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  <title>Properties and PropertyHelpers</title>
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<body>
  <h1>Properties</h1>

  <p>Properties are key-value-pairs where Apache Ant tries to
    expand <code>${key}</code> to <code>value</code> at runtime.</p>

  <p>There are many tasks that can set properties, the most common one
    is the <a href="Tasks/property.html">property</a> task.  In
    addition properties can be defined
    via <a href="running.html">command line arguments</a> or similar
    mechanisms from outside of Ant.</p>

  <p>Normally property values can not be changed, once a property is
    set, most tasks will not allow its value to be modified.  In
    general properties are of global scope, i.e. once they have been
    defined they are available for any task or target invoked
    subsequently - it is not possible to set a property in a child
    build process created via
    the <a href="Tasks/ant.html">ant</a>, antcall or subant tasks
    and make it available to the calling build process, though.</p>

  <p>Starting with Ant 1.8.0
    the <a href="Tasks/local.html">local</a> task can be used to
    create properties that are locally scoped to a target or
    a <a href="Tasks/sequential.html">sequential</a> element like
    the one of the <a href="Tasks/macrodef.html">macrodef</a>
    task.</p>

  <h2><a name="built-in-props">Built-in Properties</a></h2>

  <p>Ant provides access to all system properties as if they had been
    defined using a <code>&lt;property&gt;</code> task.  For
    example, <code>${os.name}</code> expands to the name of the
    operating system.</p>
  <p>For a list of system properties see
    <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#getProperties%28%29">the Javadoc of System.getProperties</a>.
  </p>

  <p>In addition, Ant has some built-in properties:</p>
<pre><!-- TODO use <dl><dt><code>...</code></dt><dd>...</dd></dl> instead -->
basedir             the absolute path of the project's basedir (as set
                    with the basedir attribute of <a href="using.html#projects">&lt;project&gt;</a>).
ant.file            the absolute path of the buildfile.
ant.version         the version of Ant
ant.project.name    the name of the project that is currently executing;
                    it is set in the name attribute of &lt;project&gt;.
ant.project.default-target
                    the name of the currently executing project's
                    default target;  it is set via the default
                    attribute of &lt;project&gt;.
ant.project.invoked-targets
                    a comma separated list of the targets that have
                    been specified on the command line (the IDE,
                    an &lt;ant&gt; task ...) when invoking the current
                    project.
                    This property is set when the first target is executed.
                    So you can't use it in the implicit target (directly
                    under the &lt;project&gt; tag).
ant.java.version    the JVM version Ant detected; currently it can hold
                    the values &quot;1.7&quot;, &quot;1.6&quot;, &quot;1.5&quot;,
                    &quot;1.4&quot;,  &quot;1.3&quot; and &quot;1.2&quot;.
ant.core.lib        the absolute path of the <code>ant.jar</code> file.
</pre>

  <p>There is also another property, but this is set by the launcher
    script and therefore maybe not set inside IDEs:</p>
<pre>
ant.home            home directory of Ant
</pre>

  <p>The following property is only set if Ant is started via the
    Launcher class (which means it may not be set inside IDEs
    either):</p>
<pre>
ant.library.dir     the directory that has been used to load Ant's
                    jars from.  In most cases this is ANT_HOME/lib.
</pre>

  <h1><a name="propertyHelper">PropertyHelpers</a></h1>

  <p>Ant's property handling is accomplished by an instance of
    <code>org.apache.tools.ant.PropertyHelper</code> associated with
    the current Project.  You can learn more about this class by
    examining Ant's Java API. In Ant 1.8 the PropertyHelper class was
    much reworked and now itself employs a number of helper classes
    (actually instances of
    the <code>org.apache.tools.ant.PropertyHelper$Delegate</code>
    marker interface) to take care of discrete tasks such as property
    setting, retrieval, parsing, etc. This makes Ant's property
    handling highly extensible; also of interest is the
    new <a href="Tasks/propertyhelper.html">propertyhelper</a>
    task used to manipulate the PropertyHelper and its delegates from
    the context of the Ant buildfile.

  <p>There are three sub-interfaces of <code>Delegate</code> that may be
    useful to implement.</p>

  <ul>
    <li><code>org.apache.tools.ant.property.PropertyExpander</code> is
      responsible for finding the property name inside a string in the
      first place (the default extracts <code>foo</code>
      from <code>${foo}</code>).

      <p>This is the interface you'd implement if you wanted to invent
        your own property syntax - or allow nested property expansions
        since the default implementation doesn't balance braces
        (see <a href="https://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf?p=ant-antlibs-props.git;a=blob;f=src/main/org/apache/ant/props/NestedPropertyExpander.java;hb=HEAD"><code>NestedPropertyExpander</code>
        in the "props" Antlib</a> for an example).</p>
    </li>

    <li><code>org.apache.tools.ant.PropertyHelper$PropertyEvaluator</code>
      is used to expand <code>${some-string}</code> into
      an <code>Object</code>.

      <p>This is the interface you'd implement if you want to provide
        your own storage independent of Ant's project instance - the
        interface represents the reading end.  An example for this
        would
        be <code>org.apache.tools.ant.property.LocalProperties</code>
        which implements storage
        for <a href="Tasks/local.html">local properties</a>.</p>

      <p>Another reason to implement this interface is if you wanted
        to provide your own "property protocol" like
        expanding <code>toString:foo</code> by looking up the project
        reference foo and invoking <code>toString()</code> on it
        (which is already implemented in Ant, see below).</p>
    </li>

    <li><code>org.apache.tools.ant.PropertyHelper$PropertySetter</code>
      is responsible for setting properties.

      <p>This is the interface you'd implement if you want to provide
        your own storage independent of Ant's project instance - the
        interface represents the reading end.  An example for this
        would
        be <code>org.apache.tools.ant.property.LocalProperties</code>
        which implements storage
        for <a href="Tasks/local.html">local properties</a>.</p>
    </li>

  </ul>

  <p>The default <code>PropertyExpander</code> looks similar to:</p>

<pre>
public class DefaultExpander implements PropertyExpander {
    public String parsePropertyName(String s, ParsePosition pos,
                                    ParseNextProperty notUsed) {
        int index = pos.getIndex();
        if (s.indexOf("${", index) == index) {
            int end = s.indexOf('}', index);
            if (end < 0) {
                throw new BuildException("Syntax error in property: " + s);
            }
            int start = index + 2;
            pos.setIndex(end + 1);
            return s.substring(start, end);
        }
        return null;
    }
}
</pre>

  <p>The logic that replaces <code>${toString:some-id}</code> with the
    stringified representation of the object with
    id <code>some-id</code> inside the current build is contained in a
    PropertyEvaluator similar to the following code:</p>

<pre>
public class ToStringEvaluator implements PropertyHelper.PropertyEvaluator {
    private static final String prefix = "toString:";
    public Object evaluate(String property, PropertyHelper propertyHelper) {
        Object o = null;
        if (property.startsWith(prefix) && propertyHelper.getProject() != null) {
            o = propertyHelper.getProject().getReference(
                    property.substring(prefix.length()));
        }
        return o == null ? null : o.toString();
    }
}
</pre>


  <h1>Property Expansion</h1>

  <p>When Ant encounters a construct <code>${some-text}</code> the
    exact parsing semantics are subject to the configured property
    helper delegates.</p>

  <h2><code>$$</code> Expansion</h2>

  <p>In its default configuration Ant will expand the
    text <code>$$</code> to a single <code>$</code> and suppress the
    normal property expansion mechanism for the text immediately
    following it, i.e. <code>$${key}</code> expands
    to <code>${key}</code> and not <code>value</code> even though a
    property named <code>key</code> was defined and had the
    value <code>value</code>.  This can be used to escape
    literal <code>$</code> characters and is useful in constructs that
    only look like property expansions or when you want to provide
    diagnostic output like in</p>

<pre>  &lt;echo&gt;$${builddir}=${builddir}&lt;/echo&gt;</pre>

    <p>which will echo this message:</p>

<pre>  ${builddir}=build/classes</pre>

  <p>if the property <code>builddir</code> has the
    value <code>build/classes</code>.</p>
    
  <p>In order to maintain backward compatibility with older Ant
    releases, a single '$' character encountered apart from a
    property-like construct (including a matched pair of french
    braces) will be interpreted literally; that is, as '$'.  The
    "correct" way to specify this literal character, however, is by
    using the escaping mechanism unconditionally, so that "$$" is
    obtained by specifying "$$$$".  Mixing the two approaches yields
    unpredictable results, as "$$$" results in "$$".</p>

  <h2>Nesting of Braces</h2>

  <p>In its default configuration Ant will not try to balance braces
    in property expansions, it will only consume the text up to the
    first closing brace when creating a property name.  I.e. when
    expanding something like <code>${a${b}}</code> it will be
    translated into two parts:</p>

  <ol>
    <li>the expansion of property <code>a${b</code> - likely nothing
      useful.</li>
    <li>the literal text <code>}</code> resulting from the second
      closing brace</li>
  </ol>

  <p>This means you can't use easily expand properties whose names are
    given by properties, but there
    are <a href="http://ant.apache.org/faq.html#propertyvalue-as-name-for-property">some
    workarounds</a> for older versions of Ant.  With Ant 1.8.0 and the
    <a href="http://ant.apache.org/antlib/props/">the props Antlib</a>
    you can configure Ant to use
    the <code>NestedPropertyExpander</code> defined there if you need
    such a feature.</p>

  <h2>Expanding a "Property Name"</h2>

  <p>In its most simple form <code>${key}</code> is supposed to look
    up a property named <code>key</code> and expand to the value of
    the property.  Additional <code>PropertyEvaluator</code>s may
    result in a different interpretation of <code>key</code>,
    though.</p>

  <p>The <a href="http://ant.apache.org/antlibs/props/">props
      Antlib</a> provides a few interesting evaluators but there are
      also a few built-in ones.</p>

  <h3><a name="toString">Getting the value of a Reference with
      ${toString:}</a></h3>

  <p>Any Ant type which has been declared with a reference can also
    its string value extracted by using the <code>${toString:}</code>
    operation, with the name of the reference listed after
    the <code>toString:</code> text.  The <code>toString()</code>
    method of the Java class instance that is referenced is invoked
    -all built in types strive to produce useful and relevant output
    in such an instance.</p>

  <p>For example, here is how to get a listing of the files in a fileset,<p>

<pre>
&lt;fileset id=&quot;sourcefiles&quot; dir=&quot;src&quot; includes=&quot;**/*.java&quot; /&gt;
&lt;echo&gt; sourcefiles = ${toString:sourcefiles} &lt;/echo&gt;
</pre>

  <p>There is no guarantee that external types provide meaningful
    information in such a situation</p>

  <h3><a name="ant.refid">Getting the value of a Reference with
      ${ant.refid:}</a></h3>

  <p>Any Ant type which has been declared with a reference can also be
    used as a property by using the <code>${ant.refid:}</code>
    operation, with the name of the reference listed after
    the <code>ant.refid:</code> text.  The difference between this
    operation and <a href="#toString"><code>${toString:}</code></a> is
    that <code>${ant.refid:}</code> will expand to the referenced
    object itself.  In most circumstances the toString method will be
    invoked anyway, for example if the <code>${ant.refid:}</code> is
    surrounded by other text.</p>

  <p>This syntax is most useful when using a task with attribute
    setters that accept objects other than String.  For example if the
    setter accepts a Resource object as in</p>
<pre>
public void setAttr(Resource r) { ... }
</pre>

  <p>then the syntax can be used to pass in resource subclasses
    previously defined as references like</p>
<pre>
  &lt;url url="http://ant.apache.org/" id="anturl"/&gt;
  &lt;my:task attr="${ant.refid:anturl}"/&gt;
</pre>

  <h2><a name="if+unless">If/Unless Attributes</a></h2>
  <p>
      The <code>&lt;target></code> element and various tasks (such as
      <code>&lt;fail></code>) and task elements (such as <code>&lt;test></code>
      in <code>&lt;junit></code>) support <code>if</code> and <code>unless</code>
      attributes which can be used to control whether the item is run or otherwise
      takes effect.
  </p>
  <p>
      In Ant 1.7.1 and earlier, these attributes could only be property names.
      The item was enabled if a property with that name was defined - even to be
      the empty string or <tt>false</tt> - and disabled if the property was not
      defined. For example, the following works but there is no way to override
      the file existence check negatively (only positively):
  </p>
  <pre>
&lt;target name="-check-use-file">
    &lt;available property="file.exists" file="some-file"/>
&lt;/target>
&lt;target name="use-file" depends="-check-use-file" <b>if="file.exists"</b>>
    &lt;!-- do something requiring that file... -->
&lt;/target>
&lt;target name="lots-of-stuff" depends="use-file,other-unconditional-stuff"/>
  </pre>
  <p>
      As of Ant 1.8.0, you may instead use property expansion; a value of
      <tt>true</tt> (or <tt>on</tt> or <tt>yes</tt>) will enable the
      item, while <tt>false</tt> (or <tt>off</tt> or <tt>no</tt>) will
      disable it. Other values are still assumed to be property
      names and so the item is enabled only if the named property is defined.
  </p>
  <p>
      Compared to the older style, this gives you additional flexibility, because
      you can override the condition from the command line or parent scripts:
  </p>
  <pre>
&lt;target name="-check-use-file" <b>unless="file.exists"</b>>
    &lt;available property="file.exists" file="some-file"/>
&lt;/target>
&lt;target name="use-file" depends="-check-use-file" <b>if="${file.exists}"</b>>
    &lt;!-- do something requiring that file... -->
&lt;/target>
&lt;target name="lots-of-stuff" depends="use-file,other-unconditional-stuff"/>
  </pre>
  <p>
      Now <code>ant -Dfile.exists=false lots-of-stuff</code> will run
      <code>other-unconditional-stuff</code> but not <code>use-file</code>,
      as you might expect, and you can disable the condition from another script
      too:
  </p>
  <pre>
&lt;antcall target="lots-of-stuff">
    &lt;param name="file.exists" value="false"/>
&lt;/antcall>
  </pre>
  <p>
      Similarly, an <code>unless</code> attribute disables the item if it is
      either the name of property which is defined, or if it evaluates to a
      <tt>true</tt>-like value. For example, the following allows you to define
      <tt>skip.printing.message=true</tt> in <tt>my-prefs.properties</tt> with
      the results you might expect:
  </p>
  <pre>
&lt;property file="my-prefs.properties"/>
&lt;target name="print-message" <b>unless="${skip.printing.message}"</b>>
    &lt;echo>hello!&lt;/echo>
&lt;/target>
  </pre>

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