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page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>DistributedLog</h1></header><blockquote><p>DistributedLog began its life as a separate project under the Apache Foundation. It was merged into BookKeeper in 2017.</p></blockquote><p>The DistributedLog API is an easy-to-use interface for managing BookKeeper entries that enables you to use BookKeeper without needing to interact with <a href="/docs/4.6.2/api/ledger-api">ledgers</a> directly.</p><p>DistributedLog (DL) maintains sequences of records in categories called <em>logs</em> (aka <em>log streams</em>). <em>Writers</em> append records to DL logs, while <em>readers</em> fetch and process those records.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="architecture">Architecture<a href="#architecture" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Architecture" title="Direct link to Architecture"></a></h2><p>The diagram below illustrates how the DistributedLog API works with BookKeeper:</p><p><img loading="lazy" alt="DistributedLog API" src="/assets/images/distributedlog-e72b5c54b4a5ca53e33a6740bb2b4242.png" width="818" height="441" class="img_ev3q"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="logs">Logs<a href="#logs" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Logs" title="Direct link to Logs"></a></h2><p>A <em>log</em> in DistributedLog is an ordered, immutable sequence of <em>log records</em>.</p><p>The diagram below illustrates the anatomy of a log stream:</p><p><img loading="lazy" alt="DistributedLog log" src="/assets/images/logs-4fa7115af12e41a46d64d9e300847af4.png" width="620" height="516" class="img_ev3q"></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="log-records">Log records<a href="#log-records" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Log records" title="Direct link to Log records"></a></h3><p>Each log record is a sequence of bytes. Applications are responsible for serializing and deserializing byte sequences stored in log records.</p><p>Log records are written sequentially into a <em>log stream</em> and assigned with a a unique sequence number called a DLSN (<strong>D</strong>istributed<strong>L</strong>og <strong>S</strong>equence <strong>N</strong>umber).</p><p>In addition to a DLSN, applications can assign their own sequence number when constructing log records. Application-defined sequence numbers are known as <em>TransactionIDs</em> (or <em>txid</em>). Either a DLSN or a TransactionID can be used for positioning readers to start reading from a specific log record.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="log-segments">Log segments<a href="#log-segments" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Log segments" title="Direct link to Log segments"></a></h3><p>Each log is broken down into <em>log segments</em> that contain subsets of records. Log segments are distributed and stored in BookKeeper. DistributedLog rolls the log segments based on the configured <em>rolling policy</em>, which be either</p><ul><li>a configurable period of time (such as every 2 hours), or</li><li>a configurable maximum size (such as every 128 MB).</li></ul><p>The data in logs is divided up into equally sized log segments and distributed evenly across bookies. This allows logs to scale beyond a size that would fit on a single server and spreads read traffic across the cluster.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="namespaces">Namespaces<a href="#namespaces" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Namespaces" title="Direct link to Namespaces"></a></h3><p>Log streams that belong to the same organization are typically categorized and managed under a <em>namespace</em>. DistributedLog namespaces essentially enable applications to locate log streams. Applications can perform the following actions under a namespace:</p><ul><li>create streams</li><li>delete streams</li><li>truncate streams to a given sequence number (either a DLSN or a TransactionID)</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="writers">Writers<a href="#writers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Writers" title="Direct link to Writers"></a></h2><p>Through the DistributedLog API, writers write data into logs of their choice. All records are appended into logs in order. The sequencing is performed by the writer, which means that there is only one active writer for a log at any given time.</p><p>DistributedLog guarantees correctness when two writers attempt to write to the same log when a network partition occurs using a <em>fencing</em> mechanism in the log segment store.</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="write-proxy">Write Proxy<a href="#write-proxy" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Write Proxy" title="Direct link to Write Proxy"></a></h3><p>Log writers are served and managed in a service tier called the <em>Write Proxy</em> (see the diagram <a href="#architecture">above</a>). The Write Proxy is used for accepting writes from a large number of clients.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="readers">Readers<a href="#readers" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Readers" title="Direct link to Readers"></a></h2><p>DistributedLog readers read records from logs of their choice, starting with a provided position. The provided position can be either a DLSN or a TransactionID.</p><p>Readers read records from logs in strict order. Different readers can read records from different positions in the same log.</p><p>Unlike other pub-sub systems, DistributedLog doesn't record or manage readers' positions. This means that tracking is the responsibility of applications, as different applications may have different requirements for tracking and coordinating positions. This is hard to get right with a single approach. Distributed databases, for example, might store reader positions along with SSTables, so they would resume applying transactions from the positions store in SSTables. Tracking reader positions could easily be done at the application level using various stores (such as ZooKeeper, the filesystem, or key-value stores).</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="read-proxy">Read Proxy<a href="#read-proxy" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Read Proxy" title="Direct link to Read Proxy"></a></h3><p>Log records can be cached in a service tier called the <em>Read Proxy</em> to serve a large number of readers. See the diagram <a href="#architecture">above</a>. The Read Proxy is the analogue of the <a href="#write-proxy">Write Proxy</a>.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="guarantees">Guarantees<a href="#guarantees" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Guarantees" title="Direct link to Guarantees"></a></h2><p>The DistributedLog API for BookKeeper provides a number of guarantees for applications:</p><ul><li>Records written by a <a href="#writers">writer</a> to a <a href="#logs">log</a> are appended in the order in which they are written. If a record <strong>R1</strong> is written by the same writer as a record <strong>R2</strong>, <strong>R1</strong> will have a smaller sequence number than <strong>R2</strong>.</li><li><a href="#readers">Readers</a> see <a href="#log-records">records</a> in the same order in which they are <a href="#writers">written</a> to the log.</li><li>All records are persisted on disk by BookKeeper before acknowledgements, which guarantees durability.</li><li>For a log with a replication factor of N, DistributedLog tolerates up to N-1 server failures without losing any records.</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="api">API<a href="#api" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to API" title="Direct link to API"></a></h2><p>Documentation for the DistributedLog API can be found <a href="https://bookkeeper.apache.org/docs/next/api/distributedlog-api" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p><blockquote><p>At a later date, the DistributedLog API docs will be added here.</p></blockquote></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/docs/4.6.2/api/ledger-adv-api"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">The Advanced Ledger API</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/docs/4.6.2/security/overview"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">BookKeeper Security</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#architecture" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="#logs" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Logs</a><ul><li><a href="#log-records" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Log records</a></li><li><a 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