# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
# specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.

from datetime import datetime, timezone, timedelta
import gzip
import os
import pathlib
from urllib.request import urlopen
import subprocess
import sys
import time

import pytest
import weakref

import pyarrow as pa
from pyarrow.tests.test_io import assert_file_not_found
from pyarrow.tests.util import (_filesystem_uri, ProxyHandler,
                                _configure_s3_limited_user,
                                running_on_musllinux)

from pyarrow.fs import (FileType, FileInfo, FileSelector, FileSystem,
                        LocalFileSystem, SubTreeFileSystem, _MockFileSystem,
                        FileSystemHandler, PyFileSystem, FSSpecHandler,
                        copy_files)
from pyarrow.util import find_free_port


here = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))


class DummyHandler(FileSystemHandler):
    def __init__(self, value=42):
        self._value = value

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, FileSystemHandler):
            return self._value == other._value
        return NotImplemented

    def __ne__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, FileSystemHandler):
            return self._value != other._value
        return NotImplemented

    def get_type_name(self):
        return "dummy"

    def normalize_path(self, path):
        return path

    def get_file_info(self, paths):
        info = []
        for path in paths:
            if "file" in path:
                info.append(FileInfo(path, FileType.File))
            elif "dir" in path:
                info.append(FileInfo(path, FileType.Directory))
            elif "notfound" in path:
                info.append(FileInfo(path, FileType.NotFound))
            elif "badtype" in path:
                # Will raise when converting
                info.append(object())
            else:
                raise IOError
        return info

    def get_file_info_selector(self, selector):
        if selector.base_dir != "somedir":
            if selector.allow_not_found:
                return []
            else:
                raise FileNotFoundError(selector.base_dir)
        infos = [
            FileInfo("somedir/file1", FileType.File, size=123),
            FileInfo("somedir/subdir1", FileType.Directory),
        ]
        if selector.recursive:
            infos += [
                FileInfo("somedir/subdir1/file2", FileType.File, size=456),
            ]
        return infos

    def create_dir(self, path, recursive):
        if path == "recursive":
            assert recursive is True
        elif path == "non-recursive":
            assert recursive is False
        else:
            raise IOError

    def delete_dir(self, path):
        assert path == "delete_dir"

    def delete_dir_contents(self, path, missing_dir_ok):
        if not path.strip("/"):
            raise ValueError
        assert path == "delete_dir_contents"

    def delete_root_dir_contents(self):
        pass

    def delete_file(self, path):
        assert path == "delete_file"

    def move(self, src, dest):
        assert src == "move_from"
        assert dest == "move_to"

    def copy_file(self, src, dest):
        assert src == "copy_file_from"
        assert dest == "copy_file_to"

    def open_input_stream(self, path):
        if "notfound" in path:
            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
        data = f"{path}:input_stream".encode('utf8')
        return pa.BufferReader(data)

    def open_input_file(self, path):
        if "notfound" in path:
            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
        data = f"{path}:input_file".encode('utf8')
        return pa.BufferReader(data)

    def open_output_stream(self, path, metadata):
        if "notfound" in path:
            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
        return pa.BufferOutputStream()

    def open_append_stream(self, path, metadata):
        if "notfound" in path:
            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
        return pa.BufferOutputStream()


@pytest.fixture
def localfs(request, tempdir):
    return dict(
        fs=LocalFileSystem(),
        pathfn=lambda p: (tempdir / p).as_posix(),
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def py_localfs(request, tempdir):
    return dict(
        fs=PyFileSystem(ProxyHandler(LocalFileSystem())),
        pathfn=lambda p: (tempdir / p).as_posix(),
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def mockfs(request):
    return dict(
        fs=_MockFileSystem(),
        pathfn=lambda p: p,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def py_mockfs(request):
    return dict(
        fs=PyFileSystem(ProxyHandler(_MockFileSystem())),
        pathfn=lambda p: p,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def localfs_with_mmap(request, tempdir):
    return dict(
        fs=LocalFileSystem(use_mmap=True),
        pathfn=lambda p: (tempdir / p).as_posix(),
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def subtree_localfs(request, tempdir, localfs):
    return dict(
        fs=SubTreeFileSystem(str(tempdir), localfs['fs']),
        pathfn=lambda p: p,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def gcsfs(request, gcs_server):
    request.config.pyarrow.requires('gcs')
    from pyarrow.fs import GcsFileSystem

    host, port = gcs_server['connection']
    bucket = 'pyarrow-filesystem/'

    fs = GcsFileSystem(
        endpoint_override=f'{host}:{port}',
        scheme='http',
        # Mock endpoint doesn't check credentials.
        anonymous=True,
        retry_time_limit=timedelta(seconds=45),
        project_id='test-project-id'
    )
    try:
        fs.create_dir(bucket)
    except OSError as e:
        pytest.skip(f"Could not create directory in {fs}: {e}")

    yield dict(
        fs=fs,
        pathfn=bucket.__add__,
        allow_move_dir=False,
        allow_append_to_file=False,
    )
    fs.delete_dir(bucket)


@pytest.fixture
def s3fs(request, s3_server):
    request.config.pyarrow.requires('s3')
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem

    host, port, access_key, secret_key = s3_server['connection']
    bucket = 'pyarrow-filesystem/'

    fs = S3FileSystem(
        access_key=access_key,
        secret_key=secret_key,
        endpoint_override=f'{host}:{port}',
        scheme='http',
        allow_bucket_creation=True,
        allow_bucket_deletion=True
    )
    fs.create_dir(bucket)

    yield dict(
        fs=fs,
        pathfn=bucket.__add__,
        allow_move_dir=False,
        allow_append_to_file=False,
    )
    fs.delete_dir(bucket)


@pytest.fixture
def subtree_s3fs(request, s3fs):
    prefix = 'pyarrow-filesystem/prefix/'
    return dict(
        fs=SubTreeFileSystem(prefix, s3fs['fs']),
        pathfn=prefix.__add__,
        allow_move_dir=False,
        allow_append_to_file=False,
    )


_minio_limited_policy = """{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Action": [
                "s3:ListAllMyBuckets",
                "s3:PutObject",
                "s3:GetObject",
                "s3:ListBucket",
                "s3:PutObjectTagging",
                "s3:DeleteObject",
                "s3:GetObjectVersion"
            ],
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:s3:::*"
            ]

        },
        {
            "Effect": "Deny",
            "Action": [
                "s3:DeleteObject"
            ],
            "Resource": [
                "arn:aws:s3:::no-delete-bucket*"
            ]
        }
    ]
}"""


@pytest.fixture
def azurefs(request, azure_server):
    request.config.pyarrow.requires('azure')
    from pyarrow.fs import AzureFileSystem

    host, port, account_name, account_key = azure_server['connection']
    azurite_authority = f"{host}:{port}"
    azurite_scheme = "http"

    container = 'pyarrow-filesystem/'

    fs = AzureFileSystem(account_name=account_name,
                         account_key=account_key,
                         blob_storage_authority=azurite_authority,
                         dfs_storage_authority=azurite_authority,
                         blob_storage_scheme=azurite_scheme,
                         dfs_storage_scheme=azurite_scheme)

    fs.create_dir(container)

    yield dict(
        fs=fs,
        pathfn=container.__add__,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )
    fs.delete_dir(container)


@pytest.fixture
def hdfs(request, hdfs_connection):
    request.config.pyarrow.requires('hdfs')
    if not pa.have_libhdfs():
        pytest.skip('Cannot locate libhdfs')

    from pyarrow.fs import HadoopFileSystem

    host, port, user = hdfs_connection
    fs = HadoopFileSystem(host, port=port, user=user)

    return dict(
        fs=fs,
        pathfn=lambda p: p,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def py_fsspec_localfs(request, tempdir):
    fsspec = pytest.importorskip("fsspec")
    fs = fsspec.filesystem('file')
    return dict(
        fs=PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(fs)),
        pathfn=lambda p: (tempdir / p).as_posix(),
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def py_fsspec_memoryfs(request, tempdir):
    fsspec = pytest.importorskip("fsspec", minversion="0.7.5")
    if fsspec.__version__ == "0.8.5":
        # see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-10934
        pytest.skip("Bug in fsspec 0.8.5 for in-memory filesystem")
    fs = fsspec.filesystem('memory')
    return dict(
        fs=PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(fs)),
        pathfn=lambda p: p,
        allow_move_dir=True,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )


@pytest.fixture
def py_fsspec_s3fs(request, s3_server):
    s3fs = pytest.importorskip("s3fs")
    host, port, access_key, secret_key = s3_server['connection']
    bucket = 'pyarrow-filesystem/'

    fs = s3fs.S3FileSystem(
        key=access_key,
        secret=secret_key,
        client_kwargs=dict(endpoint_url=f'http://{host}:{port}')
    )
    fs = PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(fs))
    fs.create_dir(bucket)

    yield dict(
        fs=fs,
        pathfn=bucket.__add__,
        allow_move_dir=False,
        allow_append_to_file=True,
    )
    fs.delete_dir(bucket)


@pytest.fixture(params=[
    pytest.param(
        'localfs',
        id='LocalFileSystem()'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'localfs_with_mmap',
        id='LocalFileSystem(use_mmap=True)'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'subtree_localfs',
        id='SubTreeFileSystem(LocalFileSystem())'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        's3fs',
        id='S3FileSystem',
        marks=pytest.mark.s3
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'gcsfs',
        id='GcsFileSystem',
        marks=pytest.mark.gcs
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'azurefs',
        id='AzureFileSystem',
        marks=pytest.mark.azure
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'hdfs',
        id='HadoopFileSystem',
        marks=pytest.mark.hdfs
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'mockfs',
        id='_MockFileSystem()'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'py_localfs',
        id='PyFileSystem(ProxyHandler(LocalFileSystem()))'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'py_mockfs',
        id='PyFileSystem(ProxyHandler(_MockFileSystem()))'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'py_fsspec_localfs',
        id='PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(fsspec.LocalFileSystem()))'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'py_fsspec_memoryfs',
        id='PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(fsspec.filesystem("memory")))'
    ),
    pytest.param(
        'py_fsspec_s3fs',
        id='PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(s3fs.S3FileSystem()))',
        marks=pytest.mark.s3
    ),
])
def filesystem_config(request):
    return request.getfixturevalue(request.param)


@pytest.fixture
def fs(filesystem_config):
    return filesystem_config['fs']


@pytest.fixture
def pathfn(filesystem_config):
    return filesystem_config['pathfn']


@pytest.fixture
def allow_move_dir(filesystem_config):
    return filesystem_config['allow_move_dir']


@pytest.fixture
def allow_append_to_file(filesystem_config):
    return filesystem_config['allow_append_to_file']


def check_mtime(file_info):
    assert isinstance(file_info.mtime, datetime)
    assert isinstance(file_info.mtime_ns, int)
    assert file_info.mtime_ns >= 0
    assert file_info.mtime_ns == pytest.approx(
        file_info.mtime.timestamp() * 1e9)
    # It's an aware UTC datetime
    tzinfo = file_info.mtime.tzinfo
    assert tzinfo is not None
    assert tzinfo.utcoffset(None) == timedelta(0)


def check_mtime_absent(file_info):
    assert file_info.mtime is None
    assert file_info.mtime_ns is None


def check_mtime_or_absent(file_info):
    if file_info.mtime is None:
        check_mtime_absent(file_info)
    else:
        check_mtime(file_info)


def skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs):
    if fs.type_name == "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')":
        pytest.xfail(reason="Not working with fsspec's s3fs")


def skip_azure(fs, reason):
    if fs.type_name == "abfs":
        pytest.skip(reason=reason)


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3fs_limited_permissions_create_bucket(s3_server):
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem
    _configure_s3_limited_user(s3_server, _minio_limited_policy,
                               'test_fs_limited_user', 'limited123')
    host, port, _, _ = s3_server['connection']

    fs = S3FileSystem(
        access_key='test_fs_limited_user',
        secret_key='limited123',
        endpoint_override=f'{host}:{port}',
        scheme='http'
    )
    fs.create_dir('existing-bucket/test')

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError, match="Bucket 'new-bucket' not found"):
        fs.create_dir('new-bucket')

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError, match="Would delete bucket"):
        fs.delete_dir('existing-bucket')

    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Request ID:"):
        fs.copy_file("existing-bucket/test-file", "existing-bucket/test-file-copy")

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError, match="Request ID:"):
        with fs.open_output_stream("non-existing-bucket/test-file") as f:
            f.write(b"test")

    # Create a file in the protected bucket then try to delete it
    with fs.open_output_stream("no-delete-bucket/test-file") as f:
        f.write(b"test")

    with pytest.raises(OSError, match="Request ID:"):
        fs.delete_file("no-delete-bucket/test-file")


def test_file_info_constructor():
    dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(1568799826, timezone.utc)

    info = FileInfo("foo/bar")
    assert info.path == "foo/bar"
    assert info.base_name == "bar"
    assert info.type == FileType.Unknown
    assert info.size is None
    check_mtime_absent(info)

    info = FileInfo("foo/baz.txt", type=FileType.File, size=123,
                    mtime=1568799826.5)
    assert info.path == "foo/baz.txt"
    assert info.base_name == "baz.txt"
    assert info.type == FileType.File
    assert info.size == 123
    assert info.mtime_ns == 1568799826500000000
    check_mtime(info)

    info = FileInfo("foo", type=FileType.Directory, mtime=dt)
    assert info.path == "foo"
    assert info.base_name == "foo"
    assert info.type == FileType.Directory
    assert info.size is None
    assert info.mtime == dt
    assert info.mtime_ns == 1568799826000000000
    check_mtime(info)


def test_cannot_instantiate_base_filesystem():
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        FileSystem()


def test_filesystem_equals():
    fs0 = LocalFileSystem()
    fs1 = LocalFileSystem()
    fs2 = _MockFileSystem()

    assert fs0.equals(fs0)
    assert fs0.equals(fs1)
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        fs0.equals('string')
    assert fs0 == fs0 == fs1
    assert fs0 != 4

    assert fs2 == fs2
    assert fs2 != _MockFileSystem()

    assert SubTreeFileSystem('/base', fs0) == SubTreeFileSystem('/base', fs0)
    assert SubTreeFileSystem('/base', fs0) != SubTreeFileSystem('/base', fs2)
    assert SubTreeFileSystem('/base', fs0) != SubTreeFileSystem('/other', fs0)


def test_filesystem_equals_none(fs):
    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="got NoneType"):
        fs.equals(None)

    assert fs is not None


def test_subtree_filesystem():
    localfs = LocalFileSystem()

    subfs = SubTreeFileSystem('/base', localfs)
    assert subfs.base_path == '/base/'
    assert subfs.base_fs == localfs
    assert repr(subfs).startswith('SubTreeFileSystem(base_path=/base/, '
                                  'base_fs=<pyarrow._fs.LocalFileSystem')

    subfs = SubTreeFileSystem('/another/base/', LocalFileSystem())
    assert subfs.base_path == '/another/base/'
    assert subfs.base_fs == localfs
    assert repr(subfs).startswith('SubTreeFileSystem(base_path=/another/base/,'
                                  ' base_fs=<pyarrow._fs.LocalFileSystem')


def test_filesystem_pickling(fs, pickle_module):
    if fs.type_name.split('::')[-1] == 'mock':
        pytest.xfail(reason='MockFileSystem is not serializable')

    serialized = pickle_module.dumps(fs)
    restored = pickle_module.loads(serialized)
    assert isinstance(restored, FileSystem)
    assert restored.equals(fs)


def test_filesystem_is_functional_after_pickling(fs, pathfn, pickle_module):
    if fs.type_name.split('::')[-1] == 'mock':
        pytest.xfail(reason='MockFileSystem is not serializable')
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)

    aaa = pathfn('a/aa/aaa/')
    bb = pathfn('a/bb')
    c = pathfn('c.txt')

    fs.create_dir(aaa)
    with fs.open_output_stream(bb):
        pass  # touch
    with fs.open_output_stream(c) as fp:
        fp.write(b'test')

    restored = pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs))
    aaa_info, bb_info, c_info = restored.get_file_info([aaa, bb, c])
    assert aaa_info.type == FileType.Directory
    assert bb_info.type == FileType.File
    assert c_info.type == FileType.File


def test_type_name():
    fs = LocalFileSystem()
    assert fs.type_name == "local"
    fs = _MockFileSystem()
    assert fs.type_name == "mock"


def test_normalize_path(fs):
    # Trivial path names (without separators) should generally be
    # already normalized.  Just a sanity check.
    assert fs.normalize_path("foo") == "foo"


def test_non_path_like_input_raises(fs):
    class Path:
        pass

    invalid_paths = [1, 1.1, Path(), tuple(), {}, [], lambda: 1,
                     pathlib.Path()]
    for path in invalid_paths:
        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
            fs.create_dir(path)


def test_get_file_info(fs, pathfn):
    aaa = pathfn('a/aa/aaa/')
    bb = pathfn('a/bb')
    c = pathfn('c.txt')
    zzz = pathfn('zzz')

    fs.create_dir(aaa)
    with fs.open_output_stream(bb):
        pass  # touch
    with fs.open_output_stream(c) as fp:
        fp.write(b'test')

    aaa_info, bb_info, c_info, zzz_info = fs.get_file_info([aaa, bb, c, zzz])

    assert aaa_info.path == aaa
    assert 'aaa' in repr(aaa_info)
    assert aaa_info.extension == ''
    if fs.type_name == "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')":
        # s3fs doesn't create empty directories
        assert aaa_info.type == FileType.NotFound
    else:
        assert aaa_info.type == FileType.Directory
        assert 'FileType.Directory' in repr(aaa_info)
    assert aaa_info.size is None
    check_mtime_or_absent(aaa_info)

    assert bb_info.path == str(bb)
    assert bb_info.base_name == 'bb'
    assert bb_info.extension == ''
    assert bb_info.type == FileType.File
    assert 'FileType.File' in repr(bb_info)
    assert bb_info.size == 0
    if fs.type_name not in ["py::fsspec+memory", "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')"]:
        check_mtime(bb_info)

    assert c_info.path == str(c)
    assert c_info.base_name == 'c.txt'
    assert c_info.extension == 'txt'
    assert c_info.type == FileType.File
    assert 'FileType.File' in repr(c_info)
    assert c_info.size == 4
    if fs.type_name not in ["py::fsspec+memory", "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')"]:
        check_mtime(c_info)

    assert zzz_info.path == str(zzz)
    assert zzz_info.base_name == 'zzz'
    assert zzz_info.extension == ''
    assert zzz_info.type == FileType.NotFound
    assert zzz_info.size is None
    assert zzz_info.mtime is None
    assert 'FileType.NotFound' in repr(zzz_info)
    check_mtime_absent(zzz_info)

    # with single path
    aaa_info2 = fs.get_file_info(aaa)
    assert aaa_info.path == aaa_info2.path
    assert aaa_info.type == aaa_info2.type


def test_get_file_info_with_selector(fs, pathfn):
    base_dir = pathfn('selector-dir/')
    file_a = pathfn('selector-dir/test_file_a')
    file_b = pathfn('selector-dir/test_file_b')
    dir_a = pathfn('selector-dir/test_dir_a')
    file_c = pathfn('selector-dir/test_dir_a/test_file_c')
    dir_b = pathfn('selector-dir/test_dir_b')

    try:
        fs.create_dir(base_dir)
        with fs.open_output_stream(file_a):
            pass
        with fs.open_output_stream(file_b):
            pass
        fs.create_dir(dir_a)
        with fs.open_output_stream(file_c):
            pass
        fs.create_dir(dir_b)

        # recursive selector
        selector = FileSelector(base_dir, allow_not_found=False,
                                recursive=True)
        assert selector.base_dir == base_dir

        infos = fs.get_file_info(selector)
        if fs.type_name == "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')":
            # s3fs only lists directories if they are not empty
            len(infos) == 4
        else:
            assert len(infos) == 5

        for info in infos:
            if (info.path.endswith(file_a) or info.path.endswith(file_b) or
                    info.path.endswith(file_c)):
                assert info.type == FileType.File
            elif (info.path.rstrip("/").endswith(dir_a) or
                  info.path.rstrip("/").endswith(dir_b)):
                assert info.type == FileType.Directory
            else:
                raise ValueError(f'unexpected path {info.path}')
            check_mtime_or_absent(info)

        # non-recursive selector -> not selecting the nested file_c
        selector = FileSelector(base_dir, recursive=False)

        infos = fs.get_file_info(selector)
        if fs.type_name == "py::fsspec+('s3', 's3a')":
            # s3fs only lists directories if they are not empty
            assert len(infos) == 3
        else:
            assert len(infos) == 4

    finally:
        fs.delete_dir(base_dir)


def test_create_dir(fs, pathfn):
    # s3fs fails deleting dir fails if it is empty
    # (https://github.com/dask/s3fs/issues/317)
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)
    d = pathfn('test-directory/')

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(d)

    fs.create_dir(d)
    fs.delete_dir(d)

    d = pathfn('deeply/nested/test-directory/')
    fs.create_dir(d, recursive=True)
    fs.delete_dir(d)


def test_delete_dir(fs, pathfn):
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)

    d = pathfn('directory/')
    nd = pathfn('directory/nested/')

    fs.create_dir(nd)
    fs.delete_dir(d)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(nd)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(d)


def test_delete_dir_with_explicit_subdir(fs, pathfn):
    # GH-38618: regression with AWS failing to delete directories,
    # depending on whether they were created explicitly. Note that
    # Minio doesn't reproduce the issue, so this test is not a regression
    # test in itself.
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)

    d = pathfn('directory/')
    nd = pathfn('directory/nested/')

    # deleting dir with explicit subdir
    fs.create_dir(d)
    fs.create_dir(nd)
    fs.delete_dir(d)
    dir_info = fs.get_file_info(d)
    assert dir_info.type == FileType.NotFound

    # deleting dir with blob in explicit subdir
    d = pathfn('directory2')
    nd = pathfn('directory2/nested')
    f = pathfn('directory2/nested/target-file')

    fs.create_dir(d)
    fs.create_dir(nd)
    with fs.open_output_stream(f) as s:
        s.write(b'data')

    fs.delete_dir(d)
    dir_info = fs.get_file_info(d)
    assert dir_info.type == FileType.NotFound


def test_delete_dir_contents(fs, pathfn):
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)

    d = pathfn('directory/')
    nd = pathfn('directory/nested/')

    fs.create_dir(nd)
    fs.delete_dir_contents(d)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(nd)
    fs.delete_dir_contents(nd, missing_dir_ok=True)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir_contents(nd)
    fs.delete_dir(d)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(d)


def _check_root_dir_contents(config):
    fs = config['fs']
    pathfn = config['pathfn']

    d = pathfn('directory/')
    nd = pathfn('directory/nested/')

    fs.create_dir(nd)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        fs.delete_dir_contents("")
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        fs.delete_dir_contents("/")
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        fs.delete_dir_contents("//")

    fs.delete_dir_contents("", accept_root_dir=True)
    fs.delete_dir_contents("/", accept_root_dir=True)
    fs.delete_dir_contents("//", accept_root_dir=True)

    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_dir(d)


def test_delete_root_dir_contents(mockfs, py_mockfs):
    _check_root_dir_contents(mockfs)
    _check_root_dir_contents(py_mockfs)


def test_copy_file(fs, pathfn):
    s = pathfn('test-copy-source-file')
    t = pathfn('test-copy-target-file')

    with fs.open_output_stream(s):
        pass

    fs.copy_file(s, t)
    fs.delete_file(s)
    fs.delete_file(t)


def test_move_directory(fs, pathfn, allow_move_dir):
    # TODO(GH-40025): Stop skipping this test
    skip_azure(fs, "Not implemented yet in for Azure. See GH-40025")

    # move directory (doesn't work with S3)
    s = pathfn('source-dir/')
    t = pathfn('target-dir/')

    fs.create_dir(s)

    if allow_move_dir:
        fs.move(s, t)
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
            fs.delete_dir(s)
        fs.delete_dir(t)
    else:
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
            fs.move(s, t)


def test_move_file(fs, pathfn):
    # s3fs moving a file with recursive=True on latest 0.5 version
    # (https://github.com/dask/s3fs/issues/394)
    skip_fsspec_s3fs(fs)

    # TODO(GH-40025): Stop skipping this test
    skip_azure(fs, "Not implemented yet in for Azure. See GH-40025")

    s = pathfn('test-move-source-file')
    t = pathfn('test-move-target-file')

    with fs.open_output_stream(s):
        pass

    fs.move(s, t)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_file(s)
    fs.delete_file(t)


def test_delete_file(fs, pathfn):
    p = pathfn('test-delete-target-file')
    with fs.open_output_stream(p):
        pass

    fs.delete_file(p)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowIOError):
        fs.delete_file(p)

    d = pathfn('test-delete-nested')
    fs.create_dir(d)
    f = pathfn('test-delete-nested/target-file')
    with fs.open_output_stream(f) as s:
        s.write(b'data')

    fs.delete_dir(d)


def identity(v):
    return v


@pytest.mark.gzip
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('compression', 'buffer_size', 'compressor'),
    [
        (None, None, identity),
        (None, 64, identity),
        ('gzip', None, gzip.compress),
        ('gzip', 256, gzip.compress),
    ]
)
def test_open_input_stream(fs, pathfn, compression, buffer_size, compressor):
    p = pathfn('open-input-stream')

    data = b'some data for reading\n' * 512
    with fs.open_output_stream(p) as s:
        s.write(compressor(data))

    with fs.open_input_stream(p, compression, buffer_size) as s:
        result = s.read()

    assert result == data


def test_open_input_file(fs, pathfn):
    p = pathfn('open-input-file')

    data = b'some data' * 1024
    with fs.open_output_stream(p) as s:
        s.write(data)

    read_from = len(b'some data') * 512
    with fs.open_input_file(p) as f:
        result = f.read()
    assert result == data

    with fs.open_input_file(p) as f:
        f.seek(read_from)
        result = f.read()

    assert result == data[read_from:]


def test_open_input_stream_not_found(fs, pathfn):
    # The proper exception should be raised for this common case (ARROW-15896)
    p = pathfn('open-input-stream-not-found')
    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
        fs.open_input_stream(p)


@pytest.mark.gzip
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('compression', 'buffer_size', 'decompressor'),
    [
        (None, None, identity),
        (None, 64, identity),
        ('gzip', None, gzip.decompress),
        ('gzip', 256, gzip.decompress),
    ]
)
def test_open_output_stream(fs, pathfn, compression, buffer_size,
                            decompressor):
    p = pathfn('open-output-stream')

    data = b'some data for writing' * 1024
    with fs.open_output_stream(p, compression, buffer_size) as f:
        f.write(data)

    with fs.open_input_stream(p, compression, buffer_size) as f:
        assert f.read(len(data)) == data


@pytest.mark.gzip
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    ('compression', 'buffer_size', 'compressor', 'decompressor'),
    [
        (None, None, identity, identity),
        (None, 64, identity, identity),
        ('gzip', None, gzip.compress, gzip.decompress),
        ('gzip', 256, gzip.compress, gzip.decompress),
    ]
)
def test_open_append_stream(fs, pathfn, compression, buffer_size, compressor,
                            decompressor, allow_append_to_file):
    p = pathfn('open-append-stream')

    initial = compressor(b'already existing')
    with fs.open_output_stream(p) as s:
        s.write(initial)

    if allow_append_to_file:
        with fs.open_append_stream(p, compression=compression,
                                   buffer_size=buffer_size) as f:
            f.write(b'\nnewly added')

        with fs.open_input_stream(p) as f:
            result = f.read()

        result = decompressor(result)
        assert result == b'already existing\nnewly added'
    else:
        with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowNotImplementedError):
            fs.open_append_stream(p, compression=compression,
                                  buffer_size=buffer_size)


def test_open_output_stream_metadata(fs, pathfn):
    p = pathfn('open-output-stream-metadata')
    metadata = {'Content-Type': 'x-pyarrow/test'}

    data = b'some data'
    with fs.open_output_stream(p, metadata=metadata) as f:
        f.write(data)

    with fs.open_input_stream(p) as f:
        assert f.read() == data
        got_metadata = f.metadata()

    if fs.type_name in ['s3', 'gcs', 'abfs'] or 'mock' in fs.type_name:
        # TODO(GH-40026): Stop skipping this test
        skip_azure(
            fs, "Azure filesystem currently only returns system metadata not user "
            "metadata. See GH-40026")
        for k, v in metadata.items():
            assert got_metadata[k] == v.encode()
    else:
        assert got_metadata == {}


def test_localfs_options():
    # LocalFileSystem instantiation
    LocalFileSystem(use_mmap=False)

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        LocalFileSystem(xxx=False)


def test_localfs_errors(localfs):
    # Local filesystem errors should raise the right Python exceptions
    # (e.g. FileNotFoundError)
    fs = localfs['fs']
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.open_input_stream('/non/existent/file')
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.open_output_stream('/non/existent/file')
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.create_dir('/non/existent/dir', recursive=False)
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.delete_dir('/non/existent/dir')
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.delete_file('/non/existent/dir')
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.move('/non/existent', '/xxx')
    with assert_file_not_found():
        fs.copy_file('/non/existent', '/xxx')


def test_localfs_file_info(localfs):
    fs = localfs['fs']

    file_path = pathlib.Path(__file__)
    dir_path = file_path.parent
    [file_info, dir_info] = fs.get_file_info([file_path.as_posix(),
                                              dir_path.as_posix()])
    assert file_info.size == file_path.stat().st_size
    assert file_info.mtime_ns == file_path.stat().st_mtime_ns
    check_mtime(file_info)
    assert dir_info.mtime_ns == dir_path.stat().st_mtime_ns
    check_mtime(dir_info)


def test_mockfs_mtime_roundtrip(mockfs):
    dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(1568799826, timezone.utc)
    fs = _MockFileSystem(dt)

    with fs.open_output_stream('foo'):
        pass
    [info] = fs.get_file_info(['foo'])
    assert info.mtime == dt


@pytest.mark.gcs
def test_gcs_options(pickle_module):
    from pyarrow.fs import GcsFileSystem
    dt = datetime.now()
    fs = GcsFileSystem(access_token='abc',
                       target_service_account='service_account@apache',
                       credential_token_expiration=dt,
                       default_bucket_location='us-west2',
                       scheme='https', endpoint_override='localhost:8999',
                       project_id='test-project-id')
    assert isinstance(fs, GcsFileSystem)
    assert fs.default_bucket_location == 'us-west2'
    assert fs.project_id == 'test-project-id'
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = GcsFileSystem()
    assert isinstance(fs, GcsFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = GcsFileSystem(anonymous=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, GcsFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = GcsFileSystem(default_metadata={"ACL": "authenticated-read",
                                         "Content-Type": "text/plain"})
    assert isinstance(fs, GcsFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        GcsFileSystem(access_token='access')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        GcsFileSystem(anonymous=True, access_token='secret')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        GcsFileSystem(anonymous=True, target_service_account='acct')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        GcsFileSystem(credential_token_expiration=datetime.now())


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_options(pickle_module):
    from pyarrow.fs import (AwsDefaultS3RetryStrategy,
                            AwsStandardS3RetryStrategy, S3FileSystem,
                            S3RetryStrategy)

    fs = S3FileSystem(access_key='access', secret_key='secret',
                      session_token='token', region='us-east-2',
                      scheme='https', endpoint_override='localhost:8999')
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert fs.region == 'us-east-2'
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(role_arn='role', session_name='session',
                      external_id='id', load_frequency=100)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    # Note that the retry strategy won't survive pickling for now
    fs = S3FileSystem(
        retry_strategy=AwsStandardS3RetryStrategy(max_attempts=5))
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)

    fs = S3FileSystem(
        retry_strategy=AwsDefaultS3RetryStrategy(max_attempts=5))
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)

    fs2 = S3FileSystem(role_arn='role')
    assert isinstance(fs2, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs2
    assert fs2 != fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(anonymous=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(background_writes=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs2 = S3FileSystem(background_writes=True,
                       default_metadata={"ACL": "authenticated-read",
                                         "Content-Type": "text/plain"})
    assert isinstance(fs2, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs2
    assert fs2 != fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(allow_delayed_open=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) != S3FileSystem()

    fs = S3FileSystem(allow_bucket_creation=True, allow_bucket_deletion=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(allow_bucket_creation=True, allow_bucket_deletion=True,
                      check_directory_existence_before_creation=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(request_timeout=0.5, connect_timeout=0.25)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs2 = S3FileSystem(request_timeout=0.25, connect_timeout=0.5)
    assert isinstance(fs2, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs2
    assert fs2 != fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(endpoint_override='localhost:8999', force_virtual_addressing=True)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(tls_ca_file_path="ca.pem")
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs
    assert fs != S3FileSystem(tls_ca_file_path="other_ca.pem")
    assert fs != S3FileSystem()

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(access_key='access')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(secret_key='secret')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(access_key='access', session_token='token')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(secret_key='secret', session_token='token')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(
            access_key='access', secret_key='secret', role_arn='arn'
        )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(
            access_key='access', secret_key='secret', anonymous=True
        )
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(role_arn="arn", anonymous=True)
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(default_metadata=["foo", "bar"])
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        S3FileSystem(retry_strategy=S3RetryStrategy())


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_proxy_options(monkeypatch, pickle_module):
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem

    # The following two are equivalent:
    proxy_opts_1_dict = {'scheme': 'http', 'host': 'localhost', 'port': 8999}
    proxy_opts_1_str = 'http://localhost:8999'
    # The following two are equivalent:
    proxy_opts_2_dict = {'scheme': 'https', 'host': 'localhost', 'port': 8080}
    proxy_opts_2_str = 'https://localhost:8080'

    # Check dict case for 'proxy_options'
    fs = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    # Check str case for 'proxy_options'
    fs = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    fs = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    # Check that two FSs using the same proxy_options dict are equal
    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    # Check that two FSs using the same proxy_options str are equal
    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    # Check that two FSs using equivalent proxy_options
    # (one dict, one str) are equal
    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    assert fs1 == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs1

    # Check that two FSs using nonequivalent proxy_options are not equal
    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    # Check that two FSs (one using proxy_options and the other not)
    # are not equal
    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem()
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_1_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem()
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_dict)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem()
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    fs1 = S3FileSystem(proxy_options=proxy_opts_2_str)
    fs2 = S3FileSystem()
    assert fs1 != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) != fs2
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) != fs1

    # Only dict and str are supported
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options=('http', 'localhost', 9090))
    # Missing scheme
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options={'host': 'localhost', 'port': 9090})
    # Missing host
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options={'scheme': 'https', 'port': 9090})
    # Missing port
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options={'scheme': 'http', 'host': 'localhost'})
    # Invalid proxy URI (invalid scheme httpsB)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options='httpsB://localhost:9000')
    # Invalid proxy_options dict (invalid scheme httpA)
    with pytest.raises(pa.ArrowInvalid):
        S3FileSystem(proxy_options={'scheme': 'httpA', 'host': 'localhost',
                                    'port': 8999})


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3fs_wrong_region():
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem

    # wrong region for bucket
    # anonymous=True incase CI/etc has invalid credentials
    fs = S3FileSystem(region='eu-north-1', anonymous=True)

    msg = ("When getting information for bucket 'arrow-datasets': "
           r"AWS Error UNKNOWN \(HTTP status 301\) during HeadBucket "
           "operation: No response body. Looks like the configured region is "
           "'eu-north-1' while the bucket is located in 'us-east-1'."
           "|NETWORK_CONNECTION")
    with pytest.raises(OSError, match=msg) as exc:
        fs.get_file_info("arrow-datasets")

    # Sometimes fails on unrelated network error, so next call would also fail.
    if 'NETWORK_CONNECTION' in str(exc.value):
        return

    fs = S3FileSystem(region='us-east-1', anonymous=True)
    fs.get_file_info("arrow-datasets")


@pytest.mark.azure
def test_azurefs_options(pickle_module):
    from pyarrow.fs import AzureFileSystem

    fs1 = AzureFileSystem(account_name='fake-account-name')
    assert isinstance(fs1, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs1)) == fs1

    fs2 = AzureFileSystem(account_name='fake-account-name',
                          account_key='fakeaccountkey')
    assert isinstance(fs2, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs2)) == fs2
    assert fs2 != fs1

    fs3 = AzureFileSystem(account_name='fake-account', account_key='fakeaccount',
                          blob_storage_authority='fake-blob-authority',
                          dfs_storage_authority='fake-dfs-authority',
                          blob_storage_scheme='https',
                          dfs_storage_scheme='https')
    assert isinstance(fs3, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs3)) == fs3
    assert fs3 != fs2

    fs4 = AzureFileSystem(account_name='fake-account-name',
                          sas_token='fakesastoken')
    assert isinstance(fs4, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs4)) == fs4
    assert fs4 != fs3

    fs5 = AzureFileSystem(
        account_name='fake-account-name',
        tenant_id='fake-tenant-id',
        client_id='fake-client-id',
        client_secret='fake-client-secret'
    )
    assert isinstance(fs5, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs5)) == fs5
    assert fs5 != fs4

    fs6 = AzureFileSystem(
        account_name='fake-account-name',
        client_id='fake-client-id'
    )
    assert isinstance(fs6, AzureFileSystem)
    assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs6)) == fs6
    assert fs6 != fs5

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="client_id must be specified"):
        AzureFileSystem(
            account_name='fake-account-name',
            tenant_id='fake-tenant-id'
        )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="client_id must be specified"):
        AzureFileSystem(
            account_name='fake-account-name',
            client_secret='fake-client-secret'
        )

    invalid_msg = (
        "Invalid Azure credential configuration: "
        "For ManagedIdentityCredential, provide only client_id. "
        "For ClientSecretCredential, provide tenant_id, client_id, and client_secret."
    )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=invalid_msg):
        AzureFileSystem(
            account_name='fake-account-name',
            client_id='fake-client-id',
            client_secret='fake-client-secret'
        )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="client_id must be specified"):
        AzureFileSystem(
            account_name='fake-account-name',
            tenant_id='fake-tenant-id',
            client_secret='fake-client-secret'
        )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=invalid_msg):
        AzureFileSystem(
            account_name='fake-account-name',
            tenant_id='fake-tenant-id',
            client_id='fake-client-id'
        )

    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        AzureFileSystem(account_name='fake-account-name', account_key='fakeaccount',
                        sas_token='fakesastoken')

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        AzureFileSystem()


@pytest.mark.hdfs
def test_hdfs_options(hdfs_connection, pickle_module):
    from pyarrow.fs import HadoopFileSystem
    if not pa.have_libhdfs():
        pytest.skip('Cannot locate libhdfs')

    host, port, user = hdfs_connection

    replication = 2
    buffer_size = 64*1024
    default_block_size = 128*1024**2
    uri = ('hdfs://{}:{}/?user={}&replication={}&buffer_size={}'
           '&default_block_size={}')

    hdfs1 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='libhdfs',
                             replication=replication, buffer_size=buffer_size,
                             default_block_size=default_block_size)
    hdfs2 = HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(uri.format(
        host, port, 'libhdfs', replication, buffer_size, default_block_size
    ))
    hdfs3 = HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(uri.format(
        host, port, 'me', replication, buffer_size, default_block_size
    ))
    hdfs4 = HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(uri.format(
        host, port, 'me', replication + 1, buffer_size, default_block_size
    ))
    hdfs5 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port)
    hdfs6 = HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(f'hdfs://{host}:{port}')
    hdfs7 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='localuser')
    hdfs8 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='localuser',
                             kerb_ticket="cache_path")
    hdfs9 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='localuser',
                             kerb_ticket=pathlib.Path("cache_path"))
    hdfs10 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='localuser',
                              kerb_ticket="cache_path2")
    hdfs11 = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user='localuser',
                              kerb_ticket="cache_path",
                              extra_conf={'hdfs_token': 'abcd'})

    assert hdfs1 == hdfs2
    assert hdfs5 == hdfs6
    assert hdfs6 != hdfs7
    assert hdfs2 != hdfs3
    assert hdfs3 != hdfs4
    assert hdfs7 != hdfs5
    assert hdfs2 != hdfs3
    assert hdfs3 != hdfs4
    assert hdfs7 != hdfs8
    assert hdfs8 == hdfs9
    assert hdfs10 != hdfs9
    assert hdfs11 != hdfs8

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        HadoopFileSystem()
    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(3)

    for fs in [hdfs1, hdfs2, hdfs3, hdfs4, hdfs5, hdfs6, hdfs7, hdfs8,
               hdfs9, hdfs10, hdfs11]:
        assert pickle_module.loads(pickle_module.dumps(fs)) == fs

    host, port, user = hdfs_connection

    hdfs = HadoopFileSystem(host, port, user=user)
    assert hdfs.get_file_info(FileSelector('/'))

    hdfs = HadoopFileSystem.from_uri(
        f"hdfs://{host}:{port}/?user={user}"
    )
    assert hdfs.get_file_info(FileSelector('/'))


@pytest.mark.parametrize(('uri', 'expected_klass', 'expected_path'), [
    # leading slashes are removed intentionally, because MockFileSystem doesn't
    # have a distinction between relative and absolute paths
    ('mock:', _MockFileSystem, ''),
    ('mock:foo/bar', _MockFileSystem, 'foo/bar'),
    ('mock:/foo/bar', _MockFileSystem, 'foo/bar'),
    ('mock:///foo/bar', _MockFileSystem, 'foo/bar'),
    ('mock:///some%20path/%C3%A9', _MockFileSystem, 'some path/é'),
    ('file:/', LocalFileSystem, '/'),
    ('file:///', LocalFileSystem, '/'),
    ('file:/foo/bar', LocalFileSystem, '/foo/bar'),
    ('file:///foo/bar', LocalFileSystem, '/foo/bar'),
    ('file:///some%20path/%C3%A9', LocalFileSystem, '/some path/é'),
    # no %-decoding for non-URI inputs
    ('/', LocalFileSystem, '/'),
    ('/foo/bar', LocalFileSystem, '/foo/bar'),
    ('/some path/%20é', LocalFileSystem, '/some path/%20é'),
])
def test_filesystem_from_uri(uri, expected_klass, expected_path):
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(uri)
    assert isinstance(fs, expected_klass)
    assert path == expected_path


def test_filesystem_from_uri_calling():
    # Call using class staticmethod
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri("file:/")
    assert isinstance(fs, LocalFileSystem)
    assert path == "/"

    # Call using class staticmethod with explicit arguments
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(uri="file:/")
    assert isinstance(fs, LocalFileSystem)
    assert path == "/"

    # Call using instance method passthrough
    fs, path = LocalFileSystem().from_uri(uri="file:/")
    assert isinstance(fs, LocalFileSystem)
    assert path == "/"


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    'path',
    ['', '/', 'foo/bar', '/foo/bar', __file__]
)
def test_filesystem_from_path_object(path):
    p = pathlib.Path(path)
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(p)
    assert isinstance(fs, LocalFileSystem)
    assert path == p.resolve().absolute().as_posix()


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_filesystem_from_uri_s3(s3_server):
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem

    host, port, access_key, secret_key = s3_server['connection']

    uri = f"s3://{access_key}:{secret_key}@mybucket/foo/bar?scheme=http&" \
        f"endpoint_override={host}:{port}&allow_bucket_creation=True"

    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(uri)
    assert isinstance(fs, S3FileSystem)
    assert path == "mybucket/foo/bar"

    fs.create_dir(path)
    [info] = fs.get_file_info([path])
    assert info.path == path
    assert info.type == FileType.Directory


@pytest.mark.gcs
def test_filesystem_from_uri_gcs(gcs_server):
    from pyarrow.fs import GcsFileSystem

    host, port = gcs_server['connection']

    uri = ("gs://anonymous@" +
           f"mybucket/foo/bar?scheme=http&endpoint_override={host}:{port}&" +
           "retry_limit_seconds=5&project_id=test-project-id")

    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(uri)
    assert isinstance(fs, GcsFileSystem)
    assert path == "mybucket/foo/bar"

    fs.create_dir(path)
    [info] = fs.get_file_info([path])
    assert info.path == path
    assert info.type == FileType.Directory


def test_py_filesystem():
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)
    assert isinstance(fs, PyFileSystem)
    assert fs.type_name == "py::dummy"
    assert fs.handler is handler

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        PyFileSystem(None)


def test_py_filesystem_equality():
    handler1 = DummyHandler(1)
    handler2 = DummyHandler(2)
    handler3 = DummyHandler(2)
    fs1 = PyFileSystem(handler1)
    fs2 = PyFileSystem(handler1)
    fs3 = PyFileSystem(handler2)
    fs4 = PyFileSystem(handler3)

    assert fs2 is not fs1
    assert fs3 is not fs2
    assert fs4 is not fs3
    assert fs2 == fs1  # Same handler
    assert fs3 != fs2  # Unequal handlers
    assert fs4 == fs3  # Equal handlers

    assert fs1 != LocalFileSystem()
    assert fs1 != object()


def test_py_filesystem_pickling(pickle_module):
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)

    serialized = pickle_module.dumps(fs)
    restored = pickle_module.loads(serialized)
    assert isinstance(restored, FileSystem)
    assert restored == fs
    assert restored.handler == handler
    assert restored.type_name == "py::dummy"


def test_py_filesystem_lifetime():
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)
    assert isinstance(fs, PyFileSystem)
    wr = weakref.ref(handler)
    handler = None
    assert wr() is not None
    fs = None
    assert wr() is None

    # Taking the .handler attribute doesn't wreck reference counts
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)
    wr = weakref.ref(handler)
    handler = None
    assert wr() is fs.handler
    assert wr() is not None
    fs = None
    assert wr() is None


def test_py_filesystem_get_file_info():
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)

    [info] = fs.get_file_info(['some/dir'])
    assert info.path == 'some/dir'
    assert info.type == FileType.Directory

    [info] = fs.get_file_info(['some/file'])
    assert info.path == 'some/file'
    assert info.type == FileType.File

    [info] = fs.get_file_info(['notfound'])
    assert info.path == 'notfound'
    assert info.type == FileType.NotFound

    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
        fs.get_file_info(['badtype'])

    with pytest.raises(IOError):
        fs.get_file_info(['xxx'])


def test_py_filesystem_get_file_info_selector():
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)

    selector = FileSelector(base_dir="somedir")
    infos = fs.get_file_info(selector)
    assert len(infos) == 2
    assert infos[0].path == "somedir/file1"
    assert infos[0].type == FileType.File
    assert infos[0].size == 123
    assert infos[1].path == "somedir/subdir1"
    assert infos[1].type == FileType.Directory
    assert infos[1].size is None

    selector = FileSelector(base_dir="somedir", recursive=True)
    infos = fs.get_file_info(selector)
    assert len(infos) == 3
    assert infos[0].path == "somedir/file1"
    assert infos[1].path == "somedir/subdir1"
    assert infos[2].path == "somedir/subdir1/file2"

    selector = FileSelector(base_dir="notfound")
    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
        fs.get_file_info(selector)

    selector = FileSelector(base_dir="notfound", allow_not_found=True)
    assert fs.get_file_info(selector) == []


def test_py_filesystem_ops():
    handler = DummyHandler()
    fs = PyFileSystem(handler)

    fs.create_dir("recursive", recursive=True)
    fs.create_dir("non-recursive", recursive=False)
    with pytest.raises(IOError):
        fs.create_dir("foobar")

    fs.delete_dir("delete_dir")
    fs.delete_dir_contents("delete_dir_contents")
    for path in ("", "/", "//"):
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            fs.delete_dir_contents(path)
        fs.delete_dir_contents(path, accept_root_dir=True)
    fs.delete_file("delete_file")
    fs.move("move_from", "move_to")
    fs.copy_file("copy_file_from", "copy_file_to")


def test_py_open_input_stream():
    fs = PyFileSystem(DummyHandler())

    with fs.open_input_stream("somefile") as f:
        assert f.read() == b"somefile:input_stream"
    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
        fs.open_input_stream("notfound")


def test_py_open_input_file():
    fs = PyFileSystem(DummyHandler())

    with fs.open_input_file("somefile") as f:
        assert f.read() == b"somefile:input_file"
    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
        fs.open_input_file("notfound")


def test_py_open_output_stream():
    fs = PyFileSystem(DummyHandler())

    with fs.open_output_stream("somefile") as f:
        f.write(b"data")


def test_py_open_append_stream():
    fs = PyFileSystem(DummyHandler())

    with fs.open_append_stream("somefile") as f:
        f.write(b"data")


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_real_aws():
    # Exercise connection code with an AWS-backed S3 bucket.
    # This is a minimal integration check for ARROW-9261 and similar issues.
    from pyarrow.fs import S3FileSystem
    default_region = (os.environ.get('PYARROW_TEST_S3_REGION') or
                      'us-east-1')
    fs = S3FileSystem(anonymous=True)
    assert fs.region == default_region

    fs = S3FileSystem(anonymous=True, region='us-east-1')
    entries = fs.get_file_info(FileSelector(
        'arrow-datasets/nyc-taxi'))
    assert len(entries) > 0
    key = 'arrow-datasets/nyc-taxi/year=2019/month=6/part-0.parquet'
    with fs.open_input_stream(key) as f:
        md = f.metadata()
        assert 'Content-Type' in md
        assert md['Last-Modified'] == b'2025-11-26T10:28:55Z'
        # For some reason, the header value is quoted
        # (both with AWS and Minio)
        assert md['ETag'] == b'"4c6a76826a695c6ac61592bc30cda3df-16"'


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_real_aws_region_selection():
    # Taken from a registry of open S3-hosted datasets
    # at https://github.com/awslabs/open-data-registry
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri('s3://mf-nwp-models/README.txt')
    assert fs.region == 'eu-west-1'
    with fs.open_input_stream(path) as f:
        assert b"Meteo-France Atmospheric models on AWS" in f.read(50)

    # Passing an explicit region disables auto-selection
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(
        's3://mf-nwp-models/README.txt?region=us-east-2')
    assert fs.region == 'us-east-2'
    # Reading from the wrong region may still work for public buckets...

    # Nonexistent bucket. This bucket can't exist as AWS imposes that
    # Bucket names must not contain two adjacent periods.
    # Hopefully this won't fail in the future if a new validation rule applies.
    # See: https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/47166
    with pytest.raises(IOError, match="Bucket '.*' not found"):
        FileSystem.from_uri('s3://x-arrow..nonexistent-bucket')
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri('s3://x-arrow-nonexistent-bucket?region=us-east-3')
    assert fs.region == 'us-east-3'

    # allow_delayed_open has a side-effect of delaying errors until I/O is performed.
    # region is required to bypass the lookup for a nonexistent bucket, allowing us to
    # verify that errors are properly delayed until stream closure.
    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(
        's3://x-arrow-nonexistent-bucket/T.md?region=us-east-2&allow_delayed_open=true')
    stream = fs.open_output_stream(path)
    with pytest.raises(IOError):
        stream.close()


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_resolve_s3_region():
    from pyarrow.fs import resolve_s3_region
    assert resolve_s3_region('arrow-datasets') == 'us-east-1'
    assert resolve_s3_region('mf-nwp-models') == 'eu-west-1'

    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Not a valid bucket name"):
        resolve_s3_region('foo/bar')
    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Not a valid bucket name"):
        resolve_s3_region('s3:bucket')


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_copy_files(s3_connection, s3fs, tempdir):
    fs = s3fs["fs"]
    pathfn = s3fs["pathfn"]

    # create test file on S3 filesystem
    path = pathfn('c.txt')
    with fs.open_output_stream(path) as f:
        f.write(b'test')

    # create URI for created file
    host, port, access_key, secret_key = s3_connection
    source_uri = (
        f"s3://{access_key}:{secret_key}@{path}"
        f"?scheme=http&endpoint_override={host}:{port}"
    )
    # copy from S3 URI to local file
    local_path1 = str(tempdir / "c_copied1.txt")
    copy_files(source_uri, local_path1)

    localfs = LocalFileSystem()
    with localfs.open_input_stream(local_path1) as f:
        assert f.read() == b"test"

    # copy from S3 path+filesystem to local file
    local_path2 = str(tempdir / "c_copied2.txt")
    copy_files(path, local_path2, source_filesystem=fs)
    with localfs.open_input_stream(local_path2) as f:
        assert f.read() == b"test"

    # copy to local file with URI
    local_path3 = str(tempdir / "c_copied3.txt")
    destination_uri = _filesystem_uri(local_path3)  # file://
    copy_files(source_uri, destination_uri)

    with localfs.open_input_stream(local_path3) as f:
        assert f.read() == b"test"

    # copy to local file with path+filesystem
    local_path4 = str(tempdir / "c_copied4.txt")
    copy_files(source_uri, local_path4, destination_filesystem=localfs)

    with localfs.open_input_stream(local_path4) as f:
        assert f.read() == b"test"

    # copy with additional options
    local_path5 = str(tempdir / "c_copied5.txt")
    copy_files(source_uri, local_path5, chunk_size=1, use_threads=False)

    with localfs.open_input_stream(local_path5) as f:
        assert f.read() == b"test"


def test_copy_files_directory(tempdir):
    localfs = LocalFileSystem()

    # create source directory with 2 files
    source_dir = tempdir / "source"
    source_dir.mkdir()
    with localfs.open_output_stream(str(source_dir / "file1")) as f:
        f.write(b'test1')
    with localfs.open_output_stream(str(source_dir / "file2")) as f:
        f.write(b'test2')

    def check_copied_files(destination_dir):
        with localfs.open_input_stream(str(destination_dir / "file1")) as f:
            assert f.read() == b"test1"
        with localfs.open_input_stream(str(destination_dir / "file2")) as f:
            assert f.read() == b"test2"

    # Copy directory with local file paths
    destination_dir1 = tempdir / "destination1"
    destination_dir1.mkdir()
    copy_files(str(source_dir), str(destination_dir1))
    check_copied_files(destination_dir1)

    # Copy directory with path+filesystem
    destination_dir2 = tempdir / "destination2"
    destination_dir2.mkdir()
    copy_files(str(source_dir), str(destination_dir2),
               source_filesystem=localfs, destination_filesystem=localfs)
    check_copied_files(destination_dir2)

    # Copy directory with URI
    destination_dir3 = tempdir / "destination3"
    destination_dir3.mkdir()
    source_uri = _filesystem_uri(str(source_dir))  # file://
    destination_uri = _filesystem_uri(str(destination_dir3))
    copy_files(source_uri, destination_uri)
    check_copied_files(destination_dir3)

    # Copy directory with Path objects
    destination_dir4 = tempdir / "destination4"
    destination_dir4.mkdir()
    copy_files(source_dir, destination_dir4)
    check_copied_files(destination_dir4)

    # copy with additional non-default options
    destination_dir5 = tempdir / "destination5"
    destination_dir5.mkdir()
    copy_files(source_dir, destination_dir5, chunk_size=1, use_threads=False)
    check_copied_files(destination_dir5)


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_finalize():
    # Once finalize_s3() was called, most/all operations on S3 filesystems
    # should raise.
    code = """if 1:
        import pytest
        from pyarrow.fs import (FileSystem, S3FileSystem,
                                ensure_s3_initialized, finalize_s3)

        fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri('s3://mf-nwp-models/README.txt')
        assert fs.region == 'eu-west-1'
        f = fs.open_input_stream(path)
        f.read(50)

        finalize_s3()

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            f.read(50)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            fs.open_input_stream(path)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            S3FileSystem(anonymous=True)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            FileSystem.from_uri('s3://mf-nwp-models/README.txt')
        """
    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c", code])


@pytest.mark.s3
def test_s3_finalize_region_resolver():
    # Same as test_s3_finalize(), but exercising region resolution
    code = """if 1:
        import pytest
        from pyarrow.fs import resolve_s3_region, ensure_s3_initialized, finalize_s3

        resolve_s3_region('mf-nwp-models')

        finalize_s3()

        # Testing both cached and uncached accesses
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            resolve_s3_region('mf-nwp-models')
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="S3 .* finalized"):
            resolve_s3_region('arrow-datasets')
        """
    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c", code])


@pytest.mark.processes
@pytest.mark.threading
@pytest.mark.s3
def test_concurrent_s3fs_init():
    # GH-39897: lazy concurrent initialization of S3 subsystem should not crash
    code = """if 1:
        import threading
        import pytest
        from pyarrow.fs import (FileSystem, S3FileSystem,
                                ensure_s3_initialized, finalize_s3)
        threads = []
        fn = lambda: FileSystem.from_uri('s3://mf-nwp-models/README.txt')
        for i in range(4):
            thread = threading.Thread(target = fn)
            threads.append(thread)
            thread.start()

        for thread in threads:
            thread.join()

        finalize_s3()
        """
    subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-c", code])


@pytest.mark.s3
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="atexit(ensure_s3_finalized) will be called too late "
                  "with bundled aws-sdk-cpp 1.11.587")
@pytest.mark.skipif(running_on_musllinux(), reason="Leaking S3ClientFinalizer causes "
                                                   "segfault on musl based systems")
def test_uwsgi_integration():
    # GH-44071: using S3FileSystem under uwsgi shouldn't lead to a crash at shutdown
    try:
        subprocess.check_call(["uwsgi", "--version"])
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pytest.skip("uwsgi not installed on this Python")

    port = find_free_port()
    args = ["uwsgi", "-i", "--http", f"127.0.0.1:{port}",
            "--wsgi-file", os.path.join(here, "wsgi_examples.py")]
    proc = subprocess.Popen(args, stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL)
    # Try to fetch URL, it should return 200 Ok...
    try:
        url = f"http://127.0.0.1:{port}/s3/"
        start_time = time.time()
        error = None
        while time.time() < start_time + 5:
            try:
                with urlopen(url) as resp:
                    assert resp.status == 200
                break
            except OSError as e:
                error = e
                time.sleep(0.1)
        else:
            pytest.fail(f"Could not fetch {url!r}: {error}")
    finally:
        proc.terminate()
    # ... and uwsgi should gracefully shutdown after it's been asked above
    assert proc.wait() == 30  # UWSGI_END_CODE = 30


def test_fsspec_filesystem_from_uri():
    try:
        from fsspec.implementations.local import LocalFileSystem
        from fsspec.implementations.memory import MemoryFileSystem
    except ImportError:
        pytest.skip("fsspec not installed")

    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri("fsspec+memory://path/to/data.parquet")
    expected_fs = PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(MemoryFileSystem()))
    assert fs == expected_fs
    assert path == "/path/to/data.parquet"

    # check that if fsspec+ is specified than we don't coerce to the native
    # arrow local filesystem
    uri = "file:///tmp/my.file"
    fs, _ = FileSystem.from_uri(f"fsspec+{uri}")
    expected_fs = PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(LocalFileSystem()))
    assert fs == expected_fs


def test_fsspec_delete_root_dir_contents():
    try:
        from fsspec.implementations.memory import MemoryFileSystem
    except ImportError:
        pytest.skip("fsspec not installed")

    fs = FSSpecHandler(MemoryFileSystem())

    # Create some files and directories
    fs.create_dir("test_dir", recursive=True)
    fs.create_dir("test_dir/subdir", recursive=True)

    with fs.open_output_stream("test_file.txt", metadata={}) as stream:
        stream.write(b"test content")

    with fs.open_output_stream("test_dir/nested_file.txt", metadata={}) as stream:
        stream.write(b"nested content")

    # Verify files exist before deletion
    def get_type(path):
        return fs.get_file_info([path])[0].type

    assert get_type("test_file.txt") == FileType.File
    assert get_type("test_dir") == FileType.Directory
    assert get_type("test_dir/nested_file.txt") == FileType.File

    # Delete root directory contents
    fs.delete_root_dir_contents()

    # Assert all files and directories are deleted
    assert get_type("test_file.txt") == FileType.NotFound
    assert get_type("test_dir") == FileType.NotFound
    assert get_type("test_dir/nested_file.txt") == FileType.NotFound


def test_huggingface_filesystem_from_uri():
    pytest.importorskip("fsspec")
    try:
        from huggingface_hub import HfFileSystem
    except ImportError:
        pytest.skip("huggingface_hub not installed")

    fs, path = FileSystem.from_uri(
        "hf://datasets/stanfordnlp/imdb/plain_text/train-00000-of-00001.parquet"
    )
    expected_fs = PyFileSystem(FSSpecHandler(HfFileSystem()))
    assert fs == expected_fs
    assert path == "datasets/stanfordnlp/imdb/plain_text/train-00000-of-00001.parquet"