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src=/images/external-link-icon.png width=14 height=14 alt="External link."></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="page-nav clearfix" data-offset-top=90 data-offset-bottom=500><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#char_length>CHAR_LENGTH</a></li><li><a href=#character_length>CHARACTER_LENGTH</a></li><li><a href=#concat>CONCAT</a></li><li><a href=#ends_with>ENDS_WITH</a></li><li><a href=#ltrim>LTRIM</a></li><li><a href=#replace>REPLACE</a></li><li><a href=#reverse>REVERSE</a></li><li><a href=#rtrim>RTRIM</a></li><li><a href=#starts_with>STARTS_WITH</a></li><li><a href=#substr>SUBSTR</a></li><li><a href=#trim>TRIM</a></li></ul></nav></nav><div class="body__contained body__section-nav"><h1 id=beam-zetasql-string-functions>Beam ZetaSQL string functions</h1><p>This page documents the ZetaSQL string functions supported by Beam ZetaSQL.</p><p>These string functions work on STRING data. STRING values must be well-formed UTF-8. All string comparisons are done byte-by-byte, without regard to Unicode
canonical equivalence.</p><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Operator syntax</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><a href=#char_length>CHAR_LENGTH(value)</a></td><td>Returns the length of the string in characters</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#character_length>CHARACTER_LENGTH(value)</a></td><td>Synonym for CHAR_LENGTH</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#concat>CONCAT(value1[, &mldr;])</a></td><td>Concatenates up to five values into a single result</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#ends_with>ENDS_WITH(value1, value2)</a></td><td>Returns TRUE if the second value is a suffix of the first</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#ltrim>LTRIM(value1[, value2])</a></td><td>Identical to TRIM, but only removes leading characters.</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#replace>REPLACE(original_value, from_value, to_value)</a></td><td>Replaces all occurrences of <code>from_value</code> with <code>to_value</code> in <code>original_value</code></td></tr><tr><td><a href=#reverse>REVERSE(value)</a></td><td>Returns the reverse of the input string</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#rtrim>RTRIM(value1[, value2])</a></td><td>Identical to TRIM, but only removes trailing characters</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#starts_with>STARTS_WITH(value1, value2)</a></td><td>Returns TRUE if the second value is a prefix of the first.</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#substr>SUBSTR(value, position[, length])</a></td><td>Returns a substring of the supplied value</td></tr><tr><td><a href=#trim>TRIM(value1[, value2])</a></td><td>Removes all leading and trailing characters that match <code>value2</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 id=char_length>CHAR_LENGTH</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>CHAR_LENGTH(value)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Returns the length of the STRING in characters.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>INT64</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table example:

+----------------+
| characters     |
+----------------+
| абвгд          |
+----------------+

SELECT
  characters,
  CHAR_LENGTH(characters) AS char_length_example
FROM example;

+------------+---------------------+
| characters | char_length_example |
+------------+---------------------+
| абвгд      |                   5 |
+------------+---------------------+
</code></pre><h2 id=character_length>CHARACTER_LENGTH</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>CHARACTER_LENGTH(value)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Synonym for <a href=#char_length>CHAR_LENGTH</a>.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>INT64</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table example:

+----------------+
| characters     |
+----------------+
| абвгд          |
+----------------+

SELECT
  characters,
  CHARACTER_LENGTH(characters) AS char_length_example
FROM example;

+------------+---------------------+
| characters | char_length_example |
+------------+---------------------+
| абвгд      |                   5 |
+------------+---------------------+
</code></pre><h2 id=concat>CONCAT</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>CONCAT(value1[, ...])
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Concatenates up to five values into a single
result.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table Employees:

+-------------+-----------+
| first_name  | last_name |
+-------------+-----------+
| John        | Doe       |
| Jane        | Smith     |
| Joe         | Jackson   |
+-------------+-----------+

SELECT
  CONCAT(first_name, &#34; &#34;, last_name)
  AS full_name
FROM Employees;

+---------------------+
| full_name           |
+---------------------+
| John Doe            |
| Jane Smith          |
| Joe Jackson         |
+---------------------+
</code></pre><h2 id=ends_with>ENDS_WITH</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>ENDS_WITH(value1, value2)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Takes two values. Returns TRUE if the second value is a
suffix of the first.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>BOOL</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| apple          |
| banana         |
| orange         |
+----------------+

SELECT
  ENDS_WITH(item, &#34;e&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
|    True |
|   False |
|    True |
+---------+
</code></pre><h2 id=ltrim>LTRIM</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>LTRIM(value1[, value2])
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Identical to <a href=#trim>TRIM</a>, but only removes leading characters.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
|    apple       |
|    banana      |
|    orange      |
+----------------+

SELECT
  CONCAT(&#34;#&#34;, LTRIM(item), &#34;#&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+-------------+
| example     |
+-------------+
| #apple   #  |
| #banana   # |
| #orange   # |
+-------------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| ***apple***    |
| ***banana***   |
| ***orange***   |
+----------------+

SELECT
  LTRIM(item, &#34;*&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+-----------+
| example   |
+-----------+
| apple***  |
| banana*** |
| orange*** |
+-----------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| xxxapplexxx    |
| yyybananayyy   |
| zzzorangezzz   |
| xyzpearzyz     |
+----------------+

SELECT
  LTRIM(item, &#34;xyz&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+-----------+
| example   |
+-----------+
| applexxx  |
| bananayyy |
| orangezzz |
| pearxyz   |
+-----------+
</code></pre><h2 id=replace>REPLACE</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>REPLACE(original_value, from_value, to_value)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Replaces all occurrences of <code>from_value</code> with <code>to_value</code> in <code>original_value</code>.
If <code>from_value</code> is empty, no replacement is made.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><div class=highlight><pre tabindex=0 class=chroma><code class=language-sql data-lang=sql><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c1></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>dessert</span><span class=w>            </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c1></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>apple</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pie</span><span class=w>          </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>blackberry</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pie</span><span class=w>     </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cherry</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>pie</span><span class=w>         </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c1></span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=k>SELECT</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>  </span><span class=k>REPLACE</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>dessert</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>&#34;pie&#34;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=s2>&#34;cobbler&#34;</span><span class=p>)</span><span class=w> </span><span class=k>as</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>example</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=k>FROM</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>desserts</span><span class=p>;</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c1></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>example</span><span class=w>            </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=c1></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>apple</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cobbler</span><span class=w>      </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>blackberry</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cobbler</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cherry</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>cobbler</span><span class=w>     </span><span class=o>|</span><span class=w>
</span></span></span><span class=line><span class=cl><span class=w></span><span class=o>+</span><span class=c1>--------------------+
</span></span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id=reverse>REVERSE</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>REVERSE(value)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Returns the reverse of the input STRING.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>WITH example AS (
  SELECT &#34;foo&#34; AS sample_string UNION ALL
  SELECT &#34;абвгд&#34; AS sample_string
)
SELECT
  sample_string,
  REVERSE(sample_string) AS reverse_string
FROM example;

+---------------+----------------+
| sample_string | reverse_string |
+---------------+----------------+
| foo           | oof            |
| абвгд         | дгвба          |
+---------------+----------------+
</code></pre><h2 id=rtrim>RTRIM</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>RTRIM(value1[, value2])
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Identical to <a href=#trim>TRIM</a>, but only removes trailing characters.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| ***apple***    |
| ***banana***   |
| ***orange***   |
+----------------+

SELECT
  RTRIM(item, &#34;*&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+-----------+
| example   |
+-----------+
| ***apple  |
| ***banana |
| ***orange |
+-----------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| applexxx       |
| bananayyy      |
| orangezzz      |
| pearxyz        |
+----------------+

SELECT
  RTRIM(item, &#34;xyz&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| apple   |
| banana  |
| orange  |
| pear    |
+---------+
</code></pre><h2 id=starts_with>STARTS_WITH</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>STARTS_WITH(value1, value2)
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Takes two values. Returns TRUE if the second value is a prefix
of the first.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>BOOL</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
SELECT
  STARTS_WITH(item, &#34;b&#34;) as example
FROM (
  SELECT &#34;foo&#34; as item
  UNION ALL SELECT &#34;bar&#34; as item
  UNION ALL SELECT &#34;baz&#34; as item) AS items;


+---------+
| example |
+---------+
|   False |
|    True |
|    True |
+---------+
</code></pre><h2 id=substr>SUBSTR</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>SUBSTR(value, position[, length])
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Returns a substring of the supplied value. The
<code>position</code> argument is an integer specifying the starting position of the
substring, with position = 1 indicating the first character or byte. The
<code>length</code> argument is the maximum number of characters for STRING arguments.</p><p>If <code>position</code> is negative, the function counts from the end of <code>value</code>,
with -1 indicating the last character.</p><p>If <code>position</code> is a position off the left end of the
STRING (<code>position</code> = 0 or
<code>position</code> &lt; <code>-LENGTH(value)</code>), the function starts
from position = 1. If <code>length</code> exceeds the length of
<code>value</code>, returns fewer than <code>length</code> characters.</p><p>If <code>length</code> is less than 0, the function returns an error.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| apple          |
| banana         |
| orange         |
+----------------+

SELECT
  SUBSTR(item, 2) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| pple    |
| anana   |
| range   |
+---------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| apple          |
| banana         |
| orange         |
+----------------+

SELECT
  SUBSTR(item, 2, 2) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| pp      |
| an      |
| ra      |
+---------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| apple          |
| banana         |
| orange         |
+----------------+

SELECT
  SUBSTR(item, -2) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| le      |
| na      |
| ge      |
+---------+
</code></pre><h2 id=trim>TRIM</h2><pre tabindex=0><code>TRIM(value1[, value2])
</code></pre><p><strong>Description</strong></p><p>Removes all leading and trailing characters that match <code>value2</code>. If <code>value2</code> is
not specified, all leading and trailing whitespace characters (as defined by the
Unicode standard) are removed.</p><p>If <code>value2</code> contains more than one character, the function removes all leading
or trailing characters contained in <code>value2</code>.</p><p><strong>Return type</strong></p><p>STRING</p><p><strong>Examples</strong></p><pre tabindex=0><code>
Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
|    apple       |
|    banana      |
|    orange      |
+----------------+

SELECT
  CONCAT(&#34;#&#34;, TRIM(item), &#34;#&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+----------+
| example  |
+----------+
| #apple#  |
| #banana# |
| #orange# |
+----------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| ***apple***    |
| ***banana***   |
| ***orange***   |
+----------------+

SELECT
  TRIM(item, &#34;*&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| apple   |
| banana  |
| orange  |
+---------+


Table items:

+----------------+
| item           |
+----------------+
| xxxapplexxx    |
| yyybananayyy   |
| zzzorangezzz   |
| xyzpearxyz     |
+----------------+

SELECT
  TRIM(item, &#34;xyz&#34;) as example
FROM items;

+---------+
| example |
+---------+
| apple   |
| banana  |
| orange  |
| pear    |
+---------+
</code></pre></div></div><footer class=footer><div class=footer__contained><div class=footer__cols><div class="footer__cols__col footer__cols__col__logos"><div class=footer__cols__col__logo><img src=/images/beam_logo_circle.svg class=footer__logo alt="Beam logo"></div><div class=footer__cols__col__logo><img src=/images/apache_logo_circle.svg class=footer__logo alt="Apache logo"></div></div><div class=footer-wrapper><div class=wrapper-grid><div class=footer__cols__col><div class=footer__cols__col__title>Start</div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/get-started/beam-overview/>Overview</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/get-started/quickstart-java/>Quickstart (Java)</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/get-started/quickstart-py/>Quickstart (Python)</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/get-started/quickstart-go/>Quickstart (Go)</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/get-started/downloads/>Downloads</a></div></div><div class=footer__cols__col><div class=footer__cols__col__title>Docs</div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/documentation/programming-guide/>Concepts</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/documentation/pipelines/design-your-pipeline/>Pipelines</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/documentation/runners/capability-matrix/>Runners</a></div></div><div class=footer__cols__col><div class=footer__cols__col__title>Community</div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/contribute/>Contribute</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=https://projects.apache.org/committee.html?beam target=_blank>Team<img src=/images/external-link-icon.png width=14 height=14 alt="External link."></a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/community/presentation-materials/>Media</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/community/in-person/>Events/Meetups</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/community/contact-us/>Contact Us</a></div></div><div class=footer__cols__col><div class=footer__cols__col__title>Resources</div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=/blog/>Blog</a></div><div class=footer__cols__col__link><a href=https://github.com/apache/beam>GitHub</a></div></div></div><div class=footer__bottom>&copy;
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