[Go SDK] Add pass through registration for the fixed and variable length string and bytes logical types (#40156)

* [Go SDK] Encode INT16 row fields as big endian to match Java and Python

The reflection based row coder used the varint encoding for int16 and
uint16 fields. Java and Python encode the INT16 schema type as 2 big
endian bytes, so rows with such fields could not be exchanged with the
other SDKs.

Fixes #40151. Part of #39684.

* [Go SDK] Convert logical type arguments to and from schema protos

Logical types registered with an argument now emit argument_type and
argument in their FieldType, and schemas from other SDKs are matched on
the URN and the argument value. A logical type registered without an
argument still matches any argument, so pass through types keep
working. Top level logical types carry the argument in a schema option.

Part of #39684.

* [Go SDK] Add portable logical type registration and standard date and micros_instant types

schema.RegisterLogicalTypeConversion registers a logical type identified
by a URN together with the conversions between its Go type and its
storage type, and derives the row coder from the storage type.
schema.RegisterLogicalTypeCoder does the same for logical types whose
wire encoding differs from the row encoding of the storage type. The
standard beam:logical_type:date:v1 and beam:logical_type:micros_instant:v1
logical types are registered by default as schema.Date and
schema.MicrosInstant.

The standard coder regression test now builds the expected row from the
schema in the coder payload, decodes payload bytes above 0x7f, counts
encoding mismatches as failures, and runs the micros_instant case.

Part of #39684.

* [Go SDK] Add the standard millis_instant and decimal logical types

schema.MillisInstant encodes as the Java InstantCoder does: 8 big endian
bytes of the milliseconds shifted by the minimum int64. schema.Decimal
encodes as the Java BigDecimalCoder does: the scale as a varint followed
by the length prefixed two's complement bytes of the unscaled value.
Both cases of standard_coders.yaml now run in the Go regression test.

Part of #39684.

* [Go SDK] Add pass through registration for the fixed and variable length string and bytes logical types

schema.RegisterPassThroughLogicalType maps a logical type URN to the Go
type of its representation without mapping that Go type back, so a
schema field with the URN decodes with the plain row encoding and the
length argument is ignored. The standard fixed_char, var_char,
fixed_bytes and var_bytes logical types are registered this way, and
their standard_coders.yaml case now runs in the Go regression test.

Part of #39684.

* Put logical type release note in the active release section

* Test public pass-through logical type registration and validation

* Reject pointer types in pass-through logical type registration

* [Go SDK] Address review nits in the pass-through logical type tests

Separate the call and check sections with blank lines, say what a
failing check wanted, and explain the repeated identical registration.