL | DISTINCT ] numeric)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sample variance (square of the sample standard deviation) of <em>numeric</em> across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COVAR_POP(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the population covariance of the pair (<em>numeric1</em>, <em>numeric2</em>) across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COVAR_SAMP(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sample covariance of the pair (<em>numeric1</em>, <em>numeric2</em>) across all input values</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">REGR_COUNT(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of rows where both dependent and independent expressions are not null</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">REGR_SXX(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sum of squares of the dependent expression in a linear regression model</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">REGR_SYY(numeric1, numeric2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sum of squares of the independent expression in a linear regression model</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>REGR_AVGX(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
<li>REGR_AVGY(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
<li>REGR_INTERCEPT(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
<li>REGR_R2(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
<li>REGR_SLOPE(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
<li>REGR_SXY(numeric1, numeric2)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="window-functions">Window functions</h3>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">windowedAggregateCall</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DISTINCT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">value</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">RESPECT</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">WITHIN</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">FILTER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">window</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">FILTER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">window</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>where <em>agg</em> is one of the operators in the following table, or a user-defined
aggregate function.</p>
<p><code class="highlighter-rouge">DISTINCT</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">FILTER</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">WITHIN GROUP</code> are as described for aggregate
functions.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COUNT(value [, value ]*) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of rows in <em>window</em> for which <em>value</em> is not null (wholly not null if <em>value</em> is composite)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">COUNT(*) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of rows in <em>window</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">AVG(numeric) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of <em>numeric</em> across all values in <em>window</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SUM(numeric) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the sum of <em>numeric</em> across all values in <em>window</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MAX(value) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the maximum value of <em>value</em> across all values in <em>window</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">MIN(value) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the minimum value of <em>value</em> across all values in <em>window</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">RANK() OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the rank of the current row with gaps; same as ROW_NUMBER of its first peer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">DENSE_RANK() OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the rank of the current row without gaps; this function counts peer groups</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">ROW_NUMBER() OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of the current row within its partition, counting from 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">FIRST_VALUE(value) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value</em> evaluated at the row that is the first row of the window frame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LAST_VALUE(value) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value</em> evaluated at the row that is the last row of the window frame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LEAD(value, offset, default) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value</em> evaluated at the row that is <em>offset</em> rows after the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns <em>default</em>. Both <em>offset</em> and <em>default</em> are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, <em>offset</em> defaults to 1 and <em>default</em> to NULL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">LAG(value, offset, default) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value</em> evaluated at the row that is <em>offset</em> rows before the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead returns <em>default</em>. Both <em>offset</em> and <em>default</em> are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, <em>offset</em> defaults to 1 and <em>default</em> to NULL</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NTH_VALUE(value, nth) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value</em> evaluated at the row that is the <em>n</em>th row of the window frame</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">NTILE(value) OVER window</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns an integer ranging from 1 to <em>value</em>, dividing the partition as equally as possible</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>You may specify null treatment (<code class="highlighter-rouge">IGNORE NULLS</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">RESPECT NULLS</code>) for
<code class="highlighter-rouge">FIRST_VALUE</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">LAST_VALUE</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">NTH_VALUE</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">LEAD</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">LAG</code> functions. The
syntax handled by the parser, but only <code class="highlighter-rouge">RESPECT NULLS</code> is implemented at
runtime.</li>
</ul>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>COUNT(DISTINCT value [, value ]*) OVER window</li>
<li>APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(value [, value ]*) OVER window</li>
<li>PERCENT_RANK(value) OVER window</li>
<li>CUME_DIST(value) OVER window</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="grouping-functions">Grouping functions</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GROUPING(expression [, expression ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a bit vector of the given grouping expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GROUP_ID()</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns an integer that uniquely identifies the combination of grouping keys</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">GROUPING_ID(expression [, expression ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Synonym for <code class="highlighter-rouge">GROUPING</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="grouped-window-functions">Grouped window functions</h3>
<p>Grouped window functions occur in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">GROUP BY</code> clause and define a key value
that represents a window containing several rows.</p>
<p>In some window functions, a row may belong to more than one window.
For example, if a query is grouped using
<code class="highlighter-rouge">HOP(t, INTERVAL '2' HOUR, INTERVAL '1' HOUR)</code>, a row with timestamp ‘10:15:00’
will occur in both the 10:00 - 11:00 and 11:00 - 12:00 totals.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">HOP(datetime, slide, size [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Indicates a hopping window for <em>datetime</em>, covering rows within the interval of <em>size</em>, shifting every <em>slide</em>, and optionally aligned at <em>time</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SESSION(datetime, interval [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Indicates a session window of <em>interval</em> for <em>datetime</em>, optionally aligned at <em>time</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TUMBLE(datetime, interval [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Indicates a tumbling window of <em>interval</em> for <em>datetime</em>, optionally aligned at <em>time</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="grouped-auxiliary-functions">Grouped auxiliary functions</h3>
<p>Grouped auxiliary functions allow you to access properties of a window defined
by a grouped window function.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">HOP_END(expression, slide, size [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the end of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">HOP</code> function call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">HOP_START(expression, slide, size [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the beginning of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">HOP</code> function call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SESSION_END(expression, interval [, time])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the end of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">SESSION</code> function call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">SESSION_START(expression, interval [, time])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the beginning of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">SESSION</code> function call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TUMBLE_END(expression, interval [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the end of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">TUMBLE</code> function call</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">TUMBLE_START(expression, interval [, time ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the value of <em>expression</em> at the beginning of the window defined by a <code class="highlighter-rouge">TUMBLE</code> function call</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="spatial-functions">Spatial functions</h3>
<p>In the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>geom</em> is a GEOMETRY;</li>
<li><em>geomCollection</em> is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION;</li>
<li><em>point</em> is a POINT;</li>
<li><em>lineString</em> is a LINESTRING;</li>
<li><em>iMatrix</em> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9IM">DE-9IM intersection matrix</a>;</li>
<li><em>distance</em>, <em>tolerance</em>, <em>segmentLengthFraction</em>, <em>offsetDistance</em> are of type double;</li>
<li><em>dimension</em>, <em>quadSegs</em>, <em>srid</em>, <em>zoom</em> are of type integer;</li>
<li><em>layerType</em> is a character string;</li>
<li><em>gml</em> is a character string containing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language">Geography Markup Language (GML)</a>;</li>
<li><em>wkt</em> is a character string containing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text">well-known text (WKT)</a>;</li>
<li><em>wkb</em> is a binary string containing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_binary">well-known binary (WKB)</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the “C” (for “compatibility”) column, “o” indicates that the function
implements the OpenGIS Simple Features Implementation Specification for SQL,
<a href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfs">version 1.2.1</a>;
“p” indicates that the function is a
<a href="http://www.postgis.net/docs/reference.html">PostGIS</a> extension to OpenGIS.</p>
<h4 id="geometry-conversion-functions-2d">Geometry conversion functions (2D)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_AsText(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Alias for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_AsWKT</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_AsWKT(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>geom</em> → WKT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_GeomFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a specified GEOMETRY value from WKT representation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_LineFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts WKT → LINESTRING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_MLineFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts WKT → MULTILINESTRING</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_MPointFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts WKT → MULTIPOINT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_MPolyFromText(wkt [, srid ]) Converts WKT → MULTIPOLYGON</td>
<td style="text-align: left"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_PointFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts WKT → POINT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_PolyFromText(wkt [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts WKT → POLYGON</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_AsBinary(geom) GEOMETRY → WKB</li>
<li>ST_AsGML(geom) GEOMETRY → GML</li>
<li>ST_Force2D(geom) 3D GEOMETRY → 2D GEOMETRY</li>
<li>ST_GeomFromGML(gml [, srid ]) GML → GEOMETRY</li>
<li>ST_GeomFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → GEOMETRY</li>
<li>ST_GoogleMapLink(geom [, layerType [, zoom ]]) GEOMETRY → Google map link</li>
<li>ST_LineFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → LINESTRING</li>
<li>ST_OSMMapLink(geom [, marker ]) GEOMETRY → OSM map link</li>
<li>ST_PointFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → POINT</li>
<li>ST_PolyFromWKB(wkb [, srid ]) WKB → POLYGON</li>
<li>ST_ToMultiLine(geom) Converts the coordinates of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a MULTILINESTRING</li>
<li>ST_ToMultiPoint(geom)) Converts the coordinates of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a MULTIPOINT</li>
<li>ST_ToMultiSegments(geom) Converts <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) into a set of distinct segments stored in a MULTILINESTRING</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-conversion-functions-3d">Geometry conversion functions (3D)</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Force3D(geom) 2D GEOMETRY → 3D GEOMETRY</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-creation-functions-2d">Geometry creation functions (2D)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_MakeLine(point1 [, point ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Creates a line-string from the given POINTs (or MULTIPOINTs)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_MakePoint(x, y [, z ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Alias for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_Point</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Point(x, y [, z ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Constructs a point from two or three coordinates</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_BoundingCircle(geom) Returns the minimum bounding circle of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Expand(geom, distance) Expands <em>geom</em>’s envelope</li>
<li>ST_Expand(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Expands <em>geom</em>’s envelope</li>
<li>ST_MakeEllipse(point, width, height) Constructs an ellipse</li>
<li>ST_MakeEnvelope(xMin, yMin, xMax, yMax [, srid ]) Creates a rectangular POLYGON</li>
<li>ST_MakeGrid(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Calculates a regular grid of POLYGONs based on <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_MakeGridPoints(geom, deltaX, deltaY) Calculates a regular grid of points based on <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_MakePolygon(lineString [, hole ]<em>) Creates a POLYGON from *lineString</em> with the given holes (which are required to be closed LINESTRINGs)</li>
<li>ST_MinimumDiameter(geom) Returns the minimum diameter of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_MinimumRectangle(geom) Returns the minimum rectangle enclosing <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_OctogonalEnvelope(geom) Returns the octogonal envelope of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_RingBuffer(geom, distance, bufferCount [, endCapStyle [, doDifference]]) Returns a MULTIPOLYGON of buffers centered at <em>geom</em> and of increasing buffer size</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="geometry-creation-functions-3d">Geometry creation functions (3D)</h3>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Extrude(geom, height [, flag]) Extrudes a GEOMETRY</li>
<li>ST_GeometryShadow(geom, point, height) Computes the shadow footprint of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_GeometryShadow(geom, azimuth, altitude, height [, unify ]) Computes the shadow footprint of <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-properties-2d">Geometry properties (2D)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Boundary(geom [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the boundary of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Distance(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the distance between <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_GeometryType(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the type of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_GeometryTypeCode(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the OGC SFS type code of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Envelope(geom [, srid ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the envelope of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) as a GEOMETRY</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_X(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the x-value of the first coordinate of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Y(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the y-value of the first coordinate of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Centroid(geom) Returns the centroid of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)</li>
<li>ST_CompactnessRatio(polygon) Returns the square root of <em>polygon</em>’s area divided by the area of the circle with circumference equal to its perimeter</li>
<li>ST_CoordDim(geom) Returns the dimension of the coordinates of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Dimension(geom) Returns the dimension of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_EndPoint(lineString) Returns the last coordinate of <em>lineString</em></li>
<li>ST_Envelope(geom [, srid ]) Returns the envelope of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION) as a GEOMETRY</li>
<li>ST_Explode(query [, fieldName]) Explodes the GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONs in the <em>fieldName</em> column of a query into multiple geometries</li>
<li>ST_Extent(geom) Returns the minimum bounding box of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)</li>
<li>ST_ExteriorRing(polygon) Returns the exterior ring of <em>polygon</em> as a linear-ring</li>
<li>ST_GeometryN(geomCollection, n) Returns the <em>n</em>th GEOMETRY of <em>geomCollection</em></li>
<li>ST_InteriorRingN(polygon, n) Returns the <em>n</em>th interior ring of <em>polygon</em></li>
<li>ST_IsClosed(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is a closed LINESTRING or MULTILINESTRING</li>
<li>ST_IsEmpty(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is empty</li>
<li>ST_IsRectangle(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is a rectangle</li>
<li>ST_IsRing(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is a closed and simple line-string or MULTILINESTRING</li>
<li>ST_IsSimple(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is simple</li>
<li>ST_IsValid(geom) Returns whether <em>geom</em> is valid</li>
<li>ST_IsValidDetail(geom [, selfTouchValid ]) Returns a valid detail as an array of objects</li>
<li>ST_IsValidReason(geom [, selfTouchValid ]) Returns text stating whether <em>geom</em> is valid, and if not valid, a reason why</li>
<li>ST_NPoints(geom) Returns the number of points in <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_NumGeometries(geom) Returns the number of geometries in <em>geom</em> (1 if it is not a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)</li>
<li>ST_NumInteriorRing(geom) Alias for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_NumInteriorRings</code></li>
<li>ST_NumInteriorRings(geom) Returns the number of interior rings of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_NumPoints(lineString) Returns the number of points in <em>lineString</em></li>
<li>ST_PointN(geom, n) Returns the <em>n</em>th point of a <em>lineString</em></li>
<li>ST_PointOnSurface(geom) Returns an interior or boundary point of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_SRID(geom) Returns SRID value of <em>geom</em> or 0 if it does not have one</li>
<li>ST_StartPoint(lineString) Returns the first coordinate of <em>lineString</em></li>
<li>ST_XMax(geom) Returns the maximum x-value of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_XMin(geom) Returns the minimum x-value of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_YMax(geom) Returns the maximum y-value of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_YMin(geom) Returns the minimum y-value of <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-properties-3d">Geometry properties (3D)</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Is3D(s)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom</em> has at least one z-coordinate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Z(geom)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the z-value of the first coordinate of <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_ZMax(geom) Returns the maximum z-value of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_ZMin(geom) Returns the minimum z-value of <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="geometry-predicates">Geometry predicates</h3>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Contains(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> contains <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_ContainsProperly(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> contains <em>geom2</em> but does not intersect its boundary</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Crosses(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> crosses <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Disjoint(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em> are disjoint</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_DWithin(geom1, geom2, distance)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom</em> are within <em>distance</em> of one another</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_EnvelopesIntersect(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether the envelope of <em>geom1</em> intersects the envelope of <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Equals(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> equals <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Intersects(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> intersects <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Overlaps(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> overlaps <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Touches(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> touches <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Within(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns whether <em>geom1</em> is within <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Covers(geom1, geom2) Returns whether no point in <em>geom2</em> is outside <em>geom1</em></li>
<li>ST_OrderingEquals(geom1, geom2) Returns whether <em>geom1</em> equals <em>geom2</em> and their coordinates and component Geometries are listed in the same order</li>
<li>ST_Relate(geom1, geom2) Returns the DE-9IM intersection matrix of <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em></li>
<li>ST_Relate(geom1, geom2, iMatrix) Returns whether <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em> are related by the given intersection matrix <em>iMatrix</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-operators-2d">Geometry operators (2D)</h4>
<p>The following functions combine 2D geometries.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Buffer(geom, distance [, quadSegs | style ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Computes a buffer around <em>geom</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Union(geom1, geom2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Computes the union of <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Union(geomCollection)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Computes the union of the geometries in <em>geomCollection</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>See also: the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_Union</code> aggregate function.</p>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_ConvexHull(geom) Computes the smallest convex polygon that contains all the points in <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Difference(geom1, geom2) Computes the difference between two geometries</li>
<li>ST_Intersection(geom1, geom2) Computes the intersection of two geometries</li>
<li>ST_SymDifference(geom1, geom2) Computes the symmetric difference between two geometries</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="affine-transformation-functions-3d-and-2d">Affine transformation functions (3D and 2D)</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Rotate(geom, angle [, origin | x, y]) Rotates a <em>geom</em> counter-clockwise by <em>angle</em> (in radians) about <em>origin</em> (or the point (<em>x</em>, <em>y</em>))</li>
<li>ST_Scale(geom, xFactor, yFactor [, zFactor ]) Scales <em>geom</em> by multiplying the ordinates by the indicated scale factors</li>
<li>ST_Translate(geom, x, y, [, z]) Translates <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-editing-functions-2d">Geometry editing functions (2D)</h4>
<p>The following functions modify 2D geometries.</p>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_AddPoint(geom, point [, tolerance ]) Adds <em>point</em> to <em>geom</em> with a given <em>tolerance</em> (default 0)</li>
<li>ST_CollectionExtract(geom, dimension) Filters <em>geom</em>, returning a multi-geometry of those members with a given <em>dimension</em> (1 = point, 2 = line-string, 3 = polygon)</li>
<li>ST_Densify(geom, tolerance) Inserts extra vertices every <em>tolerance</em> along the line segments of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_FlipCoordinates(geom) Flips the X and Y coordinates of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Holes(geom) Returns the holes in <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)</li>
<li>ST_Normalize(geom) Converts <em>geom</em> to normal form</li>
<li>ST_RemoveDuplicatedCoordinates(geom) Removes duplicated coordinates from <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_RemoveHoles(geom) Removes a <em>geom</em>’s holes</li>
<li>ST_RemovePoints(geom, poly) Removes all coordinates of <em>geom</em> located within <em>poly</em>; null if all coordinates are removed</li>
<li>ST_RemoveRepeatedPoints(geom, tolerance) Removes from <em>geom</em> all repeated points (or points within <em>tolerance</em> of another point)</li>
<li>ST_Reverse(geom) Reverses the vertex order of <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-editing-functions-3d">Geometry editing functions (3D)</h4>
<p>The following functions modify 3D geometries.</p>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_AddZ(geom, zToAdd) Adds <em>zToAdd</em> to the z-coordinate of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Interpolate3DLine(geom) Returns <em>geom</em> with an interpolation of z values, or null if it is not a line-string or MULTILINESTRING</li>
<li>ST_MultiplyZ(geom, zFactor) Returns <em>geom</em> with its z-values multiplied by <em>zFactor</em></li>
<li>ST_Reverse3DLine(geom [, sortOrder ]) Potentially reverses <em>geom</em> according to the z-values of its first and last coordinates</li>
<li>ST_UpdateZ(geom, newZ [, updateCondition ]) Updates the z-values of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_ZUpdateLineExtremities(geom, startZ, endZ [, interpolate ]) Updates the start and end z-values of <em>geom</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-measurement-functions-2d">Geometry measurement functions (2D)</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Area(geom) Returns the area of <em>geom</em> (which may be a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION)</li>
<li>ST_ClosestCoordinate(geom, point) Returns the coordinate(s) of <em>geom</em> closest to <em>point</em></li>
<li>ST_ClosestPoint(geom1, geom2) Returns the point of <em>geom1</em> closest to <em>geom2</em></li>
<li>ST_FurthestCoordinate(geom, point) Returns the coordinate(s) of <em>geom</em> that are furthest from <em>point</em></li>
<li>ST_Length(lineString) Returns the length of <em>lineString</em></li>
<li>ST_LocateAlong(geom, segmentLengthFraction, offsetDistance) Returns a MULTIPOINT containing points along the line segments of <em>geom</em> at <em>segmentLengthFraction</em> and <em>offsetDistance</em></li>
<li>ST_LongestLine(geom1, geom2) Returns the 2-dimensional longest line-string between the points of <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em></li>
<li>ST_MaxDistance(geom1, geom2) Computes the maximum distance between <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em></li>
<li>ST_Perimeter(polygon) Returns the length of the perimeter of <em>polygon</em> (which may be a MULTIPOLYGON)</li>
<li>ST_ProjectPoint(point, lineString) Projects <em>point</em> onto a <em>lineString</em> (which may be a MULTILINESTRING)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-measurement-functions-3d">Geometry measurement functions (3D)</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_3DArea(geom) Return a polygon’s 3D area</li>
<li>ST_3DLength(geom) Returns the 3D length of a line-string</li>
<li>ST_3DPerimeter(geom) Returns the 3D perimeter of a polygon or MULTIPOLYGON</li>
<li>ST_SunPosition(point [, timestamp ]) Computes the sun position at <em>point</em> and <em>timestamp</em> (now by default)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-processing-functions-2d">Geometry processing functions (2D)</h4>
<p>The following functions process geometries.</p>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_LineIntersector(geom1, geom2) Splits <em>geom1</em> (a line-string) with <em>geom2</em></li>
<li>ST_LineMerge(geom) Merges a collection of linear components to form a line-string of maximal length</li>
<li>ST_MakeValid(geom [, preserveGeomDim [, preserveDuplicateCoord [, preserveCoordDim]]]) Makes <em>geom</em> valid</li>
<li>ST_Polygonize(geom) Creates a MULTIPOLYGON from edges of <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_PrecisionReducer(geom, n) Reduces <em>geom</em>’s precision to <em>n</em> decimal places</li>
<li>ST_RingSideBuffer(geom, distance, bufferCount [, endCapStyle [, doDifference]]) Computes a ring buffer on one side</li>
<li>ST_SideBuffer(geom, distance [, bufferStyle ]) Compute a single buffer on one side</li>
<li>ST_Simplify(geom, distance) Simplifies <em>geom</em> using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramer%E2%80%93Douglas%E2%80%93Peucker_algorithm">Douglas-Peuker algorithm</a> with a <em>distance</em> tolerance</li>
<li>ST_SimplifyPreserveTopology(geom) Simplifies <em>geom</em>, preserving its topology</li>
<li>ST_Snap(geom1, geom2, tolerance) Snaps <em>geom1</em> and <em>geom2</em> together</li>
<li>ST_Split(geom1, geom2 [, tolerance]) Splits <em>geom1</em> by <em>geom2</em> using <em>tolerance</em> (default 1E-6) to determine where the point splits the line</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-projection-functions">Geometry projection functions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_SetSRID(geom, srid)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a copy of <em>geom</em> with a new SRID</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">ST_Transform(geom, srid)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Transforms <em>geom</em> from one coordinate reference system (CRS) to the CRS specified by <em>srid</em></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="trigonometry-functions">Trigonometry functions</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Azimuth(point1, point2) Return the azimuth of the segment from <em>point1</em> to <em>point2</em></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="topography-functions">Topography functions</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_TriangleAspect(geom) Returns the aspect of a triangle</li>
<li>ST_TriangleContouring(query [, z1, z2, z3 ][, varArgs]*) Splits triangles into smaller triangles according to classes</li>
<li>ST_TriangleDirection(geom) Computes the direction of steepest ascent of a triangle and returns it as a line-string</li>
<li>ST_TriangleSlope(geom) Computes the slope of a triangle as a percentage</li>
<li>ST_Voronoi(geom [, outDimension [, envelopePolygon ]]) Creates a Voronoi diagram</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="triangulation-functions">Triangulation functions</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_ConstrainedDelaunay(geom [, flag [, quality ]]) Computes a constrained Delaunay triangulation based on <em>geom</em></li>
<li>ST_Delaunay(geom [, flag [, quality ]]) Computes a Delaunay triangulation based on points</li>
<li>ST_Tessellate(polygon) Tessellates <em>polygon</em> (may be MULTIPOLYGON) with adaptive triangles</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="geometry-aggregate-functions">Geometry aggregate functions</h4>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>ST_Accum(geom) Accumulates <em>geom</em> into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING or MULTIPOLYGON if possible)</li>
<li>ST_Collect(geom) Alias for <code class="highlighter-rouge">ST_Accum</code></li>
<li>ST_Union(geom) Computes the union of geometries</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="json-functions">JSON Functions</h3>
<p>In the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>jsonValue</em> is a character string containing a JSON value;</li>
<li><em>path</em> is a character string containing a JSON path expression; mode flag <code class="highlighter-rouge">strict</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">lax</code> should be specified in the beginning of <em>path</em>.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="query-functions">Query Functions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_EXISTS(jsonValue, path [ { TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN | ERROR ) ON ERROR } )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether a <em>jsonValue</em> satisfies a search criterion described using JSON path expression <em>path</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_VALUE(jsonValue, path [ RETURNING type ] [ { ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT expr } ON EMPTY ] [ { ERROR | NULL | DEFAULT expr } ON ERROR ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Extract an SQL scalar from a <em>jsonValue</em> using JSON path expression <em>path</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_QUERY(jsonValue, path [ { WITHOUT [ ARRAY ] | WITH [ CONDITIONAL | UNCONDITIONAL ] [ ARRAY ] } WRAPPER ] [ { ERROR | NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT } ON EMPTY ] [ { ERROR | NULL | EMPTY ARRAY | EMPTY OBJECT } ON ERROR ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Extract a JSON object or JSON array from <em>jsonValue</em> using the <em>path</em> JSON path expression</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">ON ERROR</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ON EMPTY</code> clauses define the fallback
behavior of the function when an error is thrown or a null value
is about to be returned.</li>
<li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">ARRAY WRAPPER</code> clause defines how to represent a JSON array result
in <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_QUERY</code> function. The following examples compare the wrapper
behaviors.</li>
</ul>
<p>Example Data:</p>
<pre><code class="language-JSON">{"a": "[1,2]", "b": [1,2], "c": "hi"}
</code></pre>
<p>Comparison:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator</th>
<th style="text-align: left">$.a</th>
<th style="text-align: left">$.b</th>
<th style="text-align: left">$.c</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_VALUE</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[1, 2]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">error</td>
<td style="text-align: left">hi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON QUERY WITHOUT ARRAY WRAPPER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">error</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[1, 2]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">error</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON QUERY WITH UNCONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[ “[1,2]” ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[ [1,2] ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[ “hi” ]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON QUERY WITH CONDITIONAL ARRAY WRAPPER</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[ “[1,2]” ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[1,2]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">[ “hi” ]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>JSON_TABLE</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="constructor-functions">Constructor Functions</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_OBJECT( { [ KEY ] name VALUE value [ FORMAT JSON ] | name : value [ FORMAT JSON ] } * [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Construct JSON object using a series of key (<em>name</em>) value (<em>value</em>) pairs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_OBJECTAGG( { [ KEY ] name VALUE value [ FORMAT JSON ] | name : value [ FORMAT JSON ] } [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Aggregate function to construct a JSON object using a key (<em>name</em>) value (<em>value</em>) pair</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_ARRAY( { value [ FORMAT JSON ] } * [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Construct a JSON array using a series of values (<em>value</em>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_ARRAYAGG( value [ FORMAT JSON ] [ ORDER BY orderItem [, orderItem ]* ] [ { NULL | ABSENT } ON NULL ] )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Aggregate function to construct a JSON array using a value (<em>value</em>)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>The flag <code class="highlighter-rouge">FORMAT JSON</code> indicates the value is formatted as JSON
character string. When <code class="highlighter-rouge">FORMAT JSON</code> is used, the value should be
de-parse from JSON character string to a SQL structured value.</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ON NULL</code> clause defines how the JSON output represents null
values. The default null behavior of <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_OBJECT</code> and
<code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_OBJECTAGG</code> is <code class="highlighter-rouge">NULL ON NULL</code>, and for <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_ARRAY</code> and
<code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_ARRAYAGG</code> it is <code class="highlighter-rouge">ABSENT ON NULL</code>.</li>
<li>If <code class="highlighter-rouge">ORDER BY</code> clause is provided, <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_ARRAYAGG</code> sorts the
input rows into the specified order before performing aggregation.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="comparison-operators-1">Comparison Operators</h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS JSON [ VALUE ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is a JSON value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS NOT JSON [ VALUE ]</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is not a JSON value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS JSON SCALAR</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is a JSON scalar value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS NOT JSON SCALAR</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is not a JSON scalar value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS JSON OBJECT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is a JSON object</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS NOT JSON OBJECT</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is not a JSON object</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS JSON ARRAY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is a JSON array</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">jsonValue IS NOT JSON ARRAY</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Whether <em>jsonValue</em> is not a JSON array</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="dialect-specific-operators">Dialect-specific Operators</h3>
<p>The following operators are not in the SQL standard, and are not enabled in
Calcite’s default operator table. They are only available for use in queries
if your session has enabled an extra operator table.</p>
<p>To enable an operator table, set the
<a href="/docs/adapter.html#jdbc-connect-string-parameters">fun</a>
connect string parameter.</p>
<p>The ‘C’ (compatibility) column contains value
‘m’ for MySQL (‘fun=mysql’ in the connect string),
‘o’ for Oracle (‘fun=oracle’ in the connect string),
‘p’ for PostgreSQL (‘fun=postgresql’ in the connect string).</p>
<p>One operator name may correspond to multiple SQL dialects, but with different
semantics.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left">C</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Operator syntax</th>
<th style="text-align: left">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">expr :: type</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Casts <em>expr</em> to <em>type</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">CHR(integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the character having the binary equivalent to <em>integer</em> as a CHAR value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m o p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">CONCAT(string [, string ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Concatenates two or more strings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">CONVERT_TIMEZONE(tz1, tz2, datetime)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts the timezone of <em>datetime</em> from <em>tz1</em> to <em>tz2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">DAYNAME(datetime)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the name, in the connection’s locale, of the weekday in <em>datetime</em>; for example, it returns ‘星期日’ for both DATE ‘2020-02-10’ and TIMESTAMP ‘2020-02-10 10:10:10’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">DECODE(value, value1, result1 [, valueN, resultN ]* [, default ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Compares <em>value</em> to each <em>valueN</em> value one by one; if <em>value</em> is equal to a <em>valueN</em>, returns the corresponding <em>resultN</em>, else returns <em>default</em>, or NULL if <em>default</em> is not specified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">DIFFERENCE(string, string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a measure of the similarity of two strings, namely the number of character positions that their <code class="highlighter-rouge">SOUNDEX</code> values have in common: 4 if the <code class="highlighter-rouge">SOUNDEX</code> values are same and 0 if the <code class="highlighter-rouge">SOUNDEX</code> values are totally different</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">GREATEST(expr [, expr ]*)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the greatest of the expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_TYPE(jsonValue)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string value indicating the type of a <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_DEPTH(jsonValue)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns an integer value indicating the depth of a <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_PRETTY(jsonValue)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a pretty-printing of <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_LENGTH(jsonValue [, path ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a integer indicating the length of <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_KEYS(jsonValue [, path ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string indicating the keys of a JSON <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_REMOVE(jsonValue, path[, path])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Removes data from <em>jsonValue</em> using a series of <em>path</em> expressions and returns the result</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">JSON_STORAGE_SIZE(jsonValue)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the number of bytes used to store the binary representation of a <em>jsonValue</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">LEAST(expr [, expr ]* )</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the least of the expressions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">LEFT(string, length)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the leftmost <em>length</em> characters from the <em>string</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">TO_BASE64(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts the <em>string</em> to base-64 encoded form and returns a encoded string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">FROM_BASE64(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the decoded result of a base-64 <em>string</em> as a string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">LTRIM(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with all blanks removed from the start</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">MD5(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Calculates an MD5 128-bit checksum of <em>string</em> and returns it as a hex string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">MONTHNAME(date)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the name, in the connection’s locale, of the month in <em>datetime</em>; for example, it returns ‘二月’ for both DATE ‘2020-02-10’ and TIMESTAMP ‘2020-02-10 10:10:10’</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">NVL(value1, value2)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>value1</em> if <em>value1</em> is not null, otherwise <em>value2</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">REGEXP_REPLACE(string, regexp, rep, [, pos [, occurrence [, matchType]]])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Replaces all substrings of <em>string</em> that match <em>regexp</em> with <em>rep</em> at the starting <em>pos</em> in expr (if omitted, the default is 1), <em>occurrence</em> means which occurrence of a match to search for (if omitted, the default is 1), <em>matchType</em> specifies how to perform matching</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">REPEAT(string, integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string consisting of <em>string</em> repeated of <em>integer</em> times; returns an empty string if <em>integer</em> is less than 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">REVERSE(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with the order of the characters reversed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">RIGHT(string, length)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the rightmost <em>length</em> characters from the <em>string</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">RTRIM(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>string</em> with all blanks removed from the end</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">SHA1(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Calculates a SHA-1 hash value of <em>string</em> and returns it as a hex string</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m o p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">SOUNDEX(string)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns the phonetic representation of <em>string</em>; throws if <em>string</em> is encoded with multi-byte encoding such as UTF-8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">m</td>
<td style="text-align: left">SPACE(integer)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a string of <em>integer</em> spaces; returns an empty string if <em>integer</em> is less than 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o</td>
<td style="text-align: left">SUBSTR(string, position [, substringLength ])</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns a portion of <em>string</em>, beginning at character <em>position</em>, <em>substringLength</em> characters long. SUBSTR calculates lengths using characters as defined by the input character set</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">TO_DATE(string, format)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>string</em> to a date using the format <em>format</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">TO_TIMESTAMP(string, format)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Converts <em>string</em> to a timestamp using the format <em>format</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: left">o p</td>
<td style="text-align: left">TRANSLATE(expr, fromString, toString)</td>
<td style="text-align: left">Returns <em>expr</em> with all occurrences of each character in <em>fromString</em> replaced by its corresponding character in <em>toString</em>. Characters in <em>expr</em> that are not in <em>fromString</em> are not replaced</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_TYPE</code> / <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_DEPTH</code> / <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_PRETTY</code> / <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_STORAGE_SIZE</code> return null if the argument is null</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_LENGTH</code> / <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_KEYS</code> / <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_REMOVE</code> return null if the first argument is null</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_TYPE</code> generally returns an upper-case string flag indicating the type of the JSON input. Currently supported supported type flags are:
<ul>
<li>INTEGER</li>
<li>STRING</li>
<li>FLOAT</li>
<li>DOUBLE</li>
<li>LONG</li>
<li>BOOLEAN</li>
<li>DATE</li>
<li>OBJECT</li>
<li>ARRAY</li>
<li>NULL</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_DEPTH</code> defines a JSON value’s depth as follows:
<ul>
<li>An empty array, empty object, or scalar value has depth 1;</li>
<li>A non-empty array containing only elements of depth 1 or non-empty object containing only member values of depth 1 has depth 2;</li>
<li>Otherwise, a JSON document has depth greater than 2.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">JSON_LENGTH</code> defines a JSON value’s length as follows:
<ul>
<li>A scalar value has length 1;</li>
<li>The length of array or object is the number of elements is contains.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Usage Examples:</p>
<h5 id="json_type-example">JSON_TYPE example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT JSON_TYPE(v) AS c1,
JSON_TYPE(JSON_VALUE(v, 'lax $.b' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c2,
JSON_TYPE(JSON_VALUE(v, 'strict $.a[0]' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c3,
JSON_TYPE(JSON_VALUE(v, 'strict $.a[1]' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c4
FROM (VALUES ('{"a": [10, true],"b": "[10, true]"}')) AS t(v)
LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>OBJECT</td>
<td>ARRAY</td>
<td>INTEGER</td>
<td>BOOLEAN</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="json_depth-example">JSON_DEPTH example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT JSON_DEPTH(v) AS c1,
JSON_DEPTH(JSON_VALUE(v, 'lax $.b' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c2,
JSON_DEPTH(JSON_VALUE(v, 'strict $.a[0]' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c3,
JSON_DEPTH(JSON_VALUE(v, 'strict $.a[1]' ERROR ON ERROR)) AS c4
FROM (VALUES ('{"a": [10, true],"b": "[10, true]"}')) AS t(v)
LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="json_length-example">JSON_LENGTH example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT JSON_LENGTH(v) AS c1,
JSON_LENGTH(v, 'lax $.a') AS c2,
JSON_LENGTH(v, 'strict $.a[0]') AS c3,
JSON_LENGTH(v, 'strict $.a[1]') AS c4
FROM (VALUES ('{"a": [10, true]}')) AS t(v)
LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="json_keys-example">JSON_KEYS example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT JSON_KEYS(v) AS c1,
JSON_KEYS(v, 'lax $.a') AS c2,
JSON_KEYS(v, 'lax $.b') AS c2,
JSON_KEYS(v, 'strict $.a[0]') AS c3,
JSON_KEYS(v, 'strict $.a[1]') AS c4
FROM (VALUES ('{"a": [10, true],"b": {"c": 30}}')) AS t(v)
LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
<th>c5</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>[“a”, “b”]</td>
<td>NULL</td>
<td>[“c”]</td>
<td>NULL</td>
<td>NULL</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="json_remove-example">JSON_REMOVE example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT JSON_REMOVE(v, '$[1]') AS c1
FROM (VALUES ('["a", ["b", "c"], "d"]')) AS t(v)
LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>[“a”, “d”]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="json_storage_size-example">JSON_STORAGE_SIZE example</h5>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT
JSON_STORAGE_SIZE('[100, \"sakila\", [1, 3, 5], 425.05]') AS c1,
JSON_STORAGE_SIZE('{\"a\": 10, \"b\": \"a\", \"c\": \"[1, 3, 5, 7]\"}') AS c2,
JSON_STORAGE_SIZE('{\"a\": 10, \"b\": \"xyz\", \"c\": \"[1, 3, 5, 7]\"}') AS c3,
JSON_STORAGE_SIZE('[100, \"json\", [[10, 20, 30], 3, 5], 425.05]') AS c4
limit 10;
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>29</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>37</td>
<td>36</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="decode-example">DECODE example</h4>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT DECODE(f1, 1, 'aa', 2, 'bb', 3, 'cc', 4, 'dd', 'ee') as c1,
DECODE(f2, 1, 'aa', 2, 'bb', 3, 'cc', 4, 'dd', 'ee') as c2,
DECODE(f3, 1, 'aa', 2, 'bb', 3, 'cc', 4, 'dd', 'ee') as c3,
DECODE(f4, 1, 'aa', 2, 'bb', 3, 'cc', 4, 'dd', 'ee') as c4,
DECODE(f5, 1, 'aa', 2, 'bb', 3, 'cc', 4, 'dd', 'ee') as c5
FROM (VALUES (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)) AS t(f1, f2, f3, f4, f5);
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
<th>c5</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>aa</td>
<td>bb</td>
<td>cc</td>
<td>dd</td>
<td>ee</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="translate-example">TRANSLATE example</h4>
<p>SQL</p>
<pre><code class="language-SQL">SELECT TRANSLATE('Aa*Bb*Cc''D*d', ' */''%', '_') as c1,
TRANSLATE('Aa/Bb/Cc''D/d', ' */''%', '_') as c2,
TRANSLATE('Aa Bb Cc''D d', ' */''%', '_') as c3,
TRANSLATE('Aa%Bb%Cc''D%d', ' */''%', '_') as c4
FROM (VALUES (true)) AS t(f0);
</code></pre>
<p>Result</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>c1</th>
<th>c2</th>
<th>c3</th>
<th>c4</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Aa_Bb_CcD_d</td>
<td>Aa_Bb_CcD_d</td>
<td>Aa_Bb_CcD_d</td>
<td>Aa_Bb_CcD_d</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Not implemented:</p>
<ul>
<li>JSON_INSERT</li>
<li>JSON_SET</li>
<li>JSON_REPLACE</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="user-defined-functions">User-defined functions</h2>
<p>Calcite is extensible. You can define each kind of function using user code.
For each kind of function there are often several ways to define a function,
varying from convenient to efficient.</p>
<p>To implement a <em>scalar function</em>, there are 3 options:</p>
<ul>
<li>Create a class with a public static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with a public non-static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method,
and a public constructor with no arguments,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with one or more public static methods,
and register each class/method combination.</li>
</ul>
<p>To implement an <em>aggregate function</em>, there are 2 options:</p>
<ul>
<li>Create a class with public static <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">add</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">result</code> methods,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with public non-static <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">add</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">result</code> methods,
and a public constructor with no arguments,
and register the class.</li>
</ul>
<p>Optionally, add a public <code class="highlighter-rouge">merge</code> method to the class; this allows Calcite to
generate code that merges sub-totals.</p>
<p>Optionally, make your class implement the
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/sql/SqlSplittableAggFunction.html">SqlSplittableAggFunction</a>
interface; this allows Calcite to decompose the function across several stages
of aggregation, roll up from summary tables, and push it through joins.</p>
<p>To implement a <em>table function</em>, there are 3 options:</p>
<ul>
<li>Create a class with a static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method that returns
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/ScannableTable.html">ScannableTable</a>
or
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/QueryableTable.html">QueryableTable</a>,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with a non-static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method that returns
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/ScannableTable.html">ScannableTable</a>
or
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/QueryableTable.html">QueryableTable</a>,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with one or more public static methods that return
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/ScannableTable.html">ScannableTable</a>
or
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/QueryableTable.html">QueryableTable</a>,
and register each class/method combination.</li>
</ul>
<p>To implement a <em>table macro</em>, there are 3 options:</p>
<ul>
<li>Create a class with a static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method that returns
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/TranslatableTable.html">TranslatableTable</a>,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with a non-static <code class="highlighter-rouge">eval</code> method that returns
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/TranslatableTable.html">TranslatableTable</a>,
and register the class;</li>
<li>Create a class with one or more public static methods that return
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/schema/TranslatableTable.html">TranslatableTable</a>,
and register each class/method combination.</li>
</ul>
<p>Calcite deduces the parameter types and result type of a function from the
parameter and return types of the Java method that implements it. Further, you
can specify the name and optionality of each parameter using the
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/linq4j/function/Parameter.html">Parameter</a>
annotation.</p>
<h3 id="calling-functions-with-named-and-optional-parameters">Calling functions with named and optional parameters</h3>
<p>Usually when you call a function, you need to specify all of its parameters,
in order. But that can be a problem if a function has a lot of parameters,
and especially if you want to add more parameters over time.</p>
<p>To solve this problem, the SQL standard allows you to pass parameters by name,
and to define parameters which are optional (that is, have a default value
that is used if they are not specified).</p>
<p>Suppose you have a function <code class="highlighter-rouge">f</code>, declared as in the following pseudo syntax:</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="k">c</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="n">d</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">INTEGER</span> <span class="n">e</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">RETURNS</span> <span class="n">INTEGER</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>All of the function’s parameters have names, and parameters <code class="highlighter-rouge">b</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">d</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">e</code>
have a default value of <code class="highlighter-rouge">NULL</code> and are therefore optional.
(In Calcite, <code class="highlighter-rouge">NULL</code> is the only allowable default value for optional parameters;
this may change
<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-947">in future</a>.)</p>
<p>When calling a function with optional parameters,
you can omit optional arguments at the end of the list, or use the <code class="highlighter-rouge">DEFAULT</code>
keyword for any optional arguments.
Here are some examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</code> provides a value to each parameter, in order;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, 2, 3, 4)</code> omits <code class="highlighter-rouge">e</code>, which gets its default value, <code class="highlighter-rouge">NULL</code>;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, DEFAULT, 3)</code> omits <code class="highlighter-rouge">d</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">e</code>,
and specifies to use the default value of <code class="highlighter-rouge">b</code>;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, DEFAULT, 3, DEFAULT, DEFAULT)</code> has the same effect as the previous
example;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, 2)</code> is not legal, because <code class="highlighter-rouge">c</code> is not optional;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(1, 2, DEFAULT, 4)</code> is not legal, because <code class="highlighter-rouge">c</code> is not optional.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can specify arguments by name using the <code class="highlighter-rouge">=&gt;</code> syntax.
If one argument is named, they all must be.
Arguments may be in any other, but must not specify any argument more than once,
and you need to provide a value for every parameter which is not optional.
Here are some examples:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(c =&gt; 3, d =&gt; 1, a =&gt; 0)</code> is equivalent to <code class="highlighter-rouge">f(0, NULL, 3, 1, NULL)</code>;</li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">f(c =&gt; 3, d =&gt; 1)</code> is not legal, because you have not specified a value for
<code class="highlighter-rouge">a</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">a</code> is not optional.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="match_recognize">MATCH_RECOGNIZE</h3>
<p><code class="highlighter-rouge">MATCH_RECOGNIZE</code> is a SQL extension for recognizing sequences of
events in complex event processing (CEP).</p>
<p>It is experimental in Calcite, and yet not fully implemented.</p>
<h4 id="syntax">Syntax</h4>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">matchRecognize</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">MATCH_RECOGNIZE</span> <span class="s1">'('</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">orderItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">MEASURES</span> <span class="n">measureColumn</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">measureColumn</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">ONE</span> <span class="k">ROW</span> <span class="n">PER</span> <span class="k">MATCH</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">ALL</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span> <span class="n">PER</span> <span class="k">MATCH</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AFTER</span> <span class="k">MATCH</span>
<span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">SKIP</span> <span class="k">TO</span> <span class="k">NEXT</span> <span class="k">ROW</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SKIP</span> <span class="n">PAST</span> <span class="k">LAST</span> <span class="k">ROW</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SKIP</span> <span class="k">TO</span> <span class="k">FIRST</span> <span class="k">variable</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SKIP</span> <span class="k">TO</span> <span class="k">LAST</span> <span class="k">variable</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SKIP</span> <span class="k">TO</span> <span class="k">variable</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">PATTERN</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">pattern</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">WITHIN</span> <span class="n">intervalLiteral</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">SUBSET</span> <span class="n">subsetItem</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">subsetItem</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">DEFINE</span> <span class="k">variable</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">variable</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">subsetItem</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">variable</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">variable</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">variable</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">measureColumn</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">alias</span>
<span class="n">pattern</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">patternTerm</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'|'</span> <span class="n">patternTerm</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">patternTerm</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">patternFactor</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">patternFactor</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span>
<span class="n">patternFactor</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">patternPrimary</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">patternQuantifier</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">patternPrimary</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">variable</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'$'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'^'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">pattern</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'{-'</span> <span class="n">pattern</span> <span class="s1">'-}'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">PERMUTE</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">pattern</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">pattern</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="n">patternQuantifier</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="s1">'*'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'*?'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'+'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'+?'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'?'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'??'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'{'</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">minRepeat</span> <span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">maxRepeat</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="s1">'}'</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'?'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'{'</span> <span class="n">repeat</span> <span class="s1">'}'</span>
<span class="n">intervalLiteral</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">INTERVAL</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span> <span class="n">timeUnit</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">TO</span> <span class="n">timeUnit</span> <span class="p">]</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>In <em>patternQuantifier</em>, <em>repeat</em> is a positive integer,
and <em>minRepeat</em> and <em>maxRepeat</em> are non-negative integers.</p>
<h3 id="ddl-extensions">DDL Extensions</h3>
<p>DDL extensions are only available in the calcite-server module.
To enable, include <code class="highlighter-rouge">calcite-server.jar</code> in your class path, and add
<code class="highlighter-rouge">parserFactory=org.apache.calcite.sql.parser.ddl.SqlDdlParserImpl#FACTORY</code>
to the JDBC connect string (see connect string property
<a href="/apidocs/org/apache/calcite/config/CalciteConnectionProperty.html#PARSER_FACTORY">parserFactory</a>).</p>
<figure class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">ddlStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">createSchemaStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createForeignSchemaStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createTableStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createViewStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createMaterializedViewStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createTypeStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">createFunctionStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropSchemaStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropForeignSchemaStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropTableStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropViewStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropMaterializedViewStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropTypeStatement</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dropFunctionStatement</span>
<span class="n">createSchemaStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">SCHEMA</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">createForeignSchemaStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">FOREIGN</span> <span class="k">SCHEMA</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="s1">'type'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">LIBRARY</span> <span class="s1">'com.example.calcite.ExampleSchemaFactory'</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OPTIONS</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="k">option</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="k">option</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">option</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="n">literal</span>
<span class="n">createTableStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">tableElement</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">tableElement</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">createTypeStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="k">AS</span>
<span class="err">{</span>
<span class="n">baseType</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">attributeDef</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">attributeDef</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="err">}</span>
<span class="n">attributeDef</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">attributeName</span> <span class="k">type</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">COLLATE</span> <span class="k">collation</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">tableElement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="k">type</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">columnGenerator</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">columnConstraint</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">columnName</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">tableConstraint</span>
<span class="n">columnGenerator</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DEFAULT</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">GENERATED</span> <span class="n">ALWAYS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="err">{</span> <span class="n">VIRTUAL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">STORED</span> <span class="err">}</span>
<span class="n">columnConstraint</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">CONSTRAINT</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">NULL</span>
<span class="n">tableConstraint</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">CONSTRAINT</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="err">{</span>
<span class="k">CHECK</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">PRIMARY</span> <span class="k">KEY</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">UNIQUE</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span>
<span class="err">}</span>
<span class="n">createViewStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">VIEW</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="n">createMaterializedViewStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="n">MATERIALIZED</span> <span class="k">VIEW</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="s1">'('</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">columnName</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="s1">')'</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="n">createFunctionStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">OR</span> <span class="k">REPLACE</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">classNameLiteral</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">USING</span> <span class="n">usingFile</span> <span class="p">[,</span> <span class="n">usingFile</span> <span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">usingFile</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">JAR</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">ARCHIVE</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">filePathLiteral</span>
<span class="n">dropSchemaStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">SCHEMA</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropForeignSchemaStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FOREIGN</span> <span class="k">SCHEMA</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropTableStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropViewStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">VIEW</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropMaterializedViewStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="n">MATERIALIZED</span> <span class="k">VIEW</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropTypeStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">TYPE</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span>
<span class="n">dropFunctionStatement</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">FUNCTION</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">name</span></code></pre></figure>
<p>In <em>createTableStatement</em>, if you specify <em>AS query</em>, you may omit the list of
<em>tableElement</em>s, or you can omit the data type of any <em>tableElement</em>, in which
case it just renames the underlying column.</p>
<p>In <em>columnGenerator</em>, if you do not specify <code class="highlighter-rouge">VIRTUAL</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">STORED</code> for a
generated column, <code class="highlighter-rouge">VIRTUAL</code> is the default.</p>
<p>In <em>createFunctionStatement</em> and <em>usingFile</em>, <em>classNameLiteral</em>
and <em>filePathLiteral</em> are character literals.</p>
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<aside>
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