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<head>
  <title>Handling Binary data with Axis2 (MTOM/SwA)</title>
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<body>
<h1>Handling Binary data with Axis2 (MTOM/SwA)</h1>

<p>This document will describe how to use Axis2 functionality to send/receive
binary data with SOAP.</p>

<h2>Content</h2>
<ul>
  <li><a href="#1">Introduction</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#11">Where Does MTOM Come In?</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>

  <li><a href="#2">MTOM with Axis2 </a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#21">Programming Model</a></li>
      <li><a href="#22">Enabling MTOM Optimization at Client Side</a></li>
      <li><a href="#23">Enabling MTOM Optimization at Server Side</a></li>
      <li><a href="#24">Accessing Received Binary Data (Sample Code) </a>

        <ul>
          <li><a href="#241">Service</a></li>
          <li><a href="#242">Client</a></li>
        </ul>
      </li>
      <li><a href="#25">MTOM Databinding</a>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#251">Using ADB</a></li>
          <li><a href="#252">Using XMLBeans</a></li>
        </ul>
      </li>
    </ul>

  </li>
  <li><a href="#3">SOAP with Attachments with Axis2</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#31">Sending SwA type attachments</a></li>
      <li><a href="#32">Receiving SwA type attachments</a></li>
      <li><a href="#33">MTOM Backward Compatibility with SwA</a></li>
    </ul>

  </li>
  <li><a href="#4">Advanced Topics </a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#41">File Caching for Attachments</a></li>
    </ul>
  </li>
</ul>
<a name="1"></a>

<h2>Introduction</h2>

<p>Despite the flexibility, interoperability and global acceptance of XML,
there are times when serializing data into XML does not make sense. Web
services users may need to transmit binary attachments of various sorts like
images, drawings, xml docs, etc together with SOAP message. Such data are
often in a particular binary format.<br>
</p>

<p>Traditionally, two techniques have been used in dealing with opaque data
in XML;</p>
<ol>
  <li><strong>"By value"</strong></li>

  <blockquote>
    <p>Sending binary data by value is achieved by embedding opaque data (of
    course after some form of encoding) as element or attribute content of
    the XML component of data. The main advantage of this technique is that
    it gives applications the ability to process and describe data, based and
    looking only on XML component of the data.</p>

    <p>XML supports opaque data as content through the use of either base64
    or hexadecimal text encoding. Both these techniques bloat the size of the
    data. For UTF-8 underlying text encoding, base64 encoding increases the
    size of the binary data by a factor of 1.33x of the original size, while
    hexadecimal encoding expands data by a factor of 2x. Above factors will
    be doubled if UTF-16 text encoding is used. Also of concern is the
    overhead in processing costs (both real and perceived) for these formats,
    especially when decoding back into raw binary.</p>
  </blockquote>
  <li><strong>"By reference"</strong>

    <blockquote>
      <p>Sending binary data by reference is achieved by attaching pure
      binary data as external unparsed general entities outside of the XML
      document and then embedding  reference URI's to those entities as
      elements or attribute values. This prevents the unnecessary bloating of
      data and wasting of processing power. The primary obstacle for using
      these unparsed entities is their heavy reliance on DTDs, which impedes
      modularity as well as use of XML namespaces.</p>
      <p>There were several specifications introduced in the Web services
      world to deal with this binary attachment problem using the "by
      reference" technique. <a
      href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP-attachments">SOAP with Attachments</a>

      is one such example. Since SOAP prohibits document type declarations
      (DTD) in messages, this leads to the  problem of not  representing data
      as part of the message infoset, creating two data models. This scenario
      is like sending attachments with an e-mail message. Even though those
      attachments are related to the message content they are not inside the
      message.  This causes the technologies for processing and description
      of data based on XML component of the data, to malfunction. One example
      is  WS-Security.</p>
    </blockquote>
  </li>
</ol>
<a name="11"></a>

<h3>Where Does MTOM Come In?</h3>

<p><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PR-soap12-mtom-20041116/">MTOM (SOAP
Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism)</a> is another specification
which focuses on solving the "Attachments" problem. MTOM tries to leverage
the advantages of the above two techniques by trying to merge the two
techniques. MTOM is actually a "by reference" method. Wire format of a MTOM
optimized message is same as the Soap with Attachments message, which also
makes it backward compatible with SwA endpoints. The most notable feature of
MTOM is the use of XOP:Include element, which is defined in <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PR-xop10-20041116/">XML Binary Optimized
Packaging (XOP)</a> specification to reference  the binary attachments
(external unparsed general entities) of the message. With the use of this
exclusive element the attached binary content logically become inline (by
value) with the SOAP document even though actually it is attached separately.
This merges the two realms by making it possible to work only with one data
model. This allows the applications to process and describe by only looking
at XML part making reliance on DTDs obsolete. On a lighter note, MTOM has
standardized the referencing mechanism of SwA. The following is an extract
from the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PR-xop10-20041116/">XOP</a>

specification.</p>

<p><em>At the conceptual level, this binary data can be thought of as being
base64-encoded in the XML Document. As this conceptual form might be needed
during some processing of the XML Document (e.g., for signing the XML
document), it is necessary to have a one-to-one correspondence between XML
Infosets and XOP Packages. Therefore, the conceptual representation of such
binary data is as if it were base64-encoded, using the canonical lexical form
of XML Schema base64Binary datatype (see <a href="#XMLSchemaP2">[XML Schema
Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition] </a> <a
href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/#base64Binary">3.2.16
base64Binary</a>). In the reverse direction, XOP is capable of optimizing
only base64-encoded Infoset data that is in the canonical lexical
form.</em></p>

<p>Apache Axis2 supports <strong>Base64 encoding</strong>, <strong>SOAP with
Attachments</strong> &amp; <strong>MTOM (SOAP Message Transmission
Optimization Mechanism).</strong></p>

<a name="2"></a>

<h2>MTOM with Axis2</h2>
<a name="21"></a>

<h3>Programming Model</h3>

<p>AXIOM is (and may be the first) Object Model which has the ability to hold
binary data. It has been given this ability by allowing OMText to hold raw
binary content in the form of javax.activation.DataHandler. OMText has been
chosen for this purpose with two reasons. One is that XOP (MTOM) is capable
of optimizing only base64-encoded Infoset data that is in the canonical
lexical form of XML Schema base64Binary datatype. Other one is to preserve
the infoset in both sender and receiver (To store the binary content in the
same kind of object regardless of whether it is optimized or not).</p>

<p>MTOM allows to selectively encode portions of the message, which allows us
to send base64encoded data as well as externally attached raw binary data
referenced by "XOP" element (optimized content) to be send in a SOAP message.
User can specify whether an OMText node which contains raw binary data or
base64encoded binary data is qualified to be optimized or not at the
construction time of that node or later. To take the optimum efficiency of
MTOM a user is advised to send smaller binary attachments using
base64encoding (None optimized) and larger attachments as optimized
content.</p>
<source><pre>        OMElement imageElement = fac.createOMElement("image", omNs);

        // Creating the Data Handler for the file.  Any implementation of
	// javax.activation.DataSource interface can fit here.
        javax.activation.DataHandler dataHandler = new javax.activation.DataHandler(new FileDataSource("SomeFile"));
        DataHandler dataHandler = new DataHandler(dataSource);

        //create an OMText node with the above DataHandler and set optimized to true
        OMText textData = <strong>fac.createOMText(dataHandler, true);</strong>

        imageElement.addChild(textData);

        //User can set optimized to false by using the following
        //textData.doOptimize(false);</pre>
</source>
<p>Also a user can create an optimizable binary content node  using a base64
encoded string, which contains encoded binary content, given with the mime
type of the actual binary representation.</p>
<source><pre>        String base64String = "some_base64_encoded_string";
        OMText binaryNode =<strong>fac.createOMText(base64String,"image/jpg",true);</strong></pre>
</source>
<p>Axis2 uses javax.activation.DataHandler to handle the binary data. All
optimized binary content nodes will be serialized as Base64 Strings if "MTOM
is not enabled". One can also create binary content nodes which will not be
optimized at any case. They will be serialized and send as Base64 Strings.</p>
<source><pre>        //create an OMText node with the above DataHandler and set "optimized" to false
        //This data will be send as Base64 encoded string regardless of MTOM is enabled or not
        javax.activation.DataHandler dataHandler = new javax.activation.DataHandler(new FileDataSource("SomeFile"));
        OMText textData = fac.createOMText(dataHandler, <strong>false</strong>); 
        image.addChild(textData);</pre>

</source><a name="22"></a>

<h3>Enabling MTOM Optimization at Client Side</h3>

<p>Set the "enableMTOM" property in the Options to true, when sending
messages.</p>
<source><pre>        ServiceClient serviceClient = new ServiceClient ();
        Options options = new Options();
        options.setTo(targetEPR);
        <strong>options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.ENABLE_MTOM, Constants.VALUE_TRUE);</strong>
        serviceClient .setOptions(options);</pre>
</source>
<p>When this property is set to true any SOAP envelope, regardless whether it
contains optimizable content or not, will be serialized as a MTOM optimized
MIME message.</p>

<p>Axis2 serializes all binary content nodes as Base64 encoded strings
regardless of they are qualified to be optimize or not, if,</p>
<ul>
  <li>"enableMTOM" property is set to false.</li>
  <li>If envelope contains any element information items of name xop:Include
    (see <a href="#XOP">[XML-binary Optimized Packaging] </a><a
    href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/REC-xop10-20050125/#xop_infosets">3. XOP
    Infosets Constructs </a>).</li>
</ul>

<p>User does <strong>not</strong> have to specify anything in order for Axis2
to receive MTOM optimised messages. Axis2 will automatically identify and
de-serialize accordingly as and when a MTOM message arrives.</p>

<a name="23"></a>

<h3>Enabling MTOM Optimization at Server Side</h3>

<p>Axis 2 server automatically identifies incoming MTOM optimized messages
based on the content-type and de-serializes accordingly. User can enableMTOM
in the server side for outgoing messages,</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>To enableMTOM globally for all services users can set the "enableMTOM"
  parameter to true in the Axis2.xml. When it is set, all outgoing messages
  will be serialized and send as MTOM optimized MIME messages. If it is not
  set all the binary data in binary content nodes will be serialized as
  Base64 encoded strings. This configuration can be overriden in services.xml
  for per service and per operation basis.</p>
</blockquote>
<pre>&lt;parameter name="enableMTOM" locked="false"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;</pre>

<p>User must restart the server after setting this parameter.</p>
<a name="24"></a>

<h3>Accessing Received Binary Data (Sample Code)</h3>
<ul>
  <a name="241"></a>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Service</strong></li>
  </ul>

</ul>
<source><pre>public class MTOMService {
    public void uploadFileUsingMTOM(OMElement element) throws Exception {

       <strong>OMText binaryNode = (OMText) (element.getFirstElement()).getFirstOMChild();
       DataHandler actualDH;
       actualDH = (DataHandler) binaryNode.getDataHandler();</strong>
            
       ... <em>Do whatever you need with the DataHandler</em> ...
    }
  }</pre>
</source><ul>
  <a name="242"></a>
  <ul>
    <li><strong>Client</strong></li>

  </ul>
</ul>
<source><pre>        ServiceClient sender = new ServiceClient();        
        Options options = new Options();
        options.setTo(targetEPR); 
        // enabling MTOM
        <strong>options.set(Constants.Configuration.ENABLE_MTOM, Constants.VALUE_TRUE);</strong>
        ............

        OMElement result = sender.sendReceive(payload);
        OMElement ele = result.getFirstElement();
        OMText binaryNode = (OMText) ele.getFirstOMChild();
        
        // Retrieving the DataHandler &amp; then do whatever the processing to the data
        DataHandler actualDH;
        actualDH = binaryNode.getDataHandler();
        .............</pre>
</source><a name="25"></a>

<h3>MTOM Databinding</h3>

<p>You can defining a binary element in the schema using the schema
type="xsd:base64Binary". Having an element with the type "xsd:base64Binary"
is enough for the Axis2 code generators to identify possible MTOM attachments
and to generate code accordingly.</p>

<p>Going a little bit further you can use the xmime schema
(http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime) to describe the binary content more
precisely. With xmime schema you can indicate the type of content in the
element at runtime using an MTOM attribute extension, xmime:contentType.
Furthermore, you can identify what type of data might be expected in the
element using the xmime:expectedContentType. Putting it all together, our
example element becomes:</p>
<source><pre>      &lt;element name="MyBinaryData" xmime:expectedContentTypes='image/jpeg' &gt;
        &lt;complexType&gt;
          &lt;simpleContent&gt;
            &lt;extension base="base64Binary" &gt;

              &lt;attribute ref="xmime:contentType" use="required"/&gt;
            &lt;/extension&gt;
          &lt;/simpleContent&gt;
        &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;
</pre>
</source>

<p>You can also use the xmime:base64Binary type to express the above
mentioned data much more cleanly.</p>
<source><pre>      &lt;element name="MyBinaryData" xmime:expectedContentTypes='image/jpeg' type="xmime:base64Binary"/&gt;</pre>
</source>
<a name="251"></a>
<h3>MTOM Databinding Using ADB</h3>

<p>Let's define a full, validated doc/lit style WSDL that uses the xmime
schema, has a service that receives a file and saves it in the server using the given path.
</p>
<source><pre>
&lt;wsdl:definitions xmlns:tns="http://ws.apache.org/axis2/mtomsample/"
	xmlns:mime="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/mime/"
	xmlns:http="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/http/"
	xmlns:soap12="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap12/"
	xmlns:xmime="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime"
	xmlns:wsaw="http://www.w3.org/2006/05/addressing/wsdl"
	xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
	xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/"
	xmlns:wsdl="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"
	xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"
	targetNamespace="http://ws.apache.org/axis2/mtomsample/">

	&lt;wsdl:types>
		&lt;xsd:schema xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/"
			attributeFormDefault="qualified" elementFormDefault="qualified"
			targetNamespace="http://ws.apache.org/axis2/mtomsample/">

			&lt;xsd:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime"
				schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime" />
			&lt;xsd:complexType name="AttachmentType">
				&lt;xsd:sequence>
					&lt;xsd:element minOccurs="0" name="fileName"
						type="xsd:string" />
					&lt;xsd:element minOccurs="0" name="binaryData"
						type="xmime:base64Binary" />
				&lt;/xsd:sequence>
			&lt;/xsd:complexType>
			&lt;xsd:element name="AttachmentRequest" type="tns:AttachmentType" />
			&lt;xsd:element name="AttachmentResponse" type="xsd:string" />
		&lt;/xsd:schema>
	&lt;/wsdl:types>
	&lt;wsdl:message name="AttachmentRequest"&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:part name="part1" element="tns:AttachmentRequest" /&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:message&gt;
	&lt;wsdl:message name="AttachmentResponse"&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:part name="part1" element="tns:AttachmentResponse" /&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:message&gt;
	&lt;wsdl:portType name="MTOMServicePortType"&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:operation name="attachment"&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:input message="tns:AttachmentRequest"
				wsaw:Action="attachment" /&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:output message="tns:AttachmentResponse"
				wsaw:Action="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/MTOMServicePortType/AttachmentResponse" /&gt;
		&lt;/wsdl:operation&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:portType&gt;
	&lt;wsdl:binding name="MTOMServiceSOAP11Binding"
		type="tns:MTOMServicePortType"&gt;
		&lt;soap:binding transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http"
			style="document" /&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:operation name="attachment"&gt;
			&lt;soap:operation soapAction="attachment" style="document" /&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:input&gt;
				&lt;soap:body use="literal" /&gt;
			&lt;/wsdl:input&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:output&gt;
				&lt;soap:body use="literal" /&gt;
			&lt;/wsdl:output&gt;
		&lt;/wsdl:operation&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:binding&gt;
	&lt;wsdl:binding name="MTOMServiceSOAP12Binding"
		type="tns:MTOMServicePortType"&gt;
		&lt;soap12:binding transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http"
			style="document" /&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:operation name="attachment"&gt;
			&lt;soap12:operation soapAction="attachment" style="document" /&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:input&gt;
				&lt;soap12:body use="literal" /&gt;
			&lt;/wsdl:input&gt;
			&lt;wsdl:output&gt;
				&lt;soap12:body use="literal" /&gt;
			&lt;/wsdl:output&gt;
		&lt;/wsdl:operation&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:binding&gt;
	&lt;wsdl:service name="MTOMSample"&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:port name="MTOMSampleSOAP11port_http"
			binding="tns:MTOMServiceSOAP11Binding"&gt;
			&lt;soap:address
				location="http://localhost:8080/axis2/services/MTOMSample" /&gt;
		&lt;/wsdl:port&gt;
		&lt;wsdl:port name="MTOMSampleSOAP12port_http"
			binding="tns:MTOMServiceSOAP12Binding"&gt;
			&lt;soap12:address
				location="http://localhost:8080/axis2/services/MTOMSample" /&gt;
		&lt;/wsdl:port&gt;
	&lt;/wsdl:service&gt;
&lt;/wsdl:definitions&gt;
</pre></source>
<p>The important point here is we import http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime
and define an element, 'binaryData' , that utilizes MTOM.</p>

<p>The next step is using the Axis2 tool 'WSDL2Java' to generate java source
files from this WSDL. See the 'Code Generator Tool' guide for more info.
Here, we define an ant task that chooses ADB (Axis2 Data Binding) as the databinding
implementation. The name we list for the WSDL above is MTOMSample.wsdl, and
we define our package name for our generated source files to be
'sample.mtom.service' . Our ant task for this example is:</p>
<source><pre>	
&lt;target name="generate.service"&gt;
 		&lt;java classname="org.apache.axis2.wsdl.WSDL2Java"&gt;
			&lt;arg value="-uri" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="${basedir}/resources/MTOMSample.wsdl" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="-ss" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="-sd" /&gt;
          		&lt;arg value="-g"/&gt;
			&lt;arg value="-p" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="sample.mtom.service" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="-o" /&gt;
			&lt;arg value="${service.dir}" /&gt;
			&lt;classpath refid="class.path" /&gt;
		&lt;/java&gt;
  	&lt;/target&gt;</pre>
</source>
<p>Now we are ready to code. Lets edit
output/src/sample/mtom/service/MTOMSampleSkeleton.java and fill in the business logic. Following is an example:</p>
<source><pre>
	public org.apache.ws.axis2.mtomsample.AttachmentResponse attachment(
			org.apache.ws.axis2.mtomsample.AttachmentRequest param0) throws Exception
	{
		AttachmentType attachmentRequest = param0.getAttachmentRequest();
		Base64Binary binaryData = attachmentRequest.getBinaryData();
		DataHandler dataHandler = binaryData.getBase64Binary();
		File file = new File(
				attachmentRequest.getFileName());
		FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(file);
		dataHandler.writeTo(fileOutputStream);
		fileOutputStream.flush();
		fileOutputStream.close();
		
		AttachmentResponse response = new AttachmentResponse();
		response.setAttachmentResponse("File saved succesfully.");
		return response;
	}
</pre></source>
<p>The code above receives a file and writes it to disk using the given file name. It returns a message
on success.
Now lets define the client:</p>
<source><pre>	public static void transferFile(File file, String destination)
			throws RemoteException {
		MTOMSampleStub serviceStub = new MTOMSampleStub();

		// Enable MTOM in the client side
		serviceStub._getServiceClient().getOptions().setProperty(
				Constants.Configuration.ENABLE_MTOM, Constants.VALUE_TRUE);
		//Increase the time out when sending large attachments
		serviceStub._getServiceClient().getOptions().setTimeOutInMilliSeconds(10000);

		// Populating the code generated beans
		AttachmentRequest attachmentRequest = new AttachmentRequest();
		AttachmentType attachmentType = new AttachmentType();
		Base64Binary base64Binary = new Base64Binary();

		// Creating a javax.activation.FileDataSource from the input file.
		FileDataSource fileDataSource = new FileDataSource(file);

		// Create a dataHandler using the fileDataSource. Any implementation of
		// javax.activation.DataSource interface can fit here.
		DataHandler dataHandler = new DataHandler(fileDataSource);
		base64Binary.setBase64Binary(dataHandler);
		base64Binary.setContentType(dataHandler.getContentType());
		attachmentType.setBinaryData(base64Binary);
		attachmentType.setFileName(destination);
		attachmentRequest.setAttachmentRequest(attachmentType);

		AttachmentResponse response = serviceStub.attachment(attachmentRequest);
		System.out.println(response.getAttachmentResponse());
	}</pre>

</source>
<p>The last step is to create an AAR with our Skeleton and the services.xml, and then deploy the service. You can find the completed sample in the Axis2 standard binary distribution under the samples/mtom directory</p>

<a name="252"></a>
<h3>MTOM Databinding Using XMLBeans</h3>


<p>Lets define a full, validated doc / lit style WSDL that imports the xmime
schema, has a service that receives a jpeg and returns a pass / fail status
to the client:</p>
<source><pre>&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;

&lt;definitions name="MyMTOMService" targetNamespace="http://myMtomNS" xmlns:tns="http://myMtomNS" xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" 
  xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/" xmlns:ns2="http://myMtomNS/types"&gt;
  &lt;types&gt;
    &lt;schema targetNamespace="http://myMtomNS/types" elementFormDefault="qualified" xmlns:tns="http://myMtomNS/types" 
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:wsdl="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" 
    xmlns:xmime="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime"&gt;
      &lt;import namespace="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/"/&gt;

       &lt;import namespace="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime"
                schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime"/&gt;
      &lt;complexType name="ReturnWebBase"&gt;
        &lt;sequence&gt;
          &lt;element name="errorMessage" type="xsd:string"/&gt;
          &lt;element name="successErrorCode" type="xsd:int"/&gt;
        &lt;/sequence&gt;

      &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;element name="MyBinaryData" xmime:expectedContentTypes='image/jpeg' &gt;
        &lt;complexType&gt;
          &lt;simpleContent&gt;
            &lt;extension base="base64Binary" &gt;
              &lt;attribute ref="xmime:contentType" use="required"/&gt;

            &lt;/extension&gt;
          &lt;/simpleContent&gt;
        &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;
      &lt;element name="sendData"&gt;
        &lt;complexType&gt;

          &lt;sequence&gt;
            &lt;element ref='tns:MyBinaryData' minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" /&gt;
          &lt;/sequence&gt;
        &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;
      &lt;element name="sendDataResponse"&gt;

        &lt;complexType&gt;
          &lt;sequence&gt;
            &lt;element minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" name="sendDataResult" type="tns:ReturnWebBase" /&gt;
          &lt;/sequence&gt;
        &lt;/complexType&gt;
      &lt;/element&gt;

    &lt;/schema&gt;
  &lt;/types&gt;
  &lt;message name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendData"&gt;
     &lt;part name="parameters" element="ns2:sendData"/&gt;
  &lt;/message&gt;
  &lt;message name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendDataResponse"&gt;

    &lt;part name="result" element="ns2:sendDataResponse"/&gt;
  &lt;/message&gt;
  &lt;portType name="MyMTOMEndpoint"&gt;
    &lt;operation name="sendData"&gt;
      &lt;input message="tns:MyMTOMEndpoint_sendData" name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendData"/&gt;
      &lt;output message="tns:MyMTOMEndpoint_sendDataResponse" name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendDataResponse"/&gt;

    &lt;/operation&gt;
  &lt;/portType&gt;
  &lt;binding name="MyMTOMEndpointBinding" type="tns:MyMTOMEndpoint"&gt;
    &lt;soap:binding transport="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/http" style="document"/&gt;
    &lt;operation name="sendData"&gt;
      &lt;soap:operation soapAction="sendData"/&gt;

      &lt;input name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendData"&gt;
        &lt;soap:body use="literal"/&gt;
      &lt;/input&gt;
      &lt;output name="MyMTOMEndpoint_sendDataResponse"&gt;
        &lt;soap:body use="literal"/&gt;
      &lt;/output&gt;

    &lt;/operation&gt;
  &lt;/binding&gt;
  &lt;service name="MyMTOMService"&gt;
    &lt;port name="MyMTOMEndpointPort" binding="tns:MyMTOMEndpointBinding"&gt;
      &lt;soap:address location="http://localhost:8080/axis2/services/MyMTOMService"/&gt;&lt;/port&gt;&lt;/service&gt;&lt;/definitions&gt;

  </pre>
</source>
<p>The important point here is we import http://www.w3.org/2005/05/xmlmime
and define an element, 'MyBinaryData' , that utilizes MTOM.</p>

<p>The next step is using the Axis2 tool 'WSDL2Java' to generate java source
files from this WSDL. See the 'Code Generator Tool' guide for more info.
Here, we define an ant task that chooses XMLBeans as the databinding
implementation. We also choose to generate an interface which our Skeleton
will implement. The name we list for the WSDL above is mtomExample.wsdl, and
we define our package name for our generated source files to be
'org.apache.axis2.samples.mtomDatabinding.endpoint' . Our ant task for this
example is:</p>
<source><pre>&lt;target name="wsdl2java" depends="clean,prepare"&gt;
      &lt;delete dir="output" /&gt;
      &lt;java classname="org.apache.axis2.wsdl.WSDL2Java" fork="true"&gt;
          &lt;classpath refid="axis.classpath"/&gt; 
          &lt;arg value="-d"/&gt;

          &lt;arg value="xmlbeans"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-uri"/&gt;
          &lt;arg file="wsdl/mtomExample.wsdl"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-ss"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-ssi"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-g"/&gt;

          &lt;arg value="-sd"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-o"/&gt;
          &lt;arg file="output"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="-p"/&gt;
          &lt;arg value="org.apache.axis2.samples.mtomDatabinding.endpoint"/&gt;
      &lt;/java&gt;

      &lt;!-- Move the schema folder to classpath--&gt;
      &lt;move todir="${build.classes}"&gt;
          &lt;fileset dir="output/resources"&gt;
              &lt;include name="*schema*/**/*.class"/&gt;
              &lt;include name="*schema*/**/*.xsb"/&gt;
          &lt;/fileset&gt;

      &lt;/move&gt;

  &lt;/target&gt;</pre>
</source>
<p>Now we are ready to code. Lets edit
output/src/org/apache/axis2/samples/mtomDatabinding/endpoint/MyMTOMServiceSkeleton.java
and fill in the business logic. The end result becomes:</p>
<source><pre>/**
 * MyMTOMServiceSkeleton.java
 *
 * This file was auto-generated from WSDL
 * by the Apache Axis2 version: SNAPSHOT Jul 19, 2006 (03:46:19 BRT)
 */
package org.apache.axis2.samples.mtomDatabinding.endpoint;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import mymtomns.types.ReturnWebBase;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataDocument;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataResponseDocument;
import mymtomns.types.MyBinaryDataDocument.MyBinaryData;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataDocument.SendData;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataResponseDocument.SendDataResponse;

/**
 *  MyMTOMServiceSkeleton java skeleton for the axisService
 */
public class MyMTOMServiceSkeleton implements MyMTOMServiceSkeletonInterface {
     
    /** commons logging declaration. * */
    private static Log logger = LogFactory
            .getLog(MyMTOMServiceSkeleton.class);
    
    /** Put file received here - change path for your system. */
    private static final String MY_DIR = "/home/myuser/example_dir/output";
    /** Success code. */
    public static final Integer SUCCESS = new Integer(0);
    /** Failure / Exception code. */
    public static final Integer FAILURE = new Integer(-1);
    
    /**
     * Auto generated method signature.
     *
     * @param sendDataDocument
     *            input complex object
     * @return SendDataResponseDocument complex object return values
     */
    public SendDataResponseDocument sendData (SendDataDocument sendDataDocument) {
    
        // prepare output
        SendDataResponseDocument retDoc = SendDataResponseDocument.Factory
                .newInstance();

        SendDataResponse retElement = SendDataResponse.Factory
                .newInstance();
    
        ReturnWebBase returnWebBase = ReturnWebBase.Factory
                .newInstance();

        try {
            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug("Reached mtomExample on the server side...");
            }
            SendData sendData = sendDataDocument.getSendData();
            MyBinaryData myBinaryData = sendData.getMyBinaryData();
            byte [] myJpegBytes = myBinaryData.getByteArrayValue();

            File jpegFile = new File(MY_DIR+"myJpeg.jpg");
            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(jpegFile);
            fos.write( myJpegBytes );
            fos.flush();
            fos.close();        

            returnWebBase.setSuccessErrorCode(SUCCESS);
            returnWebBase.setErrorMessage("SUCCESS");

        } catch (Exception ex) {
            logger.error("MyMTOMServiceSkeleton.sendData error:"
                    + ex.getMessage(), ex);
            returnWebBase.setErrorMessage(ex.getMessage());
            returnWebBase.setSuccessErrorCode(FAILURE);
        }
        retElement.setSendDataResult(returnWebBase);
        retDoc.setSendDataResponse(retElement);
        return retDoc;
    }
     
}</pre>
</source>
<p>The code above receives a jpeg file and writes it to disk. It returns zero
on success and in the case of an error, returns -1 along with a stacktrace.
Now lets define the client:</p>
<source><pre>package client;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;

import mymtomns.types.ReturnWebBase;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataDocument;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataResponseDocument;
import mymtomns.types.MyBinaryDataDocument.MyBinaryData;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataDocument.SendData;
import mymtomns.types.SendDataResponseDocument.SendDataResponse;
import org.apache.axis2.samples.mtomDatabinding.endpoint.MyMTOMServiceStub;

public class MTOMXMLBeansClient {

    /** Read file from here - change path for your system. */
    private static final String MY_DIR = "/home/myuser/example_dir/input/";

    public static void main(String [] args) throws Exception {
 
        try {
            SendData sendData
                  = SendData.Factory
                      .newInstance();
            SendDataDocument doc
                  = SendDataDocument.Factory
                      .newInstance();
            MyBinaryData myBinaryData
              = MyBinaryData.Factory
                  .newInstance();
            
            File file=new File(MY_DIR + "axis.jpg");
            FileInputStream stream=new FileInputStream(file);
            int size=stream.available();
            byte[] bytes=new byte[size];
            stream.read(bytes);
            
            myBinaryData.setByteArrayValue(bytes);
            sendData.setMyBinaryData(myBinaryData);
            doc.setSendData(sendData);
       
            MyMTOMServiceStub stub = new MyMTOMServiceStub();
            SendDataResponseDocument responseDoc = stub
                      .sendData(doc);
            SendDataResponse response = responseDoc
                      .getSendDataResponse();
            ReturnWebBase result = response.getSendDataResult();
            // test for errors
            if (result.getSuccessErrorCode() ==-1) {
                System.out.println("ERROR: " + result.getErrorMessage());
            }
       
        } catch (Exception e) {
              e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}</pre>

</source>
<p>The last step is to create an AAR with our Skeleton and the generated
interface and services.xml, and then deploy the service. See the user guide
for more info.</p>
<a name="3"></a>

<h2>SOAP with Attachments (SwA) with Axis2</h2>
<a name="31"></a>

<h3>Receiving SwA type attachments</h3>

<p>Axis2 automatically identifies SwA messages based on the content type.
Axis2 stores the references to the received attachment parts (MIME parts) in
the Message Context. Axis2 preserves the order of the received attachments
when storing them in the MessageContext. Users can access binary attachments
using the attachement API given in the Message Context using content-id of
the mime part as the key. Care needs be taken to rip off the "cid" prefix
when content-id is taken from the "Href" attributes. Users can access the the
message context from whithin a service implementation class using the
"setOperationContext()" method as shown in the following example.</p>

<p>Note: Axis2 supports content-id based referencing only. Axis2 does not
support Content Location based referencing of MIME parts.</p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>Sample service which accesses a received SwA type
    attachment</strong></li>
</ul>
<source><pre>public class SwA {
    private OperationContext operationContext;

    public SwA() {
    }

    public void setOperationContext(OperationContext oc) throws AxisFault {
        operationContext = oc;
    }

    public void uploadAttachment(OMElement omEle) throws AxisFault {
        OMElement child = (OMElement) omEle.getFirstOMChild();
        OMAttribute attr = child.getAttribute(new QName("href"));
        
        //Content ID processing
        String contentID = attr.getAttributeValue();
        contentID = contentID.trim();
        if (contentID.substring(0, 3).equalsIgnoreCase("cid")) {
            contentID = contentID.substring(4);
        }
        
        Attachments attachment = (Attachments) (operationContext.getMessageContext(WSDLConstants.MESSAGE_LABEL_IN_VALUE)).getAttachmentMap();
        DataHandler dataHandler = attachment.getDataHandler(contentID);
        ...........
    }
}</pre>
</source><a name="32"></a>

<h3>Sending SwA Type Attachments</h3>

<p>User need to set the "enableSwA" property to true in order to be able to
send SwA messages. Axis2 user is <strong>not</strong> expected to enable MTOM
&amp; SwA together. In such a situation MTOM will get priority over SwA.</p>

<p>This can be set using the axis2.xml as follows.</p>
<source><pre>  
        &lt;parameter name="enableSwA" locked="false"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;</pre>
</source>
<p>"enableSwA" can also be set using the client side Options as follows</p>
<source><pre>  
        options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.ENABLE_SwA, Constants.VALUE_TRUE);</pre>
</source>
<p>Users are expected to use the attachment API provided in the
MessageContext to specify the binary attachments needed to be attached to the
outgoing message as SwA type attachments. Client side SwA capability can be
used only with the OperationClient api, since the user needs the ability to
access the MessageContext.</p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>Sample client which sends a message with SwA type
    attachments</strong></li>
</ul>
<source><pre>   public void uploadFileUsingSwA(String fileName) throws Exception {

        Options options = new Options();
        options.setTo(targetEPR);
        options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.ENABLE_SWA, Constants.VALUE_TRUE);
        options.setTransportInProtocol(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP);
        options.setSoapVersionURI(SOAP11Constants.SOAP_ENVELOPE_NAMESPACE_URI);
        options.setTo(targetEPR);
  
        ServiceClient sender = new ServiceClient(null,null);
        sender.setOptions(options);
        OperationClient mepClient = sender.createClient(ServiceClient.ANON_OUT_IN_OP);
        
        MessageContext mc = new MessageContext();   
        mc.setEnvelope(createEnvelope());
        FileDataSource fileDataSource = new FileDataSource("test-resources/mtom/test.jpg");
        DataHandler dataHandler = new DataHandler(fileDataSource);
        mc.addAttachment("FirstAttachment",dataHandler);
       
        mepClient.addMessageContext(mc);
        mepClient.execute(true);
    }</pre>
</source><a name="33"></a>

<h3>MTOM Backward Compatibility with SwA</h3>

<p>MTOM specification is designed to be backward compatible with the SOAP
with Attachments specification. Even though the representation is different,
both technologies have the same wire format. We can safely assume that any
SOAP with Attachments endpoint can accept a MTOM optimized messages and treat
them as SOAP with Attachment messages - Any MTOM optimized message is a valid
SwA message.</p>

<p>Note : Above backword compatibility was succesfully tested against Axis
1.x</p>

<ul>
  <li><strong>A sample SwA message from Axis 1.x</strong></li>
</ul>
<source><pre>Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/xml"; 
          start="&lt;9D645C8EBB837CE54ABD027A3659535D&gt;";
                boundary="----=_Part_0_1977511.1123163571138"

------=_Part_0_1977511.1123163571138
Content-Type: text/xml; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Id: &lt;9D645C8EBB837CE54ABD027A3659535D&gt;

&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?&gt;
&lt;soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="...."....&gt;
    ........
                &lt;source href="cid:3936AE19FBED55AE4620B81C73BDD76E" xmlns="/&gt;

    ........
&lt;/soapenv:Envelope&gt;
------=_Part_0_1977511.1123163571138
Content-Type: text/plain
Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
Content-Id: &lt;3936AE19FBED55AE4620B81C73BDD76E&gt;

<em>Binary Data.....</em>
------=_Part_0_1977511.1123163571138--</pre>
</source><ul>
  <li><strong>Corresponding MTOM message from Axis2</strong></li>
</ul>

<source><pre>Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary=MIMEBoundary4A7AE55984E7438034;
                         type="application/xop+xml"; start="<0.09BC7F4BE2E4D3EF1B@apache.org>";
                         start-info="text/xml; charset=utf-8"

--MIMEBoundary4A7AE55984E7438034
content-type: application/xop+xml; charset=utf-8; type="application/soap+xml;"
content-transfer-encoding: binary
content-id: &lt;0.09BC7F4BE2E4D3EF1B@apache.org&gt;

&lt;?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?&gt;
&lt;soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="...."....&gt;
  ........
         &lt;xop:Include href="cid:1.A91D6D2E3D7AC4D580@apache.org" 
                        xmlns:xop="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include"&gt;
         &lt;/xop:Include&gt;
  ........

&lt;/soapenv:Envelope&gt;
--MIMEBoundary4A7AE55984E7438034
content-type: application/octet-stream
content-transfer-encoding: binary
content-id: <1.A91D6D2E3D7AC4D580@apache.org>

<em>Binary Data.....</em>
--MIMEBoundary4A7AE55984E7438034--</pre>
</source><a name="4"></a>

<h2>Advanced Topics</h2>
<a name="41"></a>

<h3>File Caching for Attachments</h3>

<p>Axis2 comes handy with a file caching mechanism for incoming attachments,
which gives Axis2 the ability to handle very large attachments without
buffering them in memory at any time. Axis2 file caching streams the incoming
MIME parts directly in to files, after reading the MIME part headers.</p>

<p>Also a user can specify a size threshold for the File caching (in bytes).
When this threshold value is specified, only the attachments whose size is
bigger than the threshold value will get cached in files. Smaller attachments
will remain in Memory.</p>

<p><em>NOTE</em> : It is a must to specify a directory to temporary store the
attachments. Also care should be taken to <strong>clean that
directory</strong> from time to time.</p>

<p>The following parameters need to be set in Axis2.xml in order to enable
file caching.</p>
<source><pre>&lt;axisconfig name="AxisJava2.0"&gt;

    &lt;!-- ================================================= --&gt;
    &lt;!-- Parameters --&gt;
    &lt;!-- ================================================= --&gt;
    &lt;parameter name="cacheAttachments" locked="false"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;
    &lt;parameter name="attachmentDIR" locked="false"&gt;<em>temp directory</em>&lt;/parameter&gt;

    &lt;parameter name="sizeThreshold" locked="false"&gt;<em>4000</em>&lt;/parameter&gt;
    .........
    .........
&lt;/axisconfig&gt;</pre>
</source>
<p>Enabling file caching for client side receiving can be done for the by
setting the Options as follows.</p>
<source><pre>options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.CACHE_ATTACHMENTS,Constants.VALUE_TRUE);
options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.ATTACHMENT_TEMP_DIR,<em>TempDir</em>);
options.setProperty(Constants.Configuration.FILE_SIZE_THRESHOLD, <em>"4000"</em>);</pre>

</source></body>
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