# Masking Passwords

By default all passwords in Apache ActiveMQ Artemis server's configuration
files are in plain text form. This usually poses no security issues as those
files should be well protected from unauthorized accessing. However, in some
circumstances a user doesn't want to expose its passwords to more eyes than
necessary.

Apache ActiveMQ Artemis can be configured to use 'masked' passwords in its
configuration files. A masked password is an obscure string representation of a
real password. To mask a password a user will use an 'encoder'. The encoder
takes in the real password and outputs the masked version. A user can then
replace the real password in the configuration files with the new masked
password. When Apache ActiveMQ Artemis loads a masked password, it uses a
suitable 'decoder' to decode it into real password.

Apache ActiveMQ Artemis provides a default password encoder and decoder.
Optionally users can use or implement their own encoder and decoder for masking
the passwords.

In general, a masked password can be identified using one of two ways. The
first one is the `ENC()` syntax, i.e. any string value wrapped in `ENC()` is to
be treated as a masked password. For example

`ENC(xyz)`

The above indicates that the password is masked and the masked value is `xyz`.

The `ENC()` syntax is the **preferred way** of masking a password and is
universally supported in every password configuration in Artemis.

The other way is to use a `mask-password` attribute to tell that a password in
a configuration file should be treated as 'masked'. For example:

```xml
<mask-password>true</mask-password>
<cluster-password>xyz</cluster-password>
```

This method is now **deprecated** and exists only to maintain
backward-compatibility.  Newer configurations may not support it.

### Password Masking in Server Configuration File

#### General Masking Configuration

Besides supporting the `ENC()` syntax, the server configuration file (i.e.
broker.xml) has a property that defines the default masking behaviors over the
entire file scope.

`mask-password`: this boolean type property indicates if a password should be
masked or not. Set it to "true" if you want your passwords masked. The default
value is "false".

`password-codec`: this string type property identifies the name of the class
which will be used to decode the masked password within the broker. If not
specified then the default
`org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils.DefaultSensitiveStringCodec` will be used.

#### Specific Masking Behaviors

##### cluster-password

If it is specified in `ENC()` syntax it will be treated as masked, or

If `mask-password` is `true` the `cluster-password` will be treated as masked.

##### Connectors & Acceptors

In broker.xml `connector` and `acceptor` configurations sometimes needs to
specify passwords. For example, if a user wants to use an `acceptor` with
`sslEnabled=true` it can specify `keyStorePassword` and `trustStorePassword`.
Because Acceptors and Connectors are pluggable implementations, each transport
will have different password masking needs.

When a `connector` or `acceptor` is initialised, Apache ActiveMQ Artemis will
add the aforementioned `mask-password` and `password-codec` values to the
`connector` or `acceptor` parameters using the keys
`activemq.usemaskedpassword` and `activemq.passwordcodec` respectively. The
Netty and InVM implementations will use these as needed and any other
implementations will have access to these to use if they so wish.

The preferred way, however, is to use the `ENC()` syntax.

##### Core Bridges

Core Bridges are configured in the server configuration file and so the masking
of its `password` properties follows the same rules as that of
`cluster-password`. It supports `ENC()` syntax.

For using `mask-password` property, the following table summarizes the
relations among the above-mentioned properties

mask-password | cluster-password | acceptor/connector passwords | bridge password
--- | --- | --- | ---
absent|plain text|plain text|plain text
false|plain text|plain text|plain text
true|masked|masked|masked

It is recommended that you use the `ENC()` syntax for new
applications/deployments.

#### Examples

**Note:** In the following examples if related attributed or properties are
absent, it means they are not specified in the configure file.

- Unmasked

  ```xml
  <cluster-password>bbc</cluster-password>
  ```

  This indicates the cluster password is a plain text value `bbc`.

- Masked 1

  ```xml
  <cluster-password>ENC(xyz)</cluster-password>
  ```

  This indicates the cluster password is a masked value `xyz`.

- Masked 2

  ```xml
  <mask-password>true</mask-password>
  <cluster-password>80cf731af62c290</cluster-password>
  ```

  This indicates the cluster password is a masked value and Apache ActiveMQ
  Artemis will use its built-in decoder to decode it. All other passwords in the
  configuration file, Connectors, Acceptors and Bridges, will also use masked
  passwords.

#### Passwords in bootstrap.xml

The broker embeds a web-server for hosting some web applications such as a
management console. It is configured in bootstrap.xml as a web component. The
web server can be secured using https protocol, and it can be configured with a
keystore password and/or truststore password which by default are specified in
plain text forms.

To mask these passwords you need to use `ENC()` syntax. The `mask-password`
boolean is not supported here.

You can also set the `passwordCodec` attribute if you want to use a password
codec other than the default one. For example

```xml
<web bind="https://localhost:8443" path="web" 
     keyStorePassword="ENC(-5a2376c61c668aaf)"
     trustStorePassword="ENC(3d617352d12839eb71208edf41d66b34)">
    <app url="activemq-branding" war="activemq-branding.war"/>
</web>
```

#### Passwords in management.xml

The broker embeds a JMX connector which is used for management. The connector can
be secured using SSL and it can be configured with a keystore password and/or
truststore password which by default are specified in plain text forms.

To mask these passwords you need to use `ENC()` syntax. The `mask-password`
boolean is not supported here.

You can also set the `password-codec` attribute if you want to use a password
codec other than the default one. For example

```xml
<connector
      connector-port="1099"
      connector-host="localhost"
      secured="true"
      key-store-path="myKeystore.jks"
      key-store-password="ENC(3a34fd21b82bf2a822fa49a8d8fa115d"
      trust-store-path="myTruststore.jks"
      trust-store-password="ENC(3a34fd21b82bf2a822fa49a8d8fa115d)"/>
```

### Passwords for the JCA Resource Adapter

Both ra.xml and MDB activation configuration have a `password` property that
can be masked preferably using `ENC()` syntax.

Alternatively it can use a optional attribute in ra.xml to indicate that a
password is masked:

`UseMaskedPassword` -- If setting to "true" the passwords are masked.  Default
is false.

There is another property in ra.xml that can specify a codec:

`PasswordCodec` -- Class name and its parameters for the Decoder used to decode
the masked password. Ignored if UseMaskedPassword is false. The format of this
property is a full qualified class name optionally followed by key/value pairs.
It is the same format as that for JMS Bridges. Example:

Example 1 Using the `ENC()` syntax:

```xml
<config-property>
  <config-property-name>password</config-property-name>
  <config-property-type>String</config-property-type>
  <config-property-value>ENC(xyz)</config-property-value>
</config-property>
<config-property>
  <config-property-name>PasswordCodec</config-property-name>
  <config-property-type>java.lang.String</config-property-type>
  <config-property-value>com.foo.ADecoder;key=helloworld</config-property-value>
</config-property>
```

Example 2 Using the "UseMaskedPassword" property:

```xml
<config-property>
  <config-property-name>UseMaskedPassword</config-property-name>
  <config-property-type>boolean</config-property-type>
  <config-property-value>true</config-property-value>
</config-property>
<config-property>
  <config-property-name>password</config-property-name>
  <config-property-type>String</config-property-type>
  <config-property-value>xyz</config-property-value>
</config-property>
<config-property>
  <config-property-name>PasswordCodec</config-property-name>
  <config-property-type>java.lang.String</config-property-type>
  <config-property-value>com.foo.ADecoder;key=helloworld</config-property-value>
</config-property>
```

With this configuration, both passwords in ra.xml and all of its MDBs will have
to be in masked form.

### Passwords in artemis-users.properties

Apache ActiveMQ Artemis's built-in security manager uses plain properties files
where the user passwords are specified in a hashed form by default. Note, the
passwords are technically *hashed* rather than masked in this context. The
default `PropertiesLoginModule` will not decode the passwords in
`artemis-users.properties` but will instead hash the input and compare the two
hashed values for password verification.

Please use Artemis CLI command to add a password. For example:

```sh
    ./artemis user add --username guest --password guest --role admin
```

This will use the default
`org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils.DefaultSensitiveStringCodec` to perform a
"one-way" hash of the password and alter both the `artemis-users.properties`
and `artemis-roles.properties` files with the specified values.

Passwords in `artemis-users.properties` are automatically detected as hashed or
not by looking for the syntax `ENC(<hash>)`. The `mask-password` parameter does
not need to be `true` to use hashed passwords here.

### Password in login.config

Artemis supports LDAP login modules to be configured in JAAS configuration file
(default name is `login.config`). When connecting to a LDAP server usually you
need to supply a connection password in the config file. By default this
password is in plain text form.

To mask it you need to configure the passwords in your login module using
`ENC()` syntax. To specify a codec using the following property:

`passwordCodec` - the password codec class name. (the default codec will be
used if it is absent)

For example:

```
LDAPLoginExternalPasswordCodec {
    org.apache.activemq.artemis.spi.core.security.jaas.LDAPLoginModule required
        debug=true
        initialContextFactory=com.sun.jndi.ldap.LdapCtxFactory
        connectionURL="ldap://localhost:1024"
        connectionUsername="uid=admin,ou=system"
        connectionPassword="ENC(-170b9ef34d79ed12)"
        passwordCodec="org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils.DefaultSensitiveStringCodec;key=helloworld"
        connectionProtocol=s
        authentication=simple
        userBase="ou=system"
        userSearchMatching="(uid={0})"
        userSearchSubtree=false
        roleBase="ou=system"
        roleName=dummyRoleName
        roleSearchMatching="(uid={1})"
        roleSearchSubtree=false
        ;
};
```

### Choosing a decoder for password masking

As described in the previous sections, all password masking requires a decoder.
A decoder uses an algorithm to convert a masked password into its original
clear text form in order to be used in various security operations. The
algorithm used for decoding must match that for encoding. Otherwise the
decoding may not be successful.

For user's convenience Apache ActiveMQ Artemis provides a default decoder.
However a user can implement their own if they wish.

#### The Default Decoder

Whenever no decoder is specified in the configuration file, the default decoder
is used. The class name for the default decoder is
`org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils.DefaultSensitiveStringCodec`. It has
hashing, encoding, and decoding capabilities. It uses `java.crypto.Cipher`
utilities to hash or encode a plaintext password and also to decode a masked
string using same algorithm and key. Using this decoder/encoder is pretty
straightforward. To get a mask for a password, just run the `mask` command:

```sh
./artemis mask <plaintextPassword>
```

You'll get something like

```
result: 32c6f67dae6cd61b0a7ad1702033aa81e6b2a760123f4360
```

Just copy `32c6f67dae6cd61b0a7ad1702033aa81e6b2a760123f4360` and replace your
plaintext password in broker.xml with it.

#### Using a custom decoder

It is possible to use a custom decoder rather than the built-in one.  Simply
make sure the decoder is in Apache ActiveMQ Artemis's classpath. The custom
decoder can also be service loaded rather than class loaded, if the decoder's
service provider is installed in the classpath.  Then configure the server to
use it as follows:

```xml
<password-codec>com.foo.SomeDecoder;key1=value1;key2=value2</password-codec>
```

If your decoder needs params passed to it you can do this via key/value pairs
when configuring. For instance if your decoder needs say a "key-location"
parameter, you can define like so:

```xml
<password-codec>com.foo.NewDecoder;key-location=/some/url/to/keyfile</password-codec>
```

Then configure your cluster-password like this:

```xml
<cluster-password>ENC(masked_password)</cluster-password>
```

When Apache ActiveMQ Artemis reads the cluster-password it will initialize the
NewDecoder and use it to decode "mask\_password". It also process all passwords
using the new defined decoder.

#### Implementing Custom Codecs

To use a different decoder than the built-in one, you either pick one from
existing libraries or you implement it yourself. All decoders must implement
the `org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils.SensitiveDataCodec<T>` interface:

```java
public interface SensitiveDataCodec<T>
{
   T decode(Object mask) throws Exception;

   void init(Map<String, String> params);
}
```

This is a generic type interface but normally for a password you just need
String type. So a new decoder would be defined like

```java
public class MyNewDecoder implements SensitiveDataCodec<String>
{
   public String decode(Object mask) throws Exception
   {
      //decode the mask into clear text password
      return "the password";
   }

   public void init(Map<String, String> params)
   {
      //initialization done here. It is called right after the decoder has been created.
   }
}
```

Last but not least, once you get your own decoder please [add it to the
classpath](using-server.md#adding-runtime-dependencies) otherwise the broker
will fail to load it!