.. Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
.. or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
.. distributed with this work for additional information
.. regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
.. to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
.. "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
.. with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

..   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

.. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
.. software distributed under the License is distributed on an
.. "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
.. KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
.. specific language governing permissions and limitations
.. under the License.


.. SCOPE OF THIS SECTION
.. This section should include extra description to the
.. language-specific documentation. Possible topics to
.. add: How to run one test, test file or all the tests
.. together and why is it good to do that.
.. What if the unconnected tests start failing? etc.


.. _testing:

***********
Testing 🧪
***********

In this section we outline steps needed for unit testing in Arrow.

.. tab-set::

   .. tab-item:: PyArrow

      We use `pytest <https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/>`_ for
      unit tests in Python. For more info about the required
      packages see
      :ref:`Python unit testing section <python-unit-testing>`.

      **Structure**

      Test layout in PyArrow follows ``pytest`` structure for
      `Tests as part of application code <https://docs.pytest.org/en/6.2.x/goodpractices.html#tests-as-part-of-application-code>`_:

      .. code::

         pyarrow/
             __init__.py
             csv.py
             dataset.py
             ...
             tests/
                 __init__.py
                 test_csv.py
                 test_dataset.py
                 ...

      Tests for Parquet are located in a separate folder ``pyarrow/tests/parquet/``.

      **Running tests**

      To run a specific unit test, use this command in
      the terminal from the ``arrow/python`` folder:

      .. code:: console

         $ pytest pyarrow/tests/test_file.py -k test_your_unit_test

      Run all the tests from one file:

      .. code:: console

         $ pytest pyarrow/tests/test_file.py

      Run all the tests:

      .. code:: console

         $ pytest pyarrow

      You can also run the tests with ``python -m pytest [...]``
      which is almost equivalent to using ``pytest [...]`` directly,
      except that calling via python will also add the current
      directory to ``sys.path`` and can in some cases help if
      ``pytest [...]`` results in an ImportError.

      **Recompiling PyArrow or Arrow C++**

      If the tests start failing, try to recompile PyArrow or
      Arrow C++. See note in the :ref:`build_libraries_guide`
      section under the PyArrow tab.

      **Fixtures**

      Inside PyArrow test files there can be helper functions
      and fixtures defined. Also other pytest decorators such as
      ``@parametrize`` or ``@skipif`` are used.

      For example:

      * ``_alltypes_example`` in ``test_pandas`` supplies a
        dataframe with 100 rows for all data types.
      * ``_check_pandas_roundtrip`` in ``test_pandas`` asserts if the
        roundtrip from ``Pandas`` through ``pa.Table`` or
        ``pa.RecordBatch`` back to ``Pandas`` yields the same result.
      * ``large_buffer`` fixture supplying a PyArrow buffer of fixed
        size to the function ``test_primitive_serialization(large_buffer)``
        in ``test_serialization.py``.

      For this reason it is good to look through the file you
      are planning to add the tests to and see if any of
      the defined functions or fixtures will be helpful.

      For more information about ``pytest`` in general visit
      `Full pytest documentation <https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/contents.html>`_


   .. tab-item:: R package

      We use `testthat <https://testthat.r-lib.org/index.html>`_ for
      unit testing in R. More specifically, we use the `3rd edition
      of testthat <https://testthat.r-lib.org/articles/third-edition.html>`_.
      On rare occasions we might want the behaviour of the 2nd edition
      of testthat, which is indicated by ``testthat::local_edition(2)``.

      **Structure**

      Expect the usual testthat folder structure:

      .. code-block:: R

         tests
          ├── testthat      # test files live here
          └── testthat.R    # runs tests when R CMD check runs (e.g. with devtools::check())

      This is the fundamental structure of testing in R with
      ``testthat``. Files such as ``testthat.R`` are not
      expected to change very often. For the ``arrow`` R
      package ``testthat.R`` also defines how the results of
      the various tests are displayed / reported in the console.

      Usually, most files in the ``R/`` sub-folder have a
      corresponding test file in ``tests/testthat``.

      **Running tests**

      To run all tests in a package locally call

      .. code-block:: R

         devtools::test()

      in the R console. Alternatively, you can use

      .. code:: console

         $ make test

      in the shell.

      You can run the tests in a single test file you have open with

      .. code-block:: R

         devtools::test_active_file()

      All tests are also run as part of our continuous
      integration (CI) pipelines.

      The `Arrow R Developer guide also has a section <https://arrow.apache.org/docs/r/articles/developing.html#running-tests>`_
      on running tests.

      **Good practice**

      In general any change to source code needs to be
      accompanied by unit tests. All tests are expected
      to pass before a pull request is merged.

      * Add functionality -> add unit tests
      * Modify functionality -> update unit tests
      * Solve a bug -> add unit test before solving it,
        which helps prove the bug and its fix
      * Performance improvements should be reflected in
        benchmarks (which are also tests)
      * An exception could be refactoring functionality that
        is fully covered by unit tests

      A good rule of thumb is: If the new functionality is
      a user-facing or API change, you will almost certainly
      need to change tests — if no tests need to be changed,
      it might mean the tests aren't right! If the new
      functionality is a refactor and no APIs are changing,
      there might not need to be test changes.

      **Testing helpers**

      To complement the ``testthat`` functionality, the ``arrow``
      R package has defined a series of specific utility
      functions (called helpers), such as:

      * expectations - these start with ``expect_`` and are used
        to compare objects

        - for example, the ``expect_…_roundtrip()`` functions
          take an input, convert it to some other format
          (e.g. arrow, altrep) and then convert it back,
          confirming that the values are the same.

          .. code-block:: R

             x <- c(1, 2, 3, NA_real_)
             expect_altrep_roundtrip(x, min, na.rm = TRUE)

      * ``skip_`` - skips a unit test - think of them as acceptable
        fails. Situations in which we might want to skip unit tests:

        - ``skip_if_r_version()`` - this is a specific ``arrow`` skip.
          For example, we use this to skip a unit test when the R
          version is 3.5.0 and below (``skip_if_r_version(“3.5.0”)``).
          You will likely see it used when the functionality we are
          testing depends on features introduced after version 3.5.0
          of R (such as the alternative representation of vectors,
          Altrep, introduced in R 3.5.0, but with significant additions
          in subsequent releases). As part of our CI workflow we test
          against different versions of R and this is where this
          feature comes in.
        - ``skip_if_not_available()`` - another specific {arrow} skip.
          Arrow (libarrow) has a number of optional features that can be
          switched on or off (which happens at build time). If a unit
          test depends on such a feature and this feature is not
          available (i.e. was not selected when libarrow was built)
          the test is skipped, as opposed to having a failed test.
        - ``skip_if_offline()`` - will not run tests that require an
          internet connection
        - ``skip_on_os()`` - for unit tests that are OS specific.

        *Important*: Once the conditions for a ``skip_()`` statement is met,
        no other line of code in the same ``test_that()`` test block will
        get executed. If the ``skip`` is outside of a ``test_that()`` code
        block, it will skip the rest of the file.

      For more information about unit testing in R in general:

      * the ``testthat`` `website <https://testthat.r-lib.org/index.html>`_
      * the **R Packages** `book <https://r-pkgs.org>`_ by Hadley Wickham and Jenny Bryan